List of national monuments of the United States

Last updated

A 1938 Works Progress Administration poster for Fort Marion National Monument, now called Castillo de San Marcos Fort Marion National Monument, St. Augustine, Florida LCCN2007676130.jpg
A 1938 Works Progress Administration poster for Fort Marion National Monument, now called Castillo de San Marcos

The United States has 136 protected areas known as national monuments. The president of the United States can establish a national monument by presidential proclamation, and the United States Congress can do so by legislation. The president's authority arises from the Antiquities Act of 1906, which allows the president to proclaim "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest" as national monuments. [1]

Contents

Concerns about protecting mostly prehistoric Native American ruins and artifacts, collectively known as antiquities, on western federal lands prompted the legislation, which allowed the president to quickly preserve public land without waiting for legislation to pass through an unconcerned Congress. The ultimate goal was to protect all historic and prehistoric sites on U.S. federal lands, [2] and it has resulted in designation of a wide variety of ecological, cultural and historical sites.

President Theodore Roosevelt established the first national monument, Devils Tower in Wyoming, on September 24, 1906. [3] He established 18 national monuments, although only nine still retain that designation. [4] Eighteen presidents have created national monuments under the Antiquities Act since the program began; only Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush did not. [5] [6] Bill Clinton created 19 and expanded three others.

Jimmy Carter protected vast parts of Alaska, proclaiming 15 national monuments, 7 of which were later promoted to national parks. President Barack Obama created or expanded 34 national monuments by proclamation, the most of any president, with over half a billion acres of public land and water protected. [7] [8] [5]

National monuments are located in 33 states, Washington, D.C., the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Minor Outlying Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Arizona has the most national monuments, with 19, followed by California with 18 and New Mexico with 13. At least seventy-seven national monuments protect places of natural significance, including nineteen primarily for their geological features, eight marine sites, and eight volcanic sites (two of which are designated "National Volcanic Monuments"). At least sixty-six national monuments primarily protect historic sites, including twenty-eight associated with Native Americans, eleven relating to African American history, and eleven forts. Four have been designated World Heritage Sites. With the variety of resource types there is significant variation in the size of national monuments; the median size is roughly 3,500 acres (14 km2). The five largest national monuments are all oceanic marine sites that protect waters and submerged lands where commercial fishing is prohibited.

Many former national monuments have been redesignated as national parks or another status by Congress, while others have been transferred to state control or disbanded.

Management by federal agencies

Nine federal agencies in five departments manage the 136 current U.S. national monuments. Of these, 119 monuments are managed by a single agency, while 17 are co-managed by two agencies. Two of the NPS's national monuments, Grand Canyon–Parashant and Avi Kwa Ame, are not official units because they overlap with Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Management practices vary across agencies and sites according to their missions, the size or type of protected place, and legal authorization. Generally, hunting, fishing, and extraction of resources are prohibited.

Monuments and memorials that were not designated by the U.S. government, such as the USS Maine National Monument, are not listed here.

AgencyDepartmentCo-managedTotal managed
National Park Service (NPS) Interior 3 with BLM, 1 with FWS, 1 with Army89
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Interior 3 with NPS, 6 with USFS30
United States Forest Service (USFS) Agriculture 6 with BLM15
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Interior 5 with NOAA, 1 with NPS, 1 with DOE9
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Commerce 5 with FWS5
Department of Energy (DOE) Energy 1 with FWS1
Armed Forces Retirement Home (AFRH) Defense 1
United States Army Defense 2
United States Air Force (USAF) Defense 1
(duplications)(17)
Total136

List of national monuments

NameLocationAgencyDate establishedArea [9] [10]
[11] [12] [13]
Visitors (2018) [14] Description
Admiralty Island

Adis windfall harbor.jpg

Alaska
57°38′N134°21′W / 57.64°N 134.35°W / 57.64; -134.35 (Admiralty Island)
USFS December 1, 19781,019,861 acres (4,127.2 km2)Occupying most of Admiralty Island, the 7th largest in the United States, this monument is part of Tongass National Forest in Southeast Alaska. The monument protects the densest known population of brown bear on Earth, along with habitat for the Sitka black-tailed deer. Most of the monument has been designated as the Kootznoowoo Wilderness, restricting future development. [15]
African Burial Ground

African Burial Ground.jpg

New York
40°42′52″N74°00′15″W / 40.7144°N 74.0042°W / 40.7144; -74.0042 (African Burial Ground)
NPS February 27, 20060.35 acres (0.001 km2)45,035Re-discovered in 1991 during excavations for a new federal building, this former burial ground that contains the remains of more than 400 free and enslaved Africans buried during the 17th and 18th centuries was designated a National Historic Landmark memorial in 1993. [16]
Agate Fossil Beds

Agathe National Monument10.jpg

Nebraska
42°24′58″N103°43′41″W / 42.416°N 103.728°W / 42.416; -103.728 (Agate Fossil Beds)
NPS June 14, 19973,057.87 acres (12.4 km2)16,238The valley of the Niobrara River is known for its large number of well-preserved Miocene mammal fossils which date from about 20 million years ago. [17]
Agua Fria

Agfr aguafriariver.jpg

Arizona
34°09′N112°05′W / 34.15°N 112.08°W / 34.15; -112.08 (Agua Fria)
BLM January 11, 200070,980 acres (287.2 km2)Located around the canyon of the Agua Fria River, it contains more than 450 distinct Native American structures, including large pueblos with more than 100 rooms. [18]
Aleutian Islands World War II

World war 2 plane wreckage.jpg

Alaska
52°52′N173°10′W / 52.87°N 173.16°W / 52.87; -173.16 (Aleutian Islands World War II)
FWS December 5, 20084,950 acres (20.0 km2)During World War II Japan briefly occupied Attu Island and Kiska Island in the Aleutian chain. The monument within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge includes the site of the 19-day battle to reclaim Attu, artifacts of the occupation at Kiska, and the crash site of a U.S. B-24D Liberator on Atka Island. Originally designated as part of World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, which was divided and renamed March 12, 2019. [19] [20]
Alibates Flint Quarries

Alfl alibates 20060726164737.jpg

Texas
35°34′N101°40′W / 35.57°N 101.67°W / 35.57; -101.67 (Alibates Flint Quarries)
NPS August 21, 19651,370.97 acres (5.5 km2)7,415Alibates was the quarry site for high-quality, rainbow-hued flint that was distributed throughout the Great Plains in pre-Columbian times. It is jointly operated with the Lake Meredith National Recreation Area and includes the ruins of several Plains Village Indian dwellings. [21]
Aniakchak

Aniakchak-caldera alaska.jpg

Alaska
56°54′N158°09′W / 56.9°N 158.15°W / 56.9; -158.15 (Anikchak)
NPS December 1, 1978137,176 acres (555.1 km2)100 Mount Aniakchak, which erupted 3,500 years ago, and the surrounding region make up one of the least visited NPS sites. Surprise Lake, within the volcano's 6-mile (9.7 km) wide, 2,500-foot (760 m) deep caldera, is the source of the Aniakchak River. [22]
Avi Kwa Ame

Joshua Tree Forest - panoramio - Zzyzx.jpg

Nevada
35°24′N115°00′W / 35.4°N 115.00°W / 35.4; -115.00 (Avi Kwa Ame)
BLM, NPS March 21, 2023506,814 acres (2,051.0 km2) Spirit Mountain (Avi Kwa Ame) is the site of creation for the Yuman tribes, who hold the area sacred. Consisting of the Eldorado Valley, Piute Valley, and surrounding mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert, the area is home to expansive Joshua tree forests and provides important habitat for species such as the desert bighorn sheep, desert tortoise and Gila monster. [23]
Aztec Ruins

Aztec nima1.JPG

New Mexico
36°50′N107°00′W / 36.83°N 107.00°W / 36.83; -107.00 (Aztec Ruins)
NPS January 24, 1923318.4 acres (1.3 km2)54,933The ruins contain Pueblo structures from the 11th to 13th centuries with more than 400 masonry rooms which were misidentified by early American settlers as Aztec. It has been included in the Chaco Culture World Heritage Site, which also includes Chaco Culture National Historical Park. [24]
Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon

Red Butte, Arizona 2004-10-19.jpg

Arizona
35°32′N112°00′W / 35.54°N 112°W / 35.54; -112 (Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument)
BLM, USFS August 8, 2023917,618 acres (3,713.5 km2)This monument protects land on both sides of Grand Canyon National Park that is significant to several tribal nations. Includes part of Kaibab National Forest [25]
Bandelier

Bandelier Kiva.jpg

New Mexico
35°47′N106°16′W / 35.78°N 106.27°W / 35.78; -106.27 (Bandelier)
NPS February 11, 191633,676.67 acres (136.3 km2)198,441Frijoles Canyon contains Ancestral Pueblo homes, kivas, rock paintings and petroglyphs. The Pueblo structures made of volcanic tuff date to 1150 CE, with other artifacts more than 11,000 years old. [26] [27]
Basin and Range

Basin & Range NM (22283541866).jpg

Nevada
37°54′N115°24′W / 37.9°N 115.4°W / 37.9; -115.4 (Basin and Range)
BLM July 10, 2015703,585 acres (2,847.3 km2)The remote Mount Irish, Seaman, and Golden Gate Ranges surround the Garden and Coal Valleys and White River Narrows and are home to many desert species and 4,000-year-old rock art. [28] [29]
Bears Ears

Day Time in Indian Creek.jpg

Utah
37°38′N109°52′W / 37.63°N 109.86°W / 37.63; -109.86 (Bears Ears National Monument)
BLM, USFS December 28, 20161,360,000 acres (5,503.7 km2) [30] The Bears Ears are a pair of buttes that rise above sandstone canyons and mesas. Other points of geologic interest include the twin Six Shooter dome-shaped peaks, striated sandstone pinnacles, and natural arches. The wider region has tens of thousands of archaeological sites including rock art, ancient cliff dwellings, and ceremonial kivas. Part is in Manti–La Sal National Forest [31] [32] [33]
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality

Sewall-Belmont House.JPG

District of Columbia
38°53′N77°00′W / 38.89°N 77.00°W / 38.89; -77.00 (Belmont-Paul Women's Equality)
NPS April 12, 20160.34 acres (0.001 km2)9,081Home of the National Woman's Party since 1929, this Adam Federal style house near the US Capitol was the home where party leader Alice Paul and others lived and worked. [34] [35] [36]
Berryessa Snow Mountain

Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument.JPG

California
39°13′N122°46′W / 39.22°N 122.77°W / 39.22; -122.77 (Berryessa Snow Mountain)
USFS, BLM July 10, 2015344,476 acres (1,394.0 km2)Less than 100 miles (160 km) from the San Francisco Bay Area, Berryessa Snow Mountain protects part of the California Coast Range, one of the most biodiverse regions in the state, home to elk, osprey, river otters, half the state's dragonfly species, and California's second-largest population of wintering bald eagles. Part is in Mendocino National Forest. [28] [37] [38]
Birmingham Civil Rights

A.G. Gaston Motel, Birmingham, Alabama LCCN2010636968.jpg

Alabama
33°30′47″N86°48′54″W / 33.513°N 86.815°W / 33.513; -86.815 (Birmingham Civil Rights)
NPS January 12, 20170.88 acres (0.004 km2)This site preserves the A. G. Gaston Motel, which was bombed by the KKK after Martin Luther King Jr. and Birmingham campaign leaders had stayed there, inciting the Birmingham riot of 1963. [39] [40] [41]
Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington National Monument, Hardy, Virginia LCCN2011630618.tif

Virginia
37°07′23″N79°45′58″W / 37.123°N 79.766°W / 37.123; -79.766 (Booker T. Washington)
NPS April 2, 1956239.01 acres (1.0 km2)22,732This preserves portions of the 207-acre (0.84 km2) tobacco farm on which educator and civil rights leader Booker T. Washington was born into slavery on April 5, 1856. The site contains replicas of the house Washington was born in, a smokehouse, a blacksmith shed, a tobacco barn, and a horse barn. [42]
Browns Canyon

Browns Canyon National Monument (15740559230).jpg

Colorado
38°36′54″N106°03′32″W / 38.615°N 106.059°W / 38.615; -106.059 (Browns Canyon)
BLM, USFS February 19, 201521,604 acres (87.4 km2)Steep granite cliffs and colorful rock outcroppings overlook the Arkansas River, where visitors can go whitewater rafting. Prehistoric campsites and shelters date back 11,000 years, while sites from gold mining remain from the late 1800s. About half is in San Isabel National Forest. [43] [44]
Buck Island Reef

BuckIslandReedNM.jpg

US Virgin Islands
17°47′N64°37′W / 17.79°N 64.62°W / 17.79; -64.62 (Buck Island Reef)
NPS December 28, 196119,015.47 acres (77.0 km2)31,411Most of this monument is underwater, containing a large elkhorn coral barrier reef that provides cover for a great variety of reef fish, sea turtles and least terns. It is based around Buck Island, an uninhabited 176-acre (0.71 km2) island. [45]
Cabrillo

Cabrillo-Szmurlo.jpg

California
32°40′N117°14′W / 32.67°N 117.24°W / 32.67; -117.24 (Cabrillo)
NPS October 14, 1913159.94 acres (0.6 km2)842,104This monument commemorates the landing of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo at San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, which was the first European expedition to what later became the West Coast of the U.S. The monument includes a statue of Cabrillo, a rocky intertidal zone, and 20th-century coastal artillery batteries built to protect the harbor of San Diego from enemy warships. [46]
California Coastal

California Coastal National Monument (18824440148).jpg

California
36°53′N122°11′W / 36.89°N 122.18°W / 36.89; -122.18 (California Coastal)
BLM January 11, 20002,628 acres (10.6 km2)This monument ensures the protection of all of the more than 20,000 islets, reefs and rock outcroppings from the coast of California to a distance of 12 nautical miles (22 km), along the entire 840-mile (1,350 km) long California coastline. [47]
Camp Hale — Continental Divide

DSCN3059 camphaleruins e 600.jpg

Colorado
39°26′N106°22′W / 39.44°N 106.37°W / 39.44; -106.37 (Camp Hale — Continental Divide)
USFS October 12, 202253,804 acres (217.7 km2)Soldiers in the US Army's 10th Mountain Division used Camp Hale to learn skiing, climbing, and snowshoeing to fight in the Italian Alps during World War II. Part of White River National Forest. [48]
Camp Nelson

Camp Nelson landscape.JPG

Kentucky
37°47′N84°36′W / 37.78°N 84.60°W / 37.78; -84.60 (Camp Nelson Heritage)
NPS October 26, 2018373 acres (1.5 km2)Established in 1863 as a depot for the Union Army during the Civil War, Camp Nelson became a large recruitment center for African American Union soldiers: a key site of emancipation for those soldiers and a refugee camp for their families. [49]
Canyon de Chelly

Cach-Landscape-Feb192002 42.jpg

Arizona
36°08′N109°28′W / 36.13°N 109.47°W / 36.13; -109.47 (Canyon de Chelly)
NPS April 1, 193183,840 acres (339.3 km2)439,306Located within the Navajo Nation, it preserves the valleys and rims of Canyon de Chelly, Canyon del Muerto, and Monument Canyon. Several Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings are built into the canyon walls. [50]
Canyons of the Ancients

Canyons of the Ancients ruin.jpg

Colorado
37°22′N109°00′W / 37.37°N 109°W / 37.37; -109 (Canyon of the Ancients)
BLM June 9, 2000176,370 acres (713.7 km2)Surrounding Hovenweep National Monument, it preserves and protects more than 6,000 archeological sites, the largest concentration in the U.S. These include Lowry Pueblo, dating to 1103 CE, and Painted Hand Pueblo built by the Ancestral Puebloans [51]
Cape Krusenstern

Tundra River (20258476344).jpg

Alaska
67°25′N163°30′W / 67.41°N 163.50°W / 67.41; -163.50 (Cape Krusenstern)
NPS December 1, 1978649,096.15 acres (2,626.8 km2)15,087Co-located with the NHLD Cape Krusenstern Archeological District, this coastal plain contains large lagoons and rolling hills of limestone. The bluffs record thousands of years of change in the shorelines of the Chukchi Sea, as well as evidence of some 9,000 years of human habitation. [52]
Capulin Volcano

Capulin 1980 tde00005.jpg

New Mexico
36°47′N103°58′W / 36.79°N 103.96°W / 36.79; -103.96 (Capulin Volcano)
NPS August 9, 1916792.84 acres (3.2 km2)67,411Capulin is an extinct cinder cone volcano that is approximately 59,000 years old and part of the Raton-Clayton Volcanic Field. The crater is 400 feet (120 m) deep and its rim is more than 1,500 feet (460 m) in diameter. [53]
Carlisle Federal Indian Boarding School

Carlisle pupils.jpg

Pennsylvania
40°13′N77°11′W / 40.21°N 77.18°W / 40.21; -77.18 (Carlisle Federal Indian Boarding School)
NPS, Army December 9, 202424.5 acres (0.1 km2)The United States Indian Industrial School (better known as the Carlisle Indian Industrial School) was the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from its founding in 1879 through 1918, serving as an important symbol of efforts to culturally assimilate Native Americans by the federal government. [54]
Carrizo Plain

RockCove-CarrizoPlain.jpg

California
35°10′N119°45′W / 35.16°N 119.75°W / 35.16; -119.75 (Carrizo Plain)
BLM January 12, 2001211,045 acres (854.1 km2)Carrizo Plain is the largest single native grassland remaining in California. It contains part of the San Andreas Fault and is surrounded by the Temblor Range and the Caliente Range. At the center of the plain is Soda Lake, which is near Painted Rock. [55]
Casa Grande Ruins

Casagrande1.jpg

Arizona
32°59′N111°32′W / 32.99°N 111.54°W / 32.99; -111.54 (Casa Grande Ruins)
NPS August 3, 1918472.5 acres (1.9 km2)62,995This monument preserves a group of structures surrounded by a compound wall in the Gila Valley that were built in the early 13th century. They were inhabited by the Hohokam people until they were abandoned in the mid-15th century. [56]
Cascade–Siskiyou

My Public Lands Roadtrip- Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument in oregon (18908781818).jpg

Oregon, California
42°05′N122°28′W / 42.08°N 122.46°W / 42.08; -122.46 (Cascade-Siskiyou)
BLM June 9, 2000114,000 acres (461.3 km2)One of the most diverse ecosystems found in the Cascade Range, it has more than 100 dwelling and root-gathering sites belonging to the Modoc, Klamath, and Shasta tribes. [57]
Castillo de San Marcos

Fort2.jpg

Florida
29°53′53″N81°18′40″W / 29.898°N 81.311°W / 29.898; -81.311 (Castillo de San Marcos)
NPS October 15, 192419.38 acres (0.1 km2)748,058This Spanish fort near St. Augustine, called Fort Marion when first protected, served for 205 years under four different flags. Built in 1672, it was involved in sieges with the British while under Spanish command, the American Revolution under Britain, the Civil War under the Confederacy, and the Seminole Wars and the Spanish–American War under the United States. [58]
Castle Clinton

Castle Clinton 2008 jeh.jpg

New York
40°42′13″N74°01′01″W / 40.7036°N 74.0169°W / 40.7036; -74.0169 (Castle Clinton)
NPS August 12, 19461 acre (0.004 km2)4,533,564A circular sandstone fort built in 1811 at the southern tip of Manhattan to protect New York City from the British, Castle Clinton is now located in Battery Park. It later became a beer garden, a theater, the first immigration station (predating Ellis Island), a public aquarium, and a ticket office for the Statue of Liberty National Monument. [59]
Castle Mountains

Castle Mountains and Joshua Trees.jpg

California
35°15′N115°07′W / 35.25°N 115.11°W / 35.25; -115.11 (Castle Mountains)
NPS February 12, 201621,025.5 acres (85.1 km2)The Castle Mountains sit in the Mojave Desert between the Nevada state line and Mojave National Preserve. It protects desert grasslands home to Joshua tree forests, wildlife including golden eagles and bighorn sheep, and historic Native American sites. [60] [61]
Castner Range

Snow Franklin Mountains El Paso Texas Dec 01 2009 IMG 1859.JPG

Texas
31°54′N106°30′W / 31.9°N 106.5°W / 31.9; -106.5 (Castner Range)
Army March 21, 20236,672 acres (27.0 km2)This portion of the Franklin Mountains of west Texas's Chihuahuan Desert includes 41 archaeological sites that show evidence of human presence dating to 6,000 BC. The site was used as a weapons testing range for Fort Bliss for 40 years and is still undergoing remediation of munitions. Castner Range is the only land conservation national monument within the Department of Defense. [62] [63]
Cedar Breaks

Cedarbreaksnationalmonument.jpg

Utah
37°38′N112°51′W / 37.63°N 112.85°W / 37.63; -112.85 (Cedar Breaks)
NPS August 22, 19336,154.6 acres (24.9 km2)644,515A natural amphitheater canyon similar to formations at Bryce Canyon National Park, it stretches over 3 miles (4.8 km) and is more than 2,000 feet (610 m) deep. [64]
César E. Chávez

2009-0726-CA-NationalChavezCenter.jpg

California
35°13′38″N118°33′41″W / 35.2273°N 118.5614°W / 35.2273; -118.5614 (Cesar E. Chavez)
NPS October 8, 2012116.56 acres (0.5 km2)12,769This monument commemorates the life and work of labor leader and civil rights activist Cesar Chavez. Called La Paz, the site was Chavez's home for about 20 years, and his gravesite is on the premises. It is also the location of the headquarters of United Farm Workers, which was founded by Chavez. [65] [66]
Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers

Colonel Charles Young House, front and western side.jpg

Ohio
39°42′26″N83°53′25″W / 39.7072°N 83.8903°W / 39.7072; -83.8903 (Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers)
NPS March 25, 201359.66 acres (0.2 km2)31,448Charles Young was the first African American to reach the rank of colonel in the US Army. He was also the first national park superintendent, of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks, and a professor at Wilberforce University. His home at Wilberforce is a museum commemorating his life. [67] [68]
Chimney Rock

View of Chimney Rock Colorado.JPG

Colorado
37°11′30″N107°18′23″W / 37.1917°N 107.3064°W / 37.1917; -107.3064 (Chimney Rock)
USFS September 21, 20124,724 acres (19.1 km2)The jewel of San Juan National Forest, the site was once home to the ancestors of the modern Pueblos. Roughly 1,000 years ago, the Ancestral Pueblo People built more than 200 homes and ceremonial buildings high above the valley floor. [69]
Chiricahua

Chiricahua balanced rock.jpg

Arizona
32°01′N109°21′W / 32.02°N 109.35°W / 32.02; -109.35 (Chiricahua)
NPS April 18, 192412,024.73 acres (48.7 km2)60,577These pillars of rhyolite tuff are the eroded remains of an immense volcanic eruption that shook the region some 27 million years ago. It was called the Land of the Standing-Up Rocks by the Apache. [70]
Colorado

Colorado national monument 20030920 130827 2.1504x1000.jpg

Colorado
39°02′N108°41′W / 39.04°N 108.69°W / 39.04; -108.69 (Colorado)
NPS May 24, 191120,536.39 acres (83.1 km2)375,467Monument Canyon runs the width of the park and includes rock formations formed by erosion. The monument covers semi-desert land high on the Colorado Plateau and has a wide range of wildlife including pinyon pines, juniper trees, ravens, jays, desert bighorn sheep, and coyotes as well as a range of recreational activities. [71]
Craters of the Moon

Craters of the Moon National Monument - Idaho (14378079457).jpg

Idaho
43°25′N113°31′W / 43.42°N 113.52°W / 43.42; -113.52 (Craters of the Moon)
NPS, BLM May 2, 1924343,000 acres (1,388.1 km2)263,506One of the best preserved flood basalt areas in the continental U.S. contains three lava fields along the Great Rift of Idaho. Among the volcanic cinder cones, lava tubes, and fissures created 15,000 to 2,000 years ago is the world's deepest open rift crack. The adjoining National Preserve protects an additional 410,000 acres. [72] [73]
Devils Postpile

Devils postpile NM.jpg

California
37°30′N119°05′W / 37.50°N 119.08°W / 37.50; -119.08 (Devils Postpile)
NPS July 6, 1911800.19 acres (3.2 km2)139,724Once part of Yosemite National Park, this monument is a dark cliff of columnar basalt created by a lava flow at least 100,000 years ago. It also has the 101-foot (31 m)-high Rainbow Falls. [74]
Devils Tower

Devils Tower CROP.jpg

Wyoming
44°35′N104°43′W / 44.59°N 104.72°W / 44.59; -104.72 (Devils Tower)
NPS September 24, 19061,347.21 acres (5.5 km2)468,216The tower is a monolithic igneous intrusion of volcanic neck rising dramatically 1,267 feet (386 m) above the surrounding terrain. Proclaimed by Theodore Roosevelt, this was the first national monument. [3]
Dinosaur

Confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers (17396238518).jpg

Colorado, Utah
40°32′N108°59′W / 40.53°N 108.98°W / 40.53; -108.98 (Dinosaur)
NPS October 4, 1915210,281.92 acres (851.0 km2)304,468This sandstone and conglomerate bed at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers was formed in the Jurassic Period and contains fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus and various long-neck and long-tail sauropods. [75]
Effigy Mounds

Effigy Mounds Iowa Sny Magill.JPG

Iowa
43°05′N91°11′W / 43.09°N 91.19°W / 43.09; -91.19 (Effigy Mounds)
NPS October 25, 19492,526.39 acres (10.2 km2)55,576This monument preserves three prehistoric sites with 206 prehistoric mounds, notable for 31 unusual mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles. [76]
El Malpais

ElMalpaisLava.JPG

New Mexico
34°53′N108°03′W / 34.88°N 108.05°W / 34.88; -108.05 (El Malpais)
NPS December 31, 1987114,347.11 acres (462.7 km2)154,368An extremely rough, rugged lava flow covers much of the park, filling a large basin rimmed by higher sandstone that forms large, wind-carved bluffs. It has lava tube caves that stretch over 17 miles (27 km) and the Cebolla Wilderness, a forested rimrock area that features prehistoric rock art and the Zuni-Acoma Trail, an ancient Pueblo trade route. [77]
El Morro

Elmo-bluff.jpg

New Mexico
35°02′N108°21′W / 35.04°N 108.35°W / 35.04; -108.35 (El Morro)
NPS December 8, 19061,278.72 acres (5.2 km2)65,453On the site of an ancient east–west trail is a great sandstone promontory with a pool of water at its base. There are inscriptions from the 17th century as well as older petroglyphs made by the Ancestral Puebloans. [78]
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley

Tallahatchie County Mississippi Courthouse.jpg

Illinois
Mississippi
33°52′N90°16′W / 33.86°N 90.27°W / 33.86; -90.27 (Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley)
NPS July 25, 20235.7 acres (0.0 km2)Three sites honor the memory of Emmett Till, an African American boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 at the age of 14, after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store. [79] The Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ, Bronzeville, Chicago, Illinois was the site of Till's memorial service in September 1955, hosted by his mother Mamie Till. [79] Graball Landing on the Tallahatchie River in Mississippi is believed to be where Till's body was retrieved from the river and the Tallahatchie County Second District Courthouse in Sumner was where the trial of and acquittal of Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam for Till's murder took place. [80] [81]
Florissant Fossil Beds

Florisant.jpg

Colorado
38°55′N105°16′W / 38.92°N 105.27°W / 38.92; -105.27 (Florissant Fossil beds)
NPS August 20, 19696,300 acres (25.5 km2) [19] 79,568Huge petrified redwoods and incredibly detailed fossils of ancient insects and plants reveal a very different landscape in Colorado of almost 35 million years ago in the Eocene age. [82]
Fort Frederica

FortFredBarracks.jpg

Georgia
31°13′26″N81°23′35″W / 31.224°N 81.393°W / 31.224; -81.393 (Fort Frederica)
NPS May 26, 1936305 acres (1.2 km2) [19] 183,591Built by James Oglethorpe between 1736 and 1748, these remnants of a fort and town protected the southern boundary of the British colony of Georgia from Spanish raids. It was a few miles from the site of the Battle of Bloody Marsh. [83]
Fort Matanzas

Fort Matanzas river view-2.jpg

Florida
29°42′54″N81°14′20″W / 29.715°N 81.239°W / 29.715; -81.239 (Fort Matanzas)
NPS October 15, 1924300.11 acres (1.2 km2)608,103This 1740 Spanish fort guarded Matanzas Inlet, the southern mouth of the Matanzas River, which allowed access to St. Augustine. The monument is managed in conjunction with Castillo de San Marcos National Monument and also protects 100 acres (0.40 km2) of salt marsh and barrier islands. [84]
Fort McHenry

FortMcHenryAerialView.jpg

Maryland
39°15′47″N76°34′44″W / 39.263°N 76.579°W / 39.263; -76.579 (Fort McHenry)
NPS March 3, 192543.26 acres (0.2 km2)486,113The only place designated a national monument and historic shrine, Fort McHenry is a star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812 when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy. The events inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner". [85]
Fort Monroe

Fort Monroe Aerial.jpg

Virginia
37°00′14″N76°18′29″W / 37.004°N 76.308°W / 37.004; -76.308 (Fort Monroe)
NPS November 1, 2011367.12 acres (1.5 km2)The six-sided star fort spans the American story from the 17th to the 21st centuries: Captain John Smith's journeys, a haven of freedom for the enslaved during the Civil War, and a bastion of defense for the Chesapeake Bay. [86]
Fort Ord

Fort Ord NM (9302539654).jpg

California
36°38′21″N121°44′07″W / 36.639167°N 121.735278°W / 36.639167; -121.735278 (Fort Ord)
BLM April 20, 201214,658 acres (59.3 km2)Fort Ord was an Army post from 1917 to 1994. It now has recreational trails and various wildlife in grassland, chaparral, and woodland ecosystems. [87]
Fort Pulaski

FtPulaskiInside.jpg

Georgia
32°01′37″N80°53′24″W / 32.027°N 80.890°W / 32.027; -80.890 (Fort Pulaski)
NPS October 15, 19245,623.1 acres (22.8 km2)419,930In 1862 during the American Civil War, the Union Army successfully tested a rifled cannon against the defending Confederates, rendering brick fortifications obsolete. Fort Pulaski was also used as a prisoner-of-war camp during the war. The national monument includes most of Cockspur Island (containing the fort) and all of adjacent McQueens Island. [88]
Fort Stanwix

Fost areal image007.jpg

New York
43°13′05″N75°27′32″W / 43.218°N 75.459°W / 43.218; -75.459 (Fort Stanwix)
NPS August 21, 193515.52 acres (0.1 km2)90,507Fort Stanwix guarded a strategic 18th century portage known as the Oneida Carrying Place. It was built during the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The fort successfully resisted the 1777 siege by a British invasion army during the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Erased by the development of Rome, New York, it was rebuilt as a national monument in the late 1970s. [89]
Fort Union

Fortunion.JPG

New Mexico
35°55′30″N105°00′32″W / 35.925°N 105.009°W / 35.925; -105.009 (Fort Union)
NPS April 5, 1956720.6 acres (2.9 km2)10,860A frontier military post and supply depot in the late 19th century, it sat at the intersection of the Mountain and Cimarron Branches of the old Santa Fe Trail. [90]
Fossil Butte

FossilButte.jpg

Wyoming
41°52′N110°46′W / 41.86°N 110.77°W / 41.86; -110.77 (Fossil Butte)
NPS October 23, 19728,198 acres (33.2 km2)21,349Fossil Butte preserves the 50-million-year-old Green River lake beds, the best paleontological record of tertiary aquatic communities in North America. Fossils including fish, alligators, bats, turtles, dog-sized horses, insects, and many other species of plants and animals suggest that the region was a low, subtropical, freshwater basin when the sediments accumulated, over about a 2-million-year period. [91]
Frances Perkins

PerkinsHomestead.jpg

Maine
44°00′18″N69°33′22″W / 44.005°N 69.556°W / 44.005; -69.556 (Frances Perkins)
NPS December 16, 202457 acres (0.23 km2) Frances Perkins became the first female cabinet member when appointed Secretary of Labor in 1933. Serving until 1945, Perkins remains the longest-serving Secretary of Labor and longest-serving female cabinet member in United States history. Perkins lived at the site as a child as well as intermittently throughout her life.

[92] [93]

Freedom Riders

Former Greyhound station, Anniston, Alabama.jpg

Alabama
33°39′29″N85°49′52″W / 33.658°N 85.831°W / 33.658; -85.831 (Freedom Riders)
NPS January 12, 20175.96 acres (0.02 km2)Preserves two sites in and near Anniston, Alabama during the civil rights movement—a former Greyhound bus station in the town where Freedom Riders were attacked by a racist mob and the site outside town where their bus was burned. [39] [94]
George Washington Birthplace

Geo Washington birthplace.jpg

Virginia
38°11′10″N76°55′50″W / 38.1861°N 76.9305°W / 38.1861; -76.9305 (George Washington's Birthplace)
NPS January 23, 1930653.18 acres (2.6 km2)111,058Representative of 18th-century Virginia tobacco farms, this site is the birthplace and boyhood environment of George Washington. The entrance includes a Memorial Shaft obelisk of Vermont marble that is a one-tenth scale replica of the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. Also within the monument are the historic birthplace home area, a kitchen house, and the Washington family burial ground. [95]
George Washington Carver

George-washington-carver-nmon-2.jpg

Missouri
36°59′10″N94°21′14″W / 36.986°N 94.354°W / 36.986; -94.354 (George Washington Carver)
NPS July 14, 1943210 acres (0.8 km2)44,411The site preserves Moses Carver's farm, which was the boyhood home of George Washington Carver, a scientist and educator who developed many uses for peanuts. It was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and first to a non-president. [96]
Giant Sequoia

Giant sequoia-national-monument-jason-hickey.jpg

California
36°02′N118°30′W / 36.04°N 118.50°W / 36.04; -118.50 (Giant Sequoia National Monument)
USFS April 15, 2000352,626 acres (1,427.0 km2)The monument includes 38 of the 39 giant sequoia groves in the Sequoia National Forest, amounting to about half of the sequoia groves currently in existence. This includes one of the ten largest giant sequoias, the Boole Tree. Its two parts are around Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks in Sequoia National Forest. [97]
Gila Cliff Dwellings

Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument 11.JPG

New Mexico
33°14′N108°17′W / 33.24°N 108.28°W / 33.24; -108.28 (Gila Cliff Dwellings)
NPS November 16, 1907533.13 acres (2.2 km2)79,108Located within the Gila Wilderness, the people of the Mogollon culture lived in these cliff dwellings 180 feet (55 m) above the canyon floor from the 1280s through the early 14th century. They lived in five caves with 46 rooms. [98]
Gold Butte

Gold Butte National Monument 5.jpg

Nevada
36°16′52″N114°12′04″W / 36.281°N 114.201°W / 36.281; -114.201 (Gold Butte National Monument)
BLM December 28, 2016296,937 acres (1,201.7 km2) [99] This Mojave Desert landscape of dramatic red sandstone and canyons has forested mountains, ancient rock art, rock shelters, and a mining ghost town. It is an important habitat of the Mojave Desert tortoise. [31] [100]
Governors Island

FortJay.jpg

New York
40°41′28″N74°00′58″W / 40.691°N 74.016°W / 40.691; -74.016 (Governors Island)
NPS January 19, 200122.91 acres (0.1 km2)589,798From 1783 to 1966, Governors Island in New York Harbor was an Army post, and from 1966 to 1996 it was a Coast Guard installation. Located on Governors Island are Castle Williams and Fort Jay, which served as outposts to protect New York City from sea attack. [101]
Grand Canyon–Parashant

-conservationlands15 Social Media Takeover, Feb 15th, BLM Winter Bucket List, Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in Arizona for Its Dark Sky Park Status (16353168708).jpg

Arizona
36°24′N113°42′W / 36.4°N 113.7°W / 36.4; -113.7 (Grand Canyon-Parashant)
BLM, NPS January 11, 20001,021,030 acres (4,132.0 km2)Located on the northern rim of the Grand Canyon on the Shivwits Plateau, this diverse landscape includes geologic resources including millennia of eroded formations forming canyons, cliffs and buttes; abundant fossils of ancient marine invertebrates; and desert volcanic peaks. Archaeological sites preserve artifacts of the Ancestral Puebloans, while abandoned ranches and mills were left behind by early pioneers. A fifth of the monument is also within Lake Mead National Recreation Area; Grand Canyon-Parashant is not considered an official unit of the park system. There are no paved roads or visitor services but offroad vehicles can reach scenic viewpoints. [102] [103]
Grand Portage

050820 GrandPortageNationalMonument.jpg

Minnesota
47°58′N89°41′W / 47.96°N 89.68°W / 47.96; -89.68 (Grant Portage)
NPS January 27, 1960709.97 acres (2.9 km2)94,137The Grand Portage itself is an 8.5-mile (13.7 km) footpath which bypasses a set of waterfalls on the Pigeon River near Lake Superior. The region was a vital trade route and center of fur trade activity as well as an Anishinaabeg Ojibwe heritage site. [104]
Grand Staircase–Escalante

-conservationlands15 Social Media Takeover, Feb 15th, What is a National Monument%3F (15924054253).jpg

Utah
37°24′N111°41′W / 37.4°N 111.68°W / 37.4; -111.68 (Grand Staircase–Escalante)
BLM September 18, 19961,870,000 acres (7,567.6 km2) [30] The Grand Staircase, the Kaiparowits Plateau, and the Canyons of the Escalante make up the three areas of the monument, home to unique dinosaur fossils, sandstone arches, and the sequence of layers of rock units spanning 400 million years. It is notable for its paleontological finds and geology, and it was the first monument to be maintained by the Bureau of Land Management. [105]
Hagerman Fossil Beds

HAFO FlowersRiver.jpg

Idaho
42°47′N114°57′W / 42.79°N 114.95°W / 42.79; -114.95 (Hagerman Fossil Beds)
NPS November 18, 19884,351.15 acres (17.6 km2)26,477This monument contains the largest concentration of Hagerman horse fossils in North America. It protects the world's richest known fossil deposits from the late Pliocene epoch, 3.5 million years ago. These plants and animals represent the last glimpse of time that existed before the Ice Age, and the earliest appearances of modern flora and fauna. [106]
Hanford Reach

Hare columbia-river.jpg

Washington
46°29′N119°32′W / 46.48°N 119.53°W / 46.48; -119.53 (Hanford Reach)
FWS, DOE June 8, 2000194,450.93 acres (786.9 km2)Created from what used to be the security buffer surrounding the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, this area has been untouched by development or agriculture since 1943. The area is part of the Columbia River Plateau, formed by basalt lava flows and water erosion, and is named after the Hanford Reach, the last free flowing section of the Columbia River. [107]
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad

Stewart's Canal - Harriet Tubman Underground RR NM.JPG

Maryland
38°26′54″N76°08′19″W / 38.4483°N 76.1387°W / 38.4483; -76.1387 (Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad)
FWS March 25, 2013480 acres (1.9 km2) Harriet Tubman was a famed conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading dozens of slaves to freedom. This monument includes sites relating to Tubman's life, including the slave-built Stewart's Canal and the home of Jacob Jackson. [67] The areas within the national monument that are managed by the NPS have been redesignated as a National Historical Park (NHP), and the FWS lands are in Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. [108]
Hohokam Pima

Hohokam Pima National Monument.jpg

Arizona
33°11′N111°55′W / 33.19°N 111.91°W / 33.19; -111.91 (Hohokam Pima)
NPS October 21, 19721,690 acres (6.8 km2)Hohokam Pima is part of the Gila River Indian Community and not open to the public. The monument includes the site of the Snaketown settlement, archeological remains of the Hohokam culture, which lived in the area until 1200. Excavations of pit houses, fields, and irrigation canals were refilled in the 1960s, leaving nothing above ground. [109]
Hovenweep

Squaretower.JPG

Colorado, Utah
37°23′N109°05′W / 37.38°N 109.08°W / 37.38; -109.08 (Hovenweep)
NPS March 2, 1923784.93 acres (3.2 km2)40,574Hovenweep contains six clusters of Native American ruins. Holly Canyon, Hackberry Canyon, Cutthroat Castle and Goodman Point are in Colorado and Square Tower and Cajon are in Utah. Ancestral Puebloans lived in the Hovenweep area from 1150 to 1350. [110]
Ironwood Forest

Ragged Top Ironwood Forest National Monument Arizona 2014.jpg

Arizona
32°28′N111°34′W / 32.46°N 111.57°W / 32.46; -111.57 (Ironwood Forest)
BLM June 9, 2000129,055 acres (522.3 km2)Located within the Sonoran Desert, significant concentrations of ironwood ( Olneya tesota ) trees and two endangered animal and plant species are found within the monument. More than 200  Hohokam and Paleoindian archeological sites have been identified from between 600 and 1450 AD [111]
Jewel Cave

Jewel Cave (269779943).jpg

South Dakota
43°44′N103°50′W / 43.73°N 103.83°W / 43.73; -103.83 (Jewel Cave)
NPS February 7, 19081,273.51 acres (5.2 km2)142,356Jewel Cave is the third longest cave in the world, with more than 215 miles (346 km) of mapped passageways beneath the Black Hills of South Dakota. [112] The entrance was discovered by miners in 1900 and was named for its calcite crystals. [113]
John Day Fossil Beds

John Day fossil beds, Oregon (2006).jpg

Oregon
44°40′N120°03′W / 44.67°N 120.05°W / 44.67; -120.05 (John Day Fossil)
NPS October 26, 197414,062.02 acres (56.9 km2)204,621Located within the John Day River Basin, the Fossil Beds have a well-preserved, complete record of fossil plants and animals from more than 40 of the 65 million years of the Cenozoic Era. The monument is divided into three units: Painted Hills, named for its delicately colored stratifications; Sheep Rock; and Clarno. Blue Basin near Sheep Rock is a volcanic ash bowl transformed into claystone by eons of erosion, colored pastel blue by minerals. [114]
Jurassic

Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry entrance.jpg

Utah
39°19′N110°41′W / 39.32°N 110.69°W / 39.32; -110.69 (Jurassic)
BLM March 12, 2019850 acres (3.4 km2)More than 12,000 bones from at least 74 dinosaurs have been found at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry so far, making it the paleontological site with the greatest concentration of bones from the Jurassic period. The bones come from a variety of mostly carnivorous species (more than half Allosaurus ) and it is unknown why they are mixed together. [19] [115] [116]
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks

Tent rocks MG 3183.jpg

New Mexico
35°40′N106°25′W / 35.67°N 106.42°W / 35.67; -106.42 (Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks)
BLM January 17, 20014,647 acres (18.8 km2)Kasha-Katuwe is known for its geology of layers of volcanic rock and ash deposited by a volcanic explosion. Over time, weathering and erosion of these layers has created canyons and tent rocks. The tent rocks themselves are cones of soft pumice and tuff beneath harder caprocks. [117]
Katahdin Woods and Waters

Katahdin, photographed from the Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument.png

Maine
45°58′N68°37′W / 45.97°N 68.62°W / 45.97; -68.62 (Katahdin Woods and Waters)
NPS August 24, 201687,564.27 acres (354.4 km2)Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument protects mountains and wilderness in the North Maine Woods, including a section of the East Branch Penobscot River. It borders the eastern side of Baxter State Park. [118]
Lava Beds

Lavacicles 8238.jpg

California
41°43′N121°31′W / 41.71°N 121.51°W / 41.71; -121.51 (Lava Beds)
NPS November 21, 192546,692.42 acres (189.0 km2)127,771This is the site of the largest concentration of lava tube caves in North America. It also includes Petroglyph Point, one of the largest panels of Native American rock art. The monument lies on the northeast flank of the Medicine Lake Volcano, the largest volcano in the Cascade Range. [119]
Little Bighorn Battlefield

Little Bighorn memorial obelisk.jpg

Montana
45°34′N107°26′W / 45.57°N 107.43°W / 45.57; -107.43 (Little Bighorn Battlefield)
NPS July 1, 1940765.34 acres (3.1 km2)272,591The 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn between George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry and a combined Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho force led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse took place here. [120]
Marianas Trench Marine

Farallon de Pajaros.jpg

Northern Mariana Islands, Guam
20°N145°E / 20°N 145°E / 20; 145 (Marianas Trench Marine)
FWS, NOAA January 6, 200961,077,668 acres (247,172.6 km2)This marine monument includes the waters and submerged lands of the three northernmost islands of the Mariana Archipelago, the submerged lands of 21 designated volcanic features, and the Mariana Trench, the deepest place on Earth. [121] [122] [123] [124]
Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home

Medgar Evers house, Jackson, MS, US.jpg

Mississippi
32°20′28″N90°12′47″W / 32.341°N 90.213°W / 32.341; -90.213 (Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home)
NPS December 10, 20200.74 acres (0.0 km2) Medgar Evers was a civil rights activist who served as a field secretary for the NAACP to end segregation and promote voting rights in Mississippi. He was assassinated outside his home in Jackson by a white supremacist in 1963. His wife Myrlie moved away but owned the home until 1993 and later served as chairwoman of the NAACP. [125] [126]
Military Working Dog Teams Texas
29°23′24″N98°37′01″W / 29.390°N 98.617°W / 29.390; -98.617 (Military Working Dog Teams National Monument)
Air Force October 28, 20130.069 acres (0.0 km2)The memorial at Lackland Air Force Base, the home of the U.S. Department of Defense Military Working Dog Program, honors the efforts and sacrifices of military working dogs in the service of the United States. [127]
Mill Springs Battlefield

Confederate graves at Zollicoffer Park, Mill Springs Battlefield.jpg

Kentucky
37°04′N84°44′W / 37.07°N 84.74°W / 37.07; -84.74 (Mill Springs Battlefield)
NPS September 22, 20201,459 acres (5.9 km2)The Battle of Mill Springs was fought at this site in January 1862 and was the first major victory for the Union Army. The one-day battle saw Union forces led by George Henry Thomas defeat Confederate regiments led by Felix Zollicoffer, who died in action. The site is now largely an open field with a visitor center adjacent to Mill Springs National Cemetery. [116] [128]
Misty Fjords

Mifj inlet.jpg

Alaska
55°37′N130°37′W / 55.62°N 130.61°W / 55.62; -130.61 (Misty Fjords)
USFS December 1, 19782,294,072 acres (9,283.8 km2)Called The Yosemite of the North for its similar geology, the monument has widespread light-colored granite, about 50 to 70 million years old (Eocene Epoch to Cretaceous Period), that has been sculpted by glaciers that gouged deep U-shaped troughs. Mountain goats live in the higher elevations, while brown and black bear are also common. Part of Tongass National Forest. [129]
Mojave Trails

Photo of Mojave Trails National Monument.jpg

California
34°36′N116°00′W / 34.6°N 116.0°W / 34.6; -116.0 (Mojave Trails)
BLM February 12, 20161,600,000 acres (6,475.0 km2)The Mojave Trails National Monument includes several rugged mountain ranges, ancient lava flows at the Amboy Crater, and the Cadiz Dunes. Human features are Native American trading routes, World War II-era training camps, and an undeveloped segment of Route 66. [130] [131]
Montezuma Castle

Montezuma Castle National Monument2.jpg

Arizona
34°37′N111°50′W / 34.61°N 111.84°W / 34.61; -111.84 (Montezuma Castle)
NPS December 8, 19061,015.52 acres (4.1 km2)390,151Montezuma Castle features cliff dwellings built by the Pre-Columbian Sinagua people between 1100 and 1400 AD. The site's name is a misnomer as is it has no connection to Montezuma. However, some modern day native tribes that do have connections to the site include the Yavapai, Hopi, and Zuni. The monument also includes Montezuma Well, which has been used for irrigation since the 8th century. [132]
Mount St. Helens Volcanic

Mt St Helens NVM July 2018.jpg

Washington
46°14′N122°11′W / 46.23°N 122.18°W / 46.23; -122.18 (Mount St. Helens)
USFS August 27, 1982113,205 acres (458.1 km2)183,000 (2016) [133] Following the 1980 eruption of the now-8,363-foot-tall (2,549 m) Mount St. Helens, the environment was left to respond naturally to the disturbance. The volcanic crater is surrounded by a pumice plain with deposits from the landslide, preserved wind-blown trees, and the Ape Cave lava tube. Part of Gifford Pinchot National Forest. [134]
Muir Woods

Muir Woods National Monument 28.jpg

California
37°53′N122°35′W / 37.89°N 122.58°W / 37.89; -122.58 (Muir Woods)
NPS January 9, 1908553.55 acres (2.2 km2)957,932Part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, it protects one of the last old growth Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) groves in the San Francisco Bay Area as well as one of the most easily accessed. [135]
Natural Bridges

Owachomo laban.jpg

Utah
37°35′N110°00′W / 37.58°N 110°W / 37.58; -110 (Natural Bridges)
NPS April 16, 19087,636.49 acres (30.9 km2)103,118Located at the junction of White Canyon and Armstrong Canyon, it is part of the Colorado River drainage. It features the second- and third-largest natural bridges in the western hemisphere, carved from the white Triassic sandstone of the Cedar Mesa Formation that gives White Canyon its name. [136]
Navajo

Keet Seel closeup.jpg

Arizona
36°41′N110°32′W / 36.68°N 110.53°W / 36.68; -110.53 (Navajo)
NPS March 20, 1909360 acres (1.5 km2)61,195This monument preserves three of the most intact cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloan people. The monument is high on the Shonto plateau, overlooking the Tsegi Canyon system on the Navajo Nation in Northern Arizona. [137]
Newberry Volcanic

Lavabutte3.jpg

Oregon
43°41′N121°15′W / 43.69°N 121.25°W / 43.69; -121.25 (Newberry Volcano)
USFS November 5, 199057,323 acres (232.0 km2)225,000 (2018) [138] This monument protects the area around the Newberry Volcano and its geologic features including Lava Butte and the Lava River Cave. The volcanic site in the Cascades is still geothermally active and includes lakes and ancient lava flow fields. Part of Deschutes National Forest. [139]
Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine

Coral variety - Oceanographer Canyon.jpg

Atlantic Ocean
40°24′N68°00′W / 40.4°N 68°W / 40.4; -68 (Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine)
FWS, NOAA September 15, 20163,144,320 acres (12,724.6 km2)The monument protects four underwater seamounts and three very deep canyons in the continental shelf 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of Massachusetts, home to deep-water corals, endangered whales, and migratory fish and birds. [140] [141] [142]
Oregon Caves

Oregon Caves p1080458 1024.jpg

Oregon
42°06′N123°25′W / 42.10°N 123.41°W / 42.10; -123.41 (Oregon Caves)
NPS July 12, 19094,554.03 acres (18.4 km2)67,417The monument is known for its marble caves, as well as for the Pleistocene jaguar and grizzly bear fossils found in the deeper caves. There are four primary buildings: The Oregon Caves Chateau, The Ranger Residence, The Chalet, and the old Dormitory. [143]
Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks

Organ Needle.jpg

New Mexico
32°18′N106°33′W / 32.3°N 106.55°W / 32.3; -106.55 (Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks)
BLM May 21, 2014419,532 acres (1,697.8 km2)The protected area includes five mountain ranges that rise above the Chihuahua Desert: Robledo Mountains, Sierra de las Uvas, Doña Ana Mountains, Organ Mountains and Potrillo Mountains. There are approximately 870 vascular plant species, and the area is popular for hiking and climbing. [144]
Organ Pipe Cactus

Organ pipe cactus arches.jpg

Arizona
32°02′N112°52′W / 32.04°N 112.86°W / 32.04; -112.86 (Organ Pipe Cactus)
NPS April 13, 1937330,688.86 acres (1,338.3 km2)260,375This monument is the only place in the United States where the organ pipe cactus grows wild. There are many other types of cacti and desert flora native to the Sonoran Desert. The Bates Well Ranch and Dos Lomitas Ranch are also within the monument. [145]
Pacific Remote Islands Marine

Soldierfish, Baker Island NWR.jpg

US Minor Outlying Islands south-southwest of Hawaii
16°45′N169°31′W / 16.75°N 169.52°W / 16.75; -169.52 (Pacific Remote Islands Marine)
FWS, NOAA January 6, 2009313,941,851 acres (1,270,477.6 km2)The marine monument consists of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island, which are scattered across the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hawaii. It was expanded in 2014 to include the oceans 200 nmi (370 km) offshore, approximately a 16-fold increase in size, to conserve vast populations of unique corals, fish, marine mammals, birds, and plants. [124] [146]
Papahānaumokuākea Marine

Albatross birds at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument, Midway Atoll, 2007March01.jpg

Hawaii, U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
25°42′N171°44′W / 25.7°N 171.73°W / 25.7; -171.73 (Papahānaumokuākea)
FWS, NOAA June 15, 2006372,848,597 acres (1,508,864.7 km2)The marine monument consists of ocean waters and 10 islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands including Midway Atoll. The monument was created in 2006 with 139,797 square miles (362,070 km2), and its boundaries were expanded on August 26, 2016, more than quadrupling in size to be the largest protected area on Earth, almost as large as the Gulf of Mexico. [147] The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands archipelago "is the planet's largest seabird gathering site, with more than 14 million birds from 22 species, and is home to nearly all Laysan albatrosses and the remaining endangered Hawaiian monk seals." [148] It was declared a World Heritage Site in 2010. [149] [150]
Petroglyph

2004-05-06 07 - Petroglyph, NM.jpg

New Mexico
35°10′N106°46′W / 35.16°N 106.76°W / 35.16; -106.76 (Petroglyph)
NPS June 27, 19907,209.3 acres (29.2 km2)268,613This monument protects a variety of cultural and natural resources, including five volcanic cones, hundreds of archeological sites and an estimated 25,000 images carved by native peoples and early Spanish settlers. It lies on West Mesa, a volcanic basalt escarpment. [151]
Pipe Spring

Pipe Spring National Monument 3.jpg

Arizona
36°52′N112°44′W / 36.86°N 112.73°W / 36.86; -112.73 (Pipe Spring)
NPS May 31, 192340 acres (0.2 km2)25,179Rich with Native American, early explorer, and Mormon pioneer history, this site shows Ancestral Puebloans and Kaibab Paiute Indian and pioneer life in the Old West, including the cabin where explorer John Wesley Powell's survey crew stayed in 1871. The water of Pipe Spring, discovered in 1858, made it possible for plants, animals, and people to live in this dry desert region. [152]
Pipestone

Pipe quarry 01.jpg

Minnesota
44°01′N96°20′W / 44.01°N 96.33°W / 44.01; -96.33 (Pipestone)
NPS August 25, 1937281.78 acres (1.1 km2)73,267This monument preserves traditional catlinite quarries used to make ceremonial pipes, vitally important to traditional Plains Indian culture. The quarries are sacred to the Sioux and Lakota people and are historically neutral territory where enrolled citizens of all tribes can quarry the stone. [153]
Pompeys Pillar

Pompeys pillar boardwalk.jpg

Montana
45°59′24″N108°00′04″W / 45.99°N 108.001°W / 45.99; -108.001 (Pompeys Pillar)
BLM January 17, 200151 acres (0.2 km2)Pompeys Pillar is a 150-foot (46 m) sandstone pillar from the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation next to the Yellowstone River. It has an abundance of Native American petroglyphs, as well as the signature of William Clark, who named the formation after Sacagawea's infant son. [154]
Poverty Point

Mound A at Poverty Point.jpg

Louisiana
32°38′N91°25′W / 32.63°N 91.41°W / 32.63; -91.41 (Poverty Point)
NPS [155] October 31, 1988910.85 acres (3.7 km2)Poverty Point is a prehistoric archeological site that dates from between 1650 and 700 BC and consisting of six earthen rings and seven mounds. The diameter of the outside ridge is 0.75 miles (1.21 km), and the largest mound rises 51 feet (16 m). [156] It was declared a World Heritage Site in 2014. [157]
Prehistoric Trackways

Prehistoric-trackways-01.gif

New Mexico
32°21′N106°54′W / 32.35°N 106.9°W / 32.35; -106.9 (Prehistoric Trackways)
BLM March 30, 20095,280 acres (21.4 km2)Prehistoric Trackways contains fossilized footprints of numerous Paleozoic amphibians, reptiles, and insects, as well as fossilized plants and petrified wood dating back approximately 280 million years. [158]
President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home

Lincoln Cottage 2007.jpg

District of Columbia
38°56′30″N77°00′42″W / 38.9416°N 77.0117°W / 38.9416; -77.0117 (President Lincoln and Soldiers' Home)
AFRH July 7, 20002.3 acres (0.01 km2) [159] President Abraham Lincoln and his family resided seasonally on the grounds of the Armed Forces Retirement Home, which was founded in 1851 for homeless and disabled war veterans. The national monument and visitor center are preserved and operated by President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers’ Home on behalf of the Armed Forces Retirement Home. [160]
Rainbow Bridge

Utah Rainbow Arch.jpg

Utah
37°05′N110°58′W / 37.08°N 110.96°W / 37.08; -110.96 (Rainbow Bridge)
NPS May 30, 1910160 acres (0.6 km2)110,904Rainbow Bridge is one of the world's largest natural bridges. It stands 290 feet (88 m) tall and spans 275 feet (84 m) wide; the top of the bridge is 42 feet (13 m) thick and 33 feet (10 m) wide. It was made from sandstone formed during the Triassic and the Jurassic periods. [161]
Río Grande del Norte

Rio Grande Gorge pano.jpg

New Mexico
36°40′00″N105°42′00″W / 36.66667°N 105.7°W / 36.66667; -105.7 (Rio Grande del Norte)
BLM March 25, 2013242,710 acres (982.2 km2)This site includes part of the Rio Grande Gorge and extinct volcanoes of the Taos Plateau volcanic field. There are a variety of archaeological and historical artifacts including petroglyphs and Hispanic settlement sites. It is home to an assortment of wildlife and recreation opportunities. [67] [162]
Rose Atoll Marine

Nwrroseatollside320.gif

American Samoa
14°33′S168°32′W / 14.55°S 168.54°W / -14.55; -168.54 (Rose Atoll Marine)
FWS, NOAA January 6, 20098,609,045 acres (34,839.6 km2)This marine monument consists of the two small islands of Rose Atoll, its lagoon, and waters surrounding it. The atoll's coral reef is colored by distinct pink coralline algae and provides habitat to nesting hawksbill and green turtles, large predators including whitetip reef shark, and endangered fish like the humphead wrasse. Seventeen species of protected seabirds nest on the island. It is east of American Samoa and the southernmost point in the U.S. [124] [163] [164] [165]
Russell Cave

Russell Cave.JPG

Alabama
34°58′N85°48′W / 34.97°N 85.80°W / 34.97; -85.80 (Russell Cave)
NPS May 11, 1961310.45 acres (1.3 km2)21,620Donated by the National Geographic Society, the cave's exceptionally large main entrance was used as a shelter by prehistoric Indians from the earliest known human settlement in the southeastern United States. The rock from which Russell Cave was formed originated in sediments deposited over 300 million years ago at the bottom of an inland sea that covered the region. [166]
Saint Francis Dam Disaster

St. Francis Dam base remains tkksummers.jpg

California
34°33′N118°31′W / 34.55°N 118.51°W / 34.55; -118.51 (Saint Francis Dam Disaster)
USFS March 12, 2019353 acres (1.4 km2)The St. Francis Dam was a 700 ft (210 m)-wide dam that supported a reservoir for Los Angeles's water supply. It catastrophically failed in 1928 and the flood killed at least 431 people. The site now has ruins of the dam's concrete base in a forested valley. Part of Angeles National Forest. [19] [116]
Salinas Pueblo Missions

Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument ruins.jpg

New Mexico
34°16′N106°04′W / 34.26°N 106.06°W / 34.26; -106.06 (Salinas Pueblo Missions)
NPS November 1, 19091,071.42 acres (4.3 km2)34,629Formerly known as Gran Quivira National Monument, it is where Native American trade communities of Tiwa- and Tompiro-speaking Puebloans lived when Spanish Franciscan missionaries made contact in the 17th century. What remains are the ruins of four mission churches, at Quarai, Abó, and Gran Quivira, and the partially excavated pueblo of Las Humanas. [167]
San Gabriel Mountains

Throop Peak Mount Hawkins 033.jpg

California
34°13′N118°04′W / 34.22°N 118.06°W / 34.22; -118.06 (San Gabriel Mountains)
USFS October 10, 2014452,096 acres (1,829.6 km2)The San Gabriel mountains in northern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California have peaks as high as 10,068 ft (3,069 m), providing a habitat for the endangered California condor and Nelson's bighorn sheep. It is an important watershed and recreation site for the Los Angeles area and contains more than 600 archaeological sites. Part of Angeles and San Bernardino National Forests. [168] [169]
San Juan Islands

Iceberg Point Lopez Island Washington USA.jpeg

Washington
48°32′N123°02′W / 48.53°N 123.03°W / 48.53; -123.03 (San Juan Islands)
BLM March 25, 2013970 acres (3.9 km2)The rugged landscapes of the San Juan Islands, an archipelago in the Pacific Northwest, are a habitat for orcas, eagles, and seals and provide opportunities for kayaking, birdwatching, and other activities. The monument protects numerous small rocks, islands, and points, including the Cattle Point Light. [170] [67]
Sand to Snow

Sand to Snow National Monument.jpg

California
34°05′N116°41′W / 34.08°N 116.68°W / 34.08; -116.68 (Sand to Snow)
BLM, USFS February 12, 2016154,000 acres (623.2 km2)This monument extends from the Mojave and Sonoran Desert floors up to over 10,000 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, including the San Gorgonio Wilderness. The site protects 1,700 Native American petroglyphs and other archaeological sites. Part is in San Bernardino National Forest. [61] [171] [172]
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains

Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains 283.jpg

California
33°48′N116°42′W / 33.80°N 116.70°W / 33.80; -116.70 (Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains)
BLM, USFS October 24, 2000280,009 acres (1,133.2 km2)This monument preserves large portions of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto ranges, the northernmost of the Peninsular Ranges. Parts are within San Bernardino National Forest and the California Desert Conservation Area. [173] [174]
Scotts Bluff

Saddlerock Scotts-Bluff NM Nebraska USA.jpg

Nebraska
41°50′N103°42′W / 41.83°N 103.70°W / 41.83; -103.70 (Scotts Bluff)
NPS December 12, 19193,004.73 acres (12.2 km2)142,028Scotts Bluff is an important 19th century geologic formation and landmark on the Oregon Trail and Mormon Trail. It contains multiple bluffs on the south side of the North Platte River, but it is named after a prominent bluff called Scotts Bluff which rises more than 830 feet (250 m) above the plains at its highest point. The monument is composed of five rock formations named Crown Rock, Dome Rock, Eagle Rock, Saddle Rock, and Sentinel Rock. [175]
Springfield 1908 Race Riot

Springfield 1908 Race Riot National Monument site.webp

Illinois
39°48′14″N89°38′28″W / 39.804°N 89.641°W / 39.804; -89.641 (Springfield 1908 Race Riot)
NPS August 16, 20241.57 acres (0.0 km2)In 1908 a mob of 5,000 white residents attacked the Black community of Springfield, Illinois, destroyed several blocks of residences and business, and lynched two Black Americans. The mass racial violence was one of many such events of brutality and intimidation in that era, leading to the establishment of the NAACP. The monument includes the excavated foundations of several of the destroyed homes in the segregated neighborhood. [176] [177]
Sonoran Desert

Sonoran Desert NM (9406686984).jpg

Arizona
33°00′N112°28′W / 33.00°N 112.46°W / 33.00; -112.46 (Sonoran Desert)
BLM January 17, 2001486,400 acres (1,968.4 km2)This monument protects a small portion of the Sonoran Desert. It is home to several federally listed endangered species and also has three wilderness areas, many significant archeological and historic sites, and remnants of several important historic trails. [178]
Statue of Liberty

Statue of Liberty, NY.jpg

New York, New Jersey
40°41′N74°02′W / 40.69°N 74.04°W / 40.69; -74.04 (Statue of Liberty)
NPS October 15, 192458.38 acres (0.2 km2)4,335,431This iconic statue, built in 1886 on Liberty Island and 151 feet (46 m) tall, commemorates the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence and is a gesture of friendship from France to the U.S. Liberty Enlightening the World is a symbol of welcoming immigrants to the U.S. and is listed as a World Heritage Site. Ellis Island, where 12 million immigrants entering the U.S. passed through, is included in the monument. [179]
Stonewall

Stonewall Inn 2012 with gay-pride flags and banner.jpg

New York
40°44′01″N74°00′08″W / 40.73364°N 74.00212°W / 40.73364; -74.00212 (Stonewall)
NPS June 24, 20167.7 acres (0.0 km2)511,220The Stonewall Inn is a gay bar in New York City and the site of the Stonewall riots of 1969, which are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. Also included is Christopher Park across the street. [180] [181]
Sunset Crater Volcano

Sunset Crater10.jpg

Arizona
35°22′N111°30′W / 35.36°N 111.50°W / 35.36; -111.50 (Sunset Crater Volcano)
NPS May 30, 19303,040 acres (12.3 km2)104,583Sunset Crater is the youngest in a string of volcanoes in the San Francisco volcanic field that is related to the nearby San Francisco Peaks. Final volcanic activity in the 13th century painted the upper portion of the cone with bright red and orange rocks, giving the volcano its name. Hikers can walk through a black lava flow and on a second cinder crater. [182]
Timpanogos Cave

Timpanogos Cave.gif

Utah
40°26′N111°43′W / 40.44°N 111.71°W / 40.44; -111.71 (Timpanogos Cave)
NPS October 14, 1922250 acres (1.0 km2)121,311The Timpanogos cave system is in the Wasatch Range in the American Fork Canyon. Three main chambers are accessible: Hansen Cave, Middle Cave, and Timpanogos Cave. Many colorful cave features or speleothems can be seen, including helictites, cave bacon, cave columns, flowstone, cave popcorn, and cave drapery. [183]
Tonto

Tonto National Monument 02.jpg

Arizona
33°39′N111°05′W / 33.65°N 111.09°W / 33.65; -111.09 (Tonto)
NPS October 21, 19071,120 acres (4.5 km2)39,822Lying on the northeastern edge of the Sonoran Desert along the Salt River, Tonto preserves two cliff dwellings that were occupied by the Salado culture during the 13th to 15th centuries. The monument is surrounded by Tonto National Forest. [184]
Tule Lake

Tule Lake War Relocation Center.jpg

California
41°53′N121°22′W / 41.89°N 121.37°W / 41.89; -121.37 (Tule Lake)
NPS, FWS December 5, 20081,391 acres (5.629 km2)Tule Lake Segregation Center was the largest of ten concentration camps used for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. 29,800 US citizens and immigrants were held there, including those segregated from other camps for political reasons. The site includes the main segregation camp; Camp Tulelake, which was originally a Civilian Conservation Corps work site and later a prisoner-of-war camp and extension of the segregation center; and the Peninsula/Castle Rock bluff in Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Originally designated as part of World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, which was divided and renamed March 12, 2019. [185] [19] [186]
Tule Springs Fossil Beds

Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument.jpg

Nevada
36°19′N115°16′W / 36.32°N 115.27°W / 36.32; -115.27 (Tule Springs Fossil Beds)
NPS December 19, 201422,650 acres (91.7 km2)A major archaeological site north of Las Vegas where thousands of prehistoric fossils, including mammoth, lion, and camel, have been found in an area that was once a wetland. [187]
Tuzigoot

Tuzi pueblo01.jpg

Arizona
34°47′N112°02′W / 34.79°N 112.04°W / 34.79; -112.04 (Tuzigoot)
NPS July 25, 1939811.89 acres (3.3 km2)98,090Tuzigoot preserves a two- to three-story pueblo ruin on the summit of a limestone and sandstone ridge in the Verde Valley. It was built by the Sinagua people between 1125 and 1400. [188]
Upper Missouri River Breaks

-conservationlands15 Social Media Takeover, July 15th, Wild and Scenic Rivers (19882340282).jpg

Montana
47°47′N109°01′W / 47.78°N 109.02°W / 47.78; -109.02 (Upper Missouri River Breaks)
BLM January 17, 2001377,346 acres (1,527.1 km2)A series of badland areas characterized by rock outcroppings, steep bluffs and grassy plains along the 149-mile (240 km) Upper Missouri National Wild and Scenic River in central Montana, The Breaks is home to at least 60 mammal species and hundreds of bird species. Charles Marion Russell often painted here, and Lewis and Clark traveled on this pathway. [189]
Vermilion Cliffs

From Cottonwood Cove looking north past the teepees, in Coyote Buttes South, Arizona.jpg

Arizona
36°49′N111°44′W / 36.81°N 111.74°W / 36.81; -111.74 (Vermilion Cliffs)
BLM November 9, 2000279,566 acres (1,131.4 km2)Steep eroded escarpments consisting primarily of sandstone, siltstone, limestone and shale rise as much as 3,000 feet (910 m) above their base. These sedimentary rocks have been deeply eroded for millions of years, exposing hundreds of layers of richly colored rock strata along Paria Canyon. The Coyote Buttes, across the Paria Plateau from the Canyon and Vermilion Cliffs, include undulating slopes like The Wave. [190]
Virgin Islands Coral Reef

VICR hurricane hole.jpg

US Virgin Islands
18°19′N64°43′W / 18.31°N 64.72°W / 18.31; -64.72 (Virgin Islands Coral Reef)
NPS January 17, 200112,708.07 acres (51.4 km2)These coral reefs, sandy sea bottoms, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests are in a 3-mile (4.8 km) marine belt that surrounds St John and Virgin Islands National Park. [191]
Waco Mammoth

Waco mammoth site QRT.jpg

Texas
31°36′22″N97°10′26″W / 31.606°N 97.174°W / 31.606; -97.174 (Waco Mammoth)
NPS July 10, 2015107.23 acres (0.4 km2)106,932The Waco Mammoth National Monument is a paleontological site and museum in Waco, Texas, where fossils of twenty-four Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) and other mammals from the Pleistocene Epoch have been uncovered. The site is the largest known concentration of a single herd of mammoths dying from the same event, which is believed to have been a flash flood. [28] [192]
Walnut Canyon

WalnutCanyonNorthWall.jpg

Arizona
35°10′N111°31′W / 35.17°N 111.51°W / 35.17; -111.51 (Walnut Canyon)
NPS November 30, 19153,529.26 acres (14.3 km2)167,736Walnut Canyon protects dozens of cliff dwelling rooms constructed around the 12th century by the Sinagua people, who navigated the challenging cliffs to access sparse water. It lies on the Colorado Plateau and cuts through the Permian Kaibab Limestone, which exposes the Toroweap Formation and Coconino Sandstone. [193]
Wupatki

Wukoki Ruins.jpeg

Arizona
35°31′N111°22′W / 35.52°N 111.37°W / 35.52; -111.37 (Wupatki)
NPS December 9, 192435,422.13 acres (143.3 km2)205,122Several settlement sites built by the Sinagua, Cohonina, and Ancestral Puebloans are scattered throughout the monument, showing evidence of trade and agriculture from the 6th to 13th centuries. About 2,000  Ancient Pueblo People moved here to farm after an 11th century eruption of Sunset Crater spread ash forming fertile soil. [194]
Yucca House

Yucca-House-NM.jpg

Colorado
37°15′N108°41′W / 37.25°N 108.69°W / 37.25; -108.69 (Yucca House)
NPS December 19, 191933.87 acres (0.1 km2)Designated a research national monument, it is a large unexcavated Ancestral Puebloan archeological site. The site is one of many Ancestral Puebloan village sites in the Montezuma Valley occupied between 900 and 1300 CE. [195]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument</span> National monument in Kane and Garfield counties in Utah, United States

The Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument (GSENM) is a United States national monument protecting the Grand Staircase, the Kaiparowits Plateau, and the Canyons of the Escalante in southern Utah. It was established in 1996 by President Bill Clinton under the authority of the Antiquities Act with 1.7 million acres of land, later expanded to 1,880,461 acres (7,610 km2). In 2017, the monument's size was reduced by half in a succeeding presidential proclamation, and it was restored in 2021. The land is among the most remote in the country; it was the last to be mapped in the contiguous United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National monument (United States)</span> Monuments assigned protected status by presidents of the US

In the United States, a national monument is a protected area that can be created from any land owned or controlled by the federal government by proclamation of the president of the United States or an act of Congress. National monuments protect a wide variety of natural and historic resources, including sites of geologic, marine, archaeological, and cultural importance. The Antiquities Act of 1906 gives presidents the power to proclaim national monuments by executive action. In contrast, national parks in the U.S. must be created by Congressional legislation. Some national monuments were first created by presidential action and later designated as national parks by congressional approval.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antiquities Act</span> 1906 U.S. law allowing the president to create national monuments from federal lands

The Antiquities Act of 1906 is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906. This law gives the president of the United States the authority to, by presidential proclamation, create national monuments from federal lands to protect significant natural, historic, or scientific features. The Act has been used more than a hundred times since its enactment to create a wide variety of protected areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Gorgonio Wilderness</span> Protected wilderness area in California, United States

The San Gorgonio Wilderness is located in the eastern San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County and into northern Riverside County, Southern California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manti–La Sal National Forest</span> National forest in Utah and Colorado, United States

The Manti–La Sal National Forest covers more than 1.2 million acres (4,900 km2) and is located in the central and southeastern parts of the U.S. state of Utah and the extreme western part of Colorado. The forest is headquartered in Price, with ranger district offices in Price, Ferron, Ephraim, Moab and Monticello. The maximum elevation is Mount Peale in the La Sal Mountains, reaching 12,721 feet (3,877 m) above sea level. The La Sal Mountains are the second highest mountain range in Utah after the Uintas. Parts of the forest are included in the Bears Ears National Monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Coastal National Monument</span> All islets, reefs and rock outcroppings along the coast of California

The California Coastal National Monument is located along the entire coastline of the U.S. state of California. This monument ensures the protection of all islets, reefs and rock outcroppings along the coast of California within 12 nautical miles (22 km) of shore along the entire 840-mile (1,350 km) long coastline. Conservative estimates are for at least 20,000 such outcroppings. The monument was created by Bill Clinton via Presidential proclamation on January 11, 2000, with the authority in section two of the Antiquities Act of 1906. As of 2014, the monument has expanded to 2,272 acres (919 ha). The U.S. Bureau of Land Management, an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages the monument, has developed gateways in cooperation with other agencies along the California coast to introduce the monument to the public. These include the Trinidad, Point Arena, Fort Bragg-Mendocino, Pigeon Point Lighthouse, Piedras Blancas State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area, and the Palos Verdes Peninsula. Although being the most-viewed national monument in California, people are usually unaware that the entire coastline is a national monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</span> Protected region of ocean and islands

The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) is a World Heritage listed U.S. National Monument encompassing 583,000 square miles (1,510,000 km2) of ocean waters, including ten islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It was created in June 2006 with 140,000 square miles (360,000 km2) and expanded in August 2016 by moving its border to the limit of the exclusive economic zone, making it one of the world's largest protected areas. It is internationally known for its cultural and natural values as follows:

The area has deep cosmological and traditional significance for living Native Hawaiian culture, as an ancestral environment, as an embodiment of the Hawaiian concept of kinship between people and the natural world, and as the place where it is believed that life originates and to where the spirits return after death. On two of the islands, Nihoa and Mokumanamana, there are archaeological remains relating to pre-European settlement and use. Much of the monument is made up of pelagic and deepwater habitats, with notable features such as seamounts and submerged banks, extensive coral reefs and lagoons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009</span>

The Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 is a land management law passed in the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2009. The bill designates millions of acres in the US as protected and establishes a National Landscape Conservation System. It includes funding for programs, studies and other activities by the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture, and in some cases bars further geothermal leasing, oil and gas leasing, and new mining patents on certain stretches of protected land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Gabriel Mountains National Monument</span> National monument in the San Gabriel Mountains of California, United States

The San Gabriel Mountains National Monument is a United States National Monument managed by the U.S. Forest Service, which encompasses parts of the Angeles National Forest and the San Bernardino National Forest in California. On October 10, 2014, President Barack Obama used his authority under the Antiquities Act to create the new monument, protecting 346,177 acres of public lands in the San Gabriel Mountains of the Transverse Ranges. The effort to protect the San Gabriel Mountains began more than a century earlier, in 1891 with another U.S. President, Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president, using a congressional act, to designate and delineate the first federal protection in the United States of forested lands, using the same mountain range name, as the San Gabriel Timberland Reserve. Two earlier California conservationists, Abbot Kinney and John Muir, influenced President Benjamin Harrison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Browns Canyon National Monument</span> Protected habitat in Chaffee County, Colorado

Browns Canyon National Monument is a 21,586 acres (87 km2) national monument in Chaffee County, Colorado, that was designated as such by President Barack Obama under the Antiquities Act on February 19, 2015. The site will be centered along the Arkansas River between Buena Vista and Salida. Browns Canyon is the most popular destination for whitewater rafting in the country, and is also known for its fishing and hiking. The monument will provide habitat protection for bighorn sheep, peregrine falcons, elk, and golden eagles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castle Mountains National Monument</span> Protected area in Mojave Desert, California

Castle Mountains National Monument is a U.S. National Monument located in the eastern Mojave Desert and northeastern San Bernardino County, in the state of California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sand to Snow National Monument</span> National monument in California, United States

Sand to Snow National Monument is a U.S. National Monument located in San Bernardino County and northern Riverside County, Southern California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument</span> Protected area in Maine, US

Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument is a U.S. national monument spanning 87,563 acres (137 sq mi) of mountains and forestland in northern Penobscot County, Maine, including a section of the East Branch Penobscot River. The monument is located on the eastern border of Maine's Baxter State Park. Native animals include moose, bobcats, bald eagles, salmon, and Canada lynx.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument</span> Marine protected area off of Massachusetts, USA

The Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument is a marine national monument of the United States off the coast of New England, on the seaward edge of Georges Bank. It was created by President Barack Obama on September 15, 2016, as the first U.S. marine national monument in the Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bears Ears National Monument</span> Protected area in Utah

Bears Ears National Monument is a United States national monument located in San Juan County in southeastern Utah, established by President Barack Obama by presidential proclamation on December 28, 2016. The monument protects 1,351,849 acres of public land surrounding the Bears Ears—a pair of buttes—and the Indian Creek corridor rock climbing area. The Native American names for the buttes have the same meaning in each of the languages represented in the region. The names are listed in the presidential proclamation as "Hoon’Naqvut, Shash Jáa [sic], Kwiyaghatʉ Nükavachi/Kwiyagatu Nukavachi, Ansh An Lashokdiwe"—all four mean "Bears Ears".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gold Butte National Monument</span> Protected natural area in the U.S. state of Nevada

Gold Butte National Monument is a United States national monument located in Clark County, Nevada, northeast of Las Vegas and south of Mesquite and Bunkerville. The monument protects nearly 300,000 acres of desert landscapes featuring a wide array of natural and cultural resources, including rock art, sandstone towers, and important wildlife habitat for species including the Mojave Desert tortoise, bighorn sheep, and mountain lion. The area also protects historic ranching and mining sites such as the ghost town of Gold Butte, although little but mine openings, cement foundations, and a few pieces of rusting equipment remains. The monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</span> United States historic place

The Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument is a United States National Monument in Birmingham, Alabama established in 2017 to preserve and commemorate the work of the 1963 Birmingham campaign, its Children's Crusade, and other Civil Rights Movement events and actions. The monument is administered by the National Park Service. Civil rights protesters took to the streets of Birmingham, Alabama to fight in favor of Project C, a campaign against laws limiting African Americans freedoms. They were met with violent resistance from the police.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration</span>

The marine policy of the Barack Obama administration comprises several significant environmental policy decisions for the oceans made during his two terms in office from 2009 to 2017. By executive action, US President Barack Obama increased fourfold the amount of protected marine space in waters under United States control, setting a major precedent for global ocean conservation. Using the U.S. president's authority under the Antiquities Act of 1906, he expanded to 200 nautical miles the seaward limits of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in Hawaiʻi and the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument around the U.S. island possessions in the Central Pacific. In the Atlantic, Obama created the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument, the first marine monument in the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Atlantic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument</span> U.S. national monument in Arizona

Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument is a United States national monument that protects over 900,000 acres (3,600 km2) surrounding the Grand Canyon in northern Arizona. President Joe Biden established it as a monument under the authority of the Antiquities Act on August 8, 2023, to be managed by the United States Forest Service within Kaibab National Forest and the Bureau of Land Management as part of the National Landscape Conservation System. While the area was already protected from most development, the monument designation made permanent a 20-year moratorium on new uranium mining put in place in 2012. The name combines the Havasupai words for "where tribes roam" and Hopi words for "our ancestral footprints", and many sites are considered sacred to the peoples who have lived in the region since time immemorial.

References

  1. 16 U.S.C.   § 431 § 432, and § 433. U.S. Code collection. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved on February 11, 2009.
  2. Righter, Robert W. (March 5, 2005). "National Monuments to National Parks: The Use of the Antiquities Act of 1906". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  3. 1 2 "Devils Tower National Monument". National Park Service. October 3, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  4. "National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act". National Park Service. January 16, 2003. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  5. 1 2 "NPS Archeology Program: Antiquities Act Centennial". National Park Service. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  6. Janiskee, Bob. "By the Numbers: National Monument". National Parks Traveler. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  7. Korte, Gregory (June 26, 2016). "Obama's national monuments are about more than conservation". USA Today. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  8. Eilperin, Juliet (July 10, 2015). "In massive expansion of lands legacy, Obama creates three new national monuments". Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  9. "Table 18 - National Monument Areas by State" (PDF). Land Areas Report (LAR)–as of September 30, 2017. U.S. Forest Service. September 30, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  10. "Listing of Acreage (Summary)". NPS Stats. National Park Service. September 30, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  11. "Public Land Statistics 2016" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior • Bureau of Land Management. May 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018. Table 5-2. National Monuments within the National Landscape Conservation System as of September 30, 2016
  12. "Statistical Data Tables for Fish & Wildlife Service Lands (as of 9/30/2017)" (PDF). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. September 30, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018. Table 10. National Monuments
  13. "Table 19 - National Volcanic Monument Areas by State" (PDF). Land Areas Report (LAR)–as of September 30, 2017. U.S. Forest Service. September 30, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  14. "Stats Report Viewer". irma.nps.gov. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  15. "Admiralty Island National Monument". USDA Forest Service. November 21, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  16. "African Burial Ground National Monument". National Park Service. January 7, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  17. "Agate Fossil Beds National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  18. "Agua Fria National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act". United States Congress. March 12, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  20. "ALASKA MARITIME: New World War II National Monument Includes Refuge Lands". Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  21. "Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument". National Park Service. February 29, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  22. "Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve". National Park Service. September 11, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  23. "Avi Kwa Ame National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  24. "Aztec Ruins National Monument". National Park Service. March 4, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  25. "FACT SHEET: President Biden Designates Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument". The White House. August 8, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  26. "Bandelier National Monument". National Park Service. January 6, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  27. "Bandelier CCC Historic District". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  28. 1 2 3 "Obama to create new national monuments in Texas, California, Nevada". CBS. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  29. "Basin and Range National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  30. 1 2 "FACT SHEET: President Biden Restores Protections for Three National Monuments and Renews American Leadership to Steward Lands, Waters, and Cultural Resources". The White House. October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  31. 1 2 Secretaries Jewell, Vilsack Applaud President’s Designation of New National Monuments in Utah and Nevada, U.S. Department of the Interior, news release, December 28, 2016
  32. "Bears Ears National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  33. "Bears Ears National Monument". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  34. Eilperin, Juliet (April 12, 2016). "A new memorial to tell 'the story of a century of courageous activism by American women'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  35. "Presidential Proclamation -- Establishment of the Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument". whitehouse.gov . April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016 via National Archives.
  36. "Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  37. "Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument". U.S. Forest Service. February 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  38. "Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  39. 1 2 Salama, Vivian (January 12, 2017). "Obama Names 3 National Monuments Honoring Civil Rights". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  40. "Presidential Proclamation - Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument". National Park Service. January 13, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  41. "Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  42. "Booker T. Washington National Monument". National Park Service. July 4, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  43. "Browns Canyon National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  44. "Browns Canyon National Monument". U.S. Forest Service. February 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  45. "Buck Island Reef National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  46. "Cabrillo National Monument". National Park Service. August 4, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  47. "California Coastal National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  48. "FACT SHEET: President Biden Designates Camp Hale – Continental Divide National Monument". whitehouse.gov .
  49. "Presidential Proclamation on the Establishment of the Camp Nelson National Monument". whitehouse.gov via National Archives.
  50. "Canyon de Chelly National Monument". National Park Service. June 4, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  51. "Canyons of the Ancients National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  52. "Cape Krusenstern National Monument". National Park Service. July 2, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  53. "Capulin Volcano National Monument". National Park Service. October 29, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  54. "A Proclamation on the Establishment of the Carlisle Federal Indian Boarding School National Monument". The White House. December 9, 2024.
  55. "Carrizo Plain National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  56. "Casa Grande Ruins". National Park Service. January 8, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  57. "Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  58. "Castillo de San Marcos National Monument". National Park Service. March 4, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  59. "Castle Clinton National Monument". National Park Service. November 5, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  60. "Castle Mountains National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  61. 1 2 "President Obama to Designate New National Monuments in the California Desert". whitehouse.gov . February 12, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016 via National Archives.
  62. "Fort Bliss's Castner Range designated national monument". U.S. Army. March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  63. "A Proclamation on the Establishment of the Castner Range National Monument, 2023". The White House. March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  64. "Cedar Breaks National Monument". National Park Service. December 19, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  65. "President Obama to Establish César E. Chávez National Monument". whitehouse.gov . October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2012 via National Archives.
  66. "Cesar E. Chavez National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  67. 1 2 3 4 "President Obama Designates Five New National Monuments". whitehouse.gov . March 25, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013 via National Archives.
  68. "Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  69. "Chimney Rock National Monument". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  70. "Capulin Chiricahua National Monument". National Park Service. May 19, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  71. "Colorado National Monument". National Park Service. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  72. "Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve". National Park Service. January 10, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  73. "Craters of the Moon National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  74. "Devils Postpile National Monument". National Park Service. October 31, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  75. "Dinosaur National Monument". National Park Service. January 18, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  76. "Effigy Mounds National Monument". National Park Service. January 15, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  77. "El Malpais National Monument". National Park Service. October 21, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  78. "El Morro National Monument". National Park Service. October 21, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  79. 1 2 "Biden will establish a national monument honoring Emmett Till, the Black teen lynched in Mississippi". The Independent . July 23, 2023. Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  80. "A Proclamation on Establishment of the Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument". The White House. July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  81. Betts, Anna (July 23, 2023). "Biden to Name National Monument for Emmett Till and His Mother". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  82. "Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument". National Park Service. December 16, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  83. "Fort Frederica National Monument". National Park Service. November 12, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  84. "Fort Matanzas National Monument". National Park Service. February 29, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  85. "Fort McHenry National Monument". National Park Service. January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  86. "Fort Monroe National Monument". National Park Service. November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  87. "Fort Ord National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. February 27, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  88. "Fort Pulaski National Monument". National Park Service. December 26, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  89. "History & Culture - Fort Stanwix National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  90. "Fort Union National Monument". National Park Service. September 3, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  91. "Fossil Butte National Monument". National Park Service. November 4, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  92. "FACT SHEET: President Biden Designates Frances Perkins National Monument". The White House. December 16, 2024. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
  93. "A Biden proclamation will establish a national monument for the 1st US female Cabinet secretary". AP News. December 16, 2024. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
  94. "Freedom Riders National Monument". National Park Service. January 13, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  95. "George Washington Birthplace National Monument". National Park Service. March 26, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  96. "George Washington Carver National Monument". National Park Service. October 2, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  97. "Giant Sequoia National Monument". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  98. "Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument". National Park Service. September 8, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  99. Obama, Barack (December 28, 2016). "Presidential Proclamation -- Establishment of the Gold Butte National Monument". whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. Retrieved February 13, 2018 via National Archives.
  100. "Gold Butte National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  101. "Governors Island National Monument". National Park Service. October 24, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  102. "Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument". National Park Service. May 7, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  103. "Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  104. "Grand Portage National Monument". National Park Service. July 14, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  105. "Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  106. "Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument". National Park Service. January 6, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  107. "Hanford Reach National Monument". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  108. "Tubman Partners Joint Newsletter" (PDF). Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2017.
  109. "Hohokam Pima National Monument". National Park Service. August 7, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  110. "Hovenweep National National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  111. "Ironwood Forest National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  112. "Jewel Cave National Monument". National Park Service. May 22, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  113. "Early Jewel Cave History". National Park Service. November 29, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  114. "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument". National Park Service. December 29, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  115. "Jurassic National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  116. 1 2 3 Gammon, Katharine (March 12, 2019). "Trump approves five national monuments – from black history to dinosaur bones". The Guardian. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  117. "Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  118. "Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument". National Park Service. January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  119. "Lava Beds National Monument". National Park Service. January 18, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  120. "Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  121. "Mariana Trench Marine National Monument". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  122. "Marianas Trench Marine National Monument". NOAA. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  123. "Establishment of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument" (PDF). The White House: President George W. Bush. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  124. 1 2 3 "Marine National Monument maps" (PDF). L. A. Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  125. "Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home". National Park Service. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  126. "Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home Officially Established As National Monument | Delta Democrat-Times". Delta Democrat-Times. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  127. "Military Working Dogs". Airman Heritage Foundation. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  128. "Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument". National Park Service. September 22, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  129. "Misty Fiords National Monument". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  130. "Mojave Trails National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  131. "President Obama to Designate New National Monuments in the California Desert". whitehouse.gov . February 12, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016 via National Archives.
  132. "Montezuma Castle National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  133. "NRM NVUM Results". apps.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  134. "Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument". US Forest Service. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  135. "Muir Woods National Monument". National Park Service. December 30, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  136. "Natural Bridges National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  137. "Navajo National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  138. "NRM NVUM Results". apps.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  139. "Newberry National Volcanic Monument". US Forest Service. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  140. "FACT SHEET: President Obama to Continue Global Leadership in Combatting Climate Change and Protecting Our Ocean by Creating the First Marine National Monument in the Atlantic Ocean". whitehouse.gov . September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016 via National Archives.
  141. "Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  142. "Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  143. "Oregon Caves National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  144. "Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  145. "Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument". National Park Service. August 31, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  146. "Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  147. President announces expansion of Papahānaumokuākea, National Ocean Service, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (last revised August 26, 2016).
  148. Juliet Eilperin, Obama creates the largest protected place on the planet, in Hawaii, Washington Post (August 26, 2016).
  149. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes two new sites on World Heritage List". unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. July 30, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  150. "Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  151. "Petroglyph National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  152. "Pipe Spring National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  153. "Pipestone National Monument". National Park Service. March 28, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  154. "Pompeys Pillar National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  155. As of 2009, Poverty Point is a public park owned and operated by the state of Louisiana. See Poverty Point#History
  156. "Poverty Point National Monument". National Park Service. April 14, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  157. "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting". unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. June 25, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  158. "Prehistoric Trackways National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  159. Clinton, William (July 7, 2000). "President Lincoln and Soldiers' Home National Monument". whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. Retrieved February 13, 2018 via National Archives.
  160. "President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home". President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  161. "Rainbow Bridge National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  162. "Río Grande del Norte National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  163. "Establishment of the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument" (PDF). The White House: President George W. Bush. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  164. "Rose Atoll Marine National Monument". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  165. "Rose Atoll Marine National Monument". NOAA. January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  166. "Russell Cave National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  167. "Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  168. "President Obama Designates San Gabriel Mountains National Monument". whitehouse.gov . October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014 via National Archives.
  169. "San Gabriel Mountains National Monument". US Forest Service. February 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  170. "San Juan Islands National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. April 6, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  171. "Sand to Snow National Monument". US Forest Service. February 12, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  172. "Sand to Snow National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  173. "Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  174. "Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument". USDA Forest Service. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  175. "Scotts Bluff National Monument". National Park Service. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  176. House, The White (August 16, 2024). "A Proclamation on the Establishment of the Springfield 1908 Race Riot National Monument". The White House. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  177. Bailey, Chelsea (August 16, 2024). "Biden to designate the site of 1908 race riot a national monument". CNN. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  178. "Sonoran Desert National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  179. "Statue of Liberty National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  180. "President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument" (official announcement from White House Press Office; June 24, 2016)
  181. "Stonewall National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  182. "Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  183. "Timpanogos Cave National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  184. "Tonto National Monument". National Park Service. November 9, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  185. "Tule Lake National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  186. "Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  187. "Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  188. "Tuzigoot National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  189. "Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  190. "Vermilion Cliffs National Monument". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  191. "Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  192. "Waco Mammoth National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  193. "Walnut Canyon National Monument". National Park Service. September 29, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  194. "Wupatki National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  195. "Yucca House National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved January 24, 2009.