There are various kinds of executive actions that United States presidents may take.
Executive orders are issued to help officers and agencies of the executive branch manage the operations within the federal government itself. [1] Presidential memoranda are closely related, and have the force of law on the Executive Branch, but are generally considered less prestigious. Presidential memoranda do not have an established process for issuance, and unlike executive orders, they are not numbered. A presidential determination is a determination resulting in an official policy or position of the executive branch of the United States government. [2] A presidential proclamation is a statement issued by a president on a matter of public policy issued under specific authority granted to the president by Congress and typically on a matter of widespread interest. [3] Administrative orders are signed documents such as notices, letters, and orders that can be issued to conduct administrative operations of the federal government. [4] [5] A presidential notice or a presidential sequestration order can also be issued. [6] [7] National security directives 1 operate like executive orders, but are only in the area of national security. They have been issued by different presidents under various names. [8]
Listed below are executive orders numbered 11967-12286, signed by United States President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981). He signed 320 executive orders. [9] His executive actions are also listed on Wikisource, along with his presidential proclamations and presidential review memorandums.
Relative No. | Absolute No. | Title/Description | Date signed |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 11967 | Relating to Violations of the Selective Service Act, August 4, 1964 to March 28, 1973 | January 21, 1977 |
2 | 11968 | Withholding of District of Columbia, State and City Income or Employment Taxes | January 31, 1977 |
3 | 11969 | Administration of the Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977 | February 2, 1977 |
4 | 11970 | Presidential Advisory Board on Ambassadorial Appointments | February 5, 1977 |
5 | 11971 | Establishing the Committee on Selection of the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation | February 11, 1977 |
6 | 11972 | Establishing the United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission | February 14, 1977 |
7 | 11973 | President's Commission on Mental Health | February 17, 1977 |
8 | 11974 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | February 25, 1977 |
9 | 11975 | Abolishing the President's Economic Policy Board, and for other purposes | March 7, 1977 |
10 | 11976 | Amending Executive Order No. 11861, as amended, placing certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | March 11, 1977 |
11 | 11977 | Designating certain public international organizations entitled to enjoy certain privileges, exemptions, and immunities | March 14, 1977 |
12 | 11978 | Relating to trade and other transactions involving Southern Rhodesia | March 18, 1977 |
13 | 11979 | National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, 1975 | March 28, 1977 |
14 | 11980 | National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, 1975 | March 29, 1977 |
15 | 11981 | Establishing the Interagency Committee for the Purchase of United States Savings Bonds | March 29, 1977 |
16 | 11982 | Committee on Selection of the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation | April 29, 1977 |
17 | 11983 | Relating to certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | May 4, 1977 |
18 | 11984 | Abolishing the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board | May 4, 1977 |
19 | 11985 | United States foreign intelligence activities | May 13, 1977 |
20 | 11986 | Relating to certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | May 20, 1977 |
21 | 11987 | Exotic organisms | May 24, 1977 |
22 | 11988 | Floodplain management | May 24, 1977 |
23 | 11989 | Off-road vehicles on public lands | May 24, 1977 |
24 | 11990 | Protection of wetlands | May 24, 1977 |
25 | 11991 | Relating to protection and enhancement of environmental quality | May 24, 1977 |
26 | 11992 | Establishing the Committee on Selection of Federal Judicial Officers | May 24, 1977 |
27 | 11993 | Relating to the United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission | May 24, 1977 |
28 | 11994 | United States foreign intelligence activities | June 1, 1977 |
29 | 11995 | Relating to certain positions in level V of the Executive Schedule | June 8, 1977 |
30 | 11996 | The Honorable Tom C. Clark | June 14, 1977 |
31 | 11997 | Withholding of District of Columbia, State, city and county income or employment taxes | June 22, 1977 |
32 | 11998 | President's Commission on Military Compensation | June 27, 1977 |
33 | 11999 | Relating to certain positions in level V of the Executive Schedule | June 27, 1977 |
34 | 12000 | Exemption of Arthur S. Flemming from mandatory retirement | June 29, 1977 |
35 | 12001 | Transferring certain Bicentennial functions to the Secretary of the Interior | June 29, 1977 |
36 | 12002 | Administration of the Export Administration Act of 1969, as amended | July 7, 1977 |
37 | 12003 | Relating to energy policy and conservation | July 20, 1977 |
38 | 12004 | Relating to Federal pay administration | July 20, 1977 |
39 | 12005 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | July 23, 1977 |
40 | 12006 | Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirement | July 29, 1977 |
41 | 12007 | Termination of certain Presidential advisory committees | August 22, 1977 |
42 | 12008 | Presidential Management Intern Program | August 25, 1977 |
43 | 12009 | Providing for the effectuation of the Department of Energy Organization Act | September 13, 1977 |
44 | 12010 | Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowances | September 28, 1977 |
45 | 12011 | Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirement | September 30, 1977 |
46 | 12012 | White House Fellowships | October 3, 1977 |
47 | 12013 | Relating to the Transfer of Certain Statistical Policy Functions | October 7, 1977 |
48 | 12014 | Relating to the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service | October 19, 1977 |
49 | 12015 | Permitting students completing approved career-related work-study programs to be appointed to career or career-condition positions in the competitive service | October 26, 1977 |
50 | 12016 | Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirement | October 31, 1977 |
51 | 12017 | Amending the Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States | November 3, 1977 |
52 | 12018 | Amending the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised Edition) | November 3, 1977 |
53 | 12019 | Establishing the Defense Meritorious Service Medal | November 3, 1977 |
54 | 12020 | Payment of educational benefits to veterans and dependents when schools are temporarily closed to conserve energy | November 8, 1977 |
55 | 12021 | Amending the Civil Service Rules to exempt certain positions from the Career Service | November 30, 1977 |
56 | 12022 | Establishing the National Commission for the Review of Antitrust Laws and Procedures | December 1, 1977 |
57 | 12023 | Conforming the Central Intelligence Agency and Civil Service Retirement and Disability Systems | December 1, 1977 |
58 | 12024 | Relating to the transfer of certain advisory committee functions | December 1, 1977 |
59 | 12025 | Relating to certain positions in level IV of the Executive Schedule | December 1, 1977 |
60 | 12026 | Reinstatement rights of certain employees of the Department of Energy | December 5, 1977 |
61 | 12027 | Relating to the transfer of certain executive development and other personnel functions | December 5, 1977 |
62 | 12028 | Office of Administration in the Executive Office of the President | December 12, 1977 |
63 | 12029 | Termination of a Presidential Advisory Committee | December 14, 1977 |
64 | 12030 | Termination of the Federal Property Council | December 15, 1977 |
65 | 12031 | Exemption of Jerome K. Kuykendall from mandatory retirement | December 21, 1977 |
66 | 12032 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | December 27, 1977 |
Relative No. | Absolute No. | Title/Description | Date signed |
---|---|---|---|
67 | 12033 | Removal of certain international organizations no longer in existence from the list of those entitled to privileges and immunities | January 10, 1978 |
68 | 12034 | Providing for the appointment of former ACTION cooperative volunteers to the civilian career service | January 10, 1978 |
69 | 12035 | Relating to certain positions in level IV of the Executive Schedule | January 20, 1978 |
70 | 12036 | United States Intelligence Activities | January 24, 1978 |
71 | 12037 | Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirement | January 31, 1978 |
72 | 12038 | Relating to Certain Functions Transferred to the Secretary of Energy by the Department of Energy Organization Act | February 3, 1978 |
73 | 12039 | Relating to the Transfer of Certain Science and Technology Policy Functions | February 24, 1978 |
74 | 12040 | Relating to the Transfer of Certain Environmental Evaluation Functions | February 24, 1978 |
75 | 12041 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | February 25, 1978 |
76 | 12042 | Creating a Board of Inquiry to report on Labor disputes affecting the bituminous coal industry in the United States | March 6, 1978 |
77 | 12043 | Amending the Civil Service Rules Regarding Notice of Exemptions From the Competitive Service | March 7, 1978 |
78 | 12044 | Improving Government Regulations | March 23, 1978 |
79 | 12045 | Relating to the Domestic Policy Staff, the Office of Drug Abuse Policy, and the Economic Opportunity Council | March 27, 1978 |
80 | 12046 | Relating to the transfer of telecommunications functions | March 27, 1978 |
81 | 12047 | Imported objects of cultural significance | March 27, 1978 |
82 | 12048 | International Communication Agency | March 27, 1978 |
83 | 12049 | Defense economic adjustment programs | March 27, 1978 |
84 | 12050 | Establishing a National Advisory Committee for Women | April 4, 1978 |
85 | 12051 | Waiver under the Trade Act of 1974 with respect to the Hungarian People's Republic | April 7, 1978 |
86 | 12052 | National Commission for the Review of Antitrust Laws and Procedures | April 7, 1978 |
87 | 12053 | National Commission on the International Year of the Child, 1979 | April 14, 1978 |
88 | 12054 | President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies | April 21, 1978 |
89 | 12055 | Export of special nuclear material to India | April 27, 1978 |
90 | 12056 | Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirement | April 28, 1978 |
91 | 12057 | National Advisory Committee for Women | May 8, 1978 |
92 | 12058 | Functions relating to nuclear non-proliferation | May 11, 1978 |
93 | 12059 | United States Circuit Judge Nominating Commission | May 11, 1978 |
94 | 12060 | Relating to certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | May 15, 1978 |
95 | 12061 | Small Business Conference Commission | May 18, 1978 |
96 | 12062 | President's Commission on the Coal Industry | May 26, 1978 |
97 | 12063 | United States Court of Military Appeals Nominating Commission | June 5, 1978 |
98 | 12064 | United States Tax Court Nominating Commission | June 5, 1978 |
99 | 12065 | National security information | June 28, 1978 |
100 | 12066 | Inspection of Foreign assistance programs | June 29, 1978 |
101 | 12067 | Providing for coordination of Federal equal employment opportunity programs | June 30, 1978 |
102 | 12068 | Providing for transfer to the Attorney General of certain functions Under section 707 of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended | June 30, 1978 |
103 | 12069 | Relating to certain positions in level IV of the Executive Schedule | June 30, 1978 |
104 | 12070 | Adjustment of cost of living allowances | June 30, 1978 |
105 | 12071 | President's Commission on Pension Policy | July 12, 1978 |
106 | 12072 | Federal space management | August 16, 1978 |
107 | 12073 | Federal procurement in labor surplus areas | August 16, 1978 |
108 | 12074 | Urban and community impact analyses | August 16, 1978 |
109 | 12075 | Interagency Coordinating Council | August 16, 1978 |
110 | 12076 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | August 18, 1978 |
111 | 12077 | Exemption of Roy T. Sessums from mandatory retirement | August 18, 1978 |
112 | 12078 | Presidential Commission on World Hunger | September 5, 1978 |
113 | 12079 | Authorizing certain functions of heads of Departments and Agencies under the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 to be performed without the approval of the President | September 18, 1978 |
114 | 12080 | Commemorative Presidential proclamations | September 18, 1978 |
115 | 12081 | Termination of expeditious naturalization based on military service | September 18, 1978 |
116 | 12082 | Suspension of Certain Armed Forces promotion and disability separation limitations | September 19, 1978 |
117 | 12083 | Energy Coordinating Committee | September 27, 1978 |
118 | 12084 | Judicial Nominating Commission for the District of Puerto Rico | September 27, 1978 |
119 | 12085 | Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the Norfolk and Western Railway Company and certain of its employees | September 28, 1978 |
120 | 12086 | Consolidation of contract compliance functions for equal employment opportunity | October 5, 1978 |
121 | 12087 | Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowances | October 7, 1978 |
122 | 12088 | Federal Compliance With Pollution Control Standards | October 13, 1978 |
123 | 12089 | National Productivity Council | October 23, 1978 |
124 | 12090 | President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies | October 31, 1978 |
125 | 12091 | Small Business Conference Commission | November 1, 1978 |
126 | 12092 | Prohibition Against Inflationary Procurement Practices | November 1, 1978 |
127 | 12093 | President's Commission on the Holocaust | November 1, 1978 |
128 | 12094 | Special Pay for Sea Duty | November 1, 1978 |
129 | 12095 | Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between Wien Air Alaska, Inc. and certain individuals | November 2, 1978 |
130 | 12096 | Compensation of certain officials in the Industry and Trade Administration, Department of Commerce | November 2, 1978 |
131 | 12097 | Standards and guidelines for the merit selection of United States District Judges | November 8, 1978 |
132 | 12098 | Physical Fitness and Sports | November 14, 1978 |
133 | 12099 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | November 17, 1978 |
134 | 12100 | President's Commission on Pension Policy | November 17, 1978 |
135 | 12101 | Privileges, immunities and liability insurance for diplomatic missions and personnel | November 17, 1978 |
136 | 12102 | Trade Committees | November 17, 1978 |
137 | 12103 | President's Commission on the Coal Industry | December 14, 1978 |
138 | 12104 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | December 15, 1978 |
139 | 12105 | Garnishment of moneys payable to employees of executive agencies and the District of Columbia | December 19, 1978 |
140 | 12106 | Transfer of certain equal employment enforcement functions | December 28, 1978 |
141 | 12107 | Relating to the Civil Service Commission and labor-management in the Federal service | December 28, 1978 |
142 | 12108 | Employee Retirement Income Security Act transfers | December 28, 1978 |
143 | 12109 | Federal physicians comparability allowance | December 28, 1978 |
144 | 12110 | Continuance of certain Federal advisory committees | December 28, 1978 |
Relative No. | Absolute No. | Title/Description | Date signed |
---|---|---|---|
145 | 12111 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | January 2, 1979 |
146 | 12112 | Seal for the Office of Administration | January 2, 1979 |
147 | 12113 | Independent water project review | January 4, 1979 |
148 | 12114 | Environmental effects abroad of major Federal actions | January 4, 1979 |
149 | 12115 | Permanent American cemetery in the Republic of Panama | January 19, 1979 |
150 | 12116 | Issuance of food stamps by the Postal Service | January 19, 1979 |
151 | 12117 | Imports from Uganda | February 6, 1979 |
152 | 12118 | Administration of Security Assistance Programs | February 6, 1979 |
153 | 12119 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | February 14, 1979 |
154 | 12120 | The Honorable Adolph Dubs | February 14, 1979 |
155 | 12121 | Energy Coordinating Committee | February 26, 1979 |
156 | 12122 | Office of Administration | February 26, 1979 |
157 | 12123 | Offshore oil spill pollution | February 26, 1979 |
158 | 12124 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | February 28, 1979 |
159 | 12125 | Competitive status for handicapped Federal employees | March 15, 1979 |
160 | 12126 | Correction in Executive Order No. 12107 | March 29, 1979 |
161 | 12127 | Federal Emergency Management Agency | March 31, 1979 |
162 | 12128 | Employee-management relations in the Foreign Service | April 4, 1979 |
163 | 12129 | Critical Energy Facility Program | April 5, 1979 |
164 | 12130 | President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island | April 11, 1979 |
165 | 12131 | The President's Export Council | May 4, 1979 |
166 | 12132 | Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the National Railway Labor Conference and certain of its employees | May 8, 1979 |
167 | 12133 | Drug policy functions | May 9, 1979 |
168 | 12134 | Printing services within the Executive Office | May 9, 1979 |
169 | 12135 | The President's Advisory Committee for Women | May 9, 1979 |
170 | 12136 | The President's Commission on Executive Exchange | May 15, 1979 |
171 | 12137 | The Peace Corps | May 16, 1979 |
172 | 12138 | Creating a National Women's Business Enterprise Policy and prescribing arrangements for developing, coordinating and implementing a national program for women's business enterprise | May 18, 1979 |
173 | 12139 | Foreign intelligence electronic surveillance | May 23, 1979 |
174 | 12140 | Delegation of authorities relating to motor gasoline end-user allocation | May 29, 1979 |
175 | 12141 | Independent water project review | June 5, 1979 |
176 | 12142 | Alaska natural gas transportation system | June 21, 1979 |
177 | 12143 | Maintaining unofficial relations with the people on Taiwan | June 22, 1979 |
178 | 12144 | Transfer of certain equal pay and age discrimination in employment enforcement functions | June 22, 1979 |
179 | 12145 | Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System | July 18, 1979 |
180 | 12146 | Management of Federal legal resources | July 18, 1979 |
181 | 12147 | United States International Development Cooperation Agency | July 19, 1979 |
182 | 12148 | Federal Emergency Management | July 20, 1979 |
183 | 12149 | Federal Regional Councils | July 20, 1979 |
184 | 12150 | United States Sinai Support Mission | July 23, 1979 |
185 | 12151 | President's Commission on the Holocaust | August 14, 1979 |
186 | 12152 | Director of the Office of Management and Budget | August 14, 1979 |
187 | 12153 | Decontrol of heavy oil | August 17, 1979 |
188 | 12154 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | September 4, 1979 |
189 | 12155 | Strategic and critical materials | September 10, 1979 |
190 | 12156 | Corrective amendments | September 10, 1979 |
191 | 12157 | President's Management Improvement Council | September 14, 1979 |
192 | 12158 | Awards for special capability in the visual and performing arts and in creative writing | September 18, 1979 |
193 | 12159 | Creating an emergency board to investigate disputes between the Chicago, Rock Island, Pacific Railroad & Peoria Terminal Company and Brotherhood of Railway, Airline & Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees; and the United Transportation Union | September 20, 1979 |
194 | 12160 | Providing for enhancement and coordination of Federal consumer programs | September 26, 1979 |
195 | 12161 | Second year of Anti-Inflation Program | September 28, 1979 |
196 | 12162 | Amendment to Executive Order 12140 | September 28, 1979 |
197 | 12163 | Administration of foreign assistance and related functions | September 29, 1979 |
198 | 12164 | Multilateral development institutions | September 29, 1979 |
199 | 12165 | Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowances | October 9, 1979 |
200 | 12166 | Export-Import Bank | October 19, 1979 |
201 | 12167 | Waiver under the Trade Act of 1974 with respect to the People's Republic of China | October 23, 1979 |
202 | 12168 | President's Commission for a National Agenda for the Eighties | October 24, 1979 |
203 | 12169 | United States Holocaust Memorial Council | October 26, 1979 |
204 | 12170 | Blocking Iranian Government property | November 14, 1979 |
205 | 12171 | Exclusions from the Federal Labor-Management Relations Program | November 19, 1979 |
206 | 12172 | Entry of Iranian aliens into the United States | November 26, 1979 |
207 | 12173 | Continuing applicability of Panama Canal regulations | November 29, 1979 |
208 | 12174 | Paperwork | November 30, 1979 |
209 | 12175 | Reorganization of functions relating to international trade | December 7, 1979 |
210 | 12176 | President's Commission on the coal industry | December 7, 1979 |
211 | 12177 | Federal Government pension plans | December 10, 1979 |
212 | 12178 | Functions under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended | December 10, 1979 |
213 | 12179 | Providing for the closing of Government departments and agencies on Monday, December 24, 1979 | December 11, 1979 |
214 | 12180 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | December 11, 1979 |
215 | 12181 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | December 11, 1979 |
216 | 12182 | Creating an Emergency Board to investigate a dispute between the Long Island Rail Road and certain of its employees | December 14, 1979 |
217 | 12183 | Revoking Rhodesian sanctions | December 16, 1979 |
218 | 12184 | Relating to the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research | December 17, 1979 |
219 | 12185 | Conservation of petroleum and natural gas | December 17, 1979 |
220 | 12186 | Change in definition of heavy oil | December 21, 1979 |
221 | 12187 | Base production control level for marginal properties | December 29, 1979 |
Relative No. | Absolute No. | Title/Description | Date signed |
---|---|---|---|
222 | 12188 | International trade functions | January 2, 1980 |
223 | 12189 | Definition of heavy oil | January 16, 1980 |
224 | 12190 | Advisory Committee on Small and Minority Business Ownership | February 1, 1980 |
225 | 12191 | Federal Facility Ridesharing Program | February 1, 1980 |
226 | 12192 | State Planning Council on Radioactive Waste Management | February 12, 1980 |
227 | 12193 | Nuclear Cooperation With EURATOM | February 12, 1980 |
228 | 12194 | Radiation Policy Council | February 21, 1980 |
229 | 12195 | President's Commission on United States-Liberian Relations | February 22, 1980 |
230 | 12196 | Occupational safety and health programs for Federal employees | February 26, 1980 |
231 | 12197 | Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System | March 5, 1980 |
232 | 12198 | Prescribing amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised Edition) | March 12, 1980 |
233 | 12199 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | March 12, 1980 |
234 | 12200 | Rates of pay and allowances | March 12, 1980 |
235 | 12201 | Credit control | March 14, 1980 |
236 | 12202 | Nuclear Safety Oversight Committee | March 18, 1980 |
237 | 12203 | Continuing applicability of Panama Canal regulations | March 26, 1980 |
238 | 12204 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | March 27, 1980 |
239 | 12205 | Prohibiting certain transactions with Iran | April 7, 1980 |
240 | 12206 | Amendment of delegation of authority with respect to entry of certain aliens into the United States | April 7, 1980 |
241 | 12207 | Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation and certain of its employees | April 12, 1980 |
242 | 12208 | Consultations on the admission of refugees | April 15, 1980 |
243 | 12209 | Base production level for marginal properties | April 16, 1980 |
244 | 12210 | Administration of arms export controls | April 16, 1980 |
245 | 12211 | Further prohibitions on transactions with Iran | April 17, 1980 |
246 | 12212 | Department of Education | May 2, 1980 |
247 | 12213 | United States Holocaust Memorial Council | May 2, 1980 |
248 | 12214 | Administration of the Export Administration Act of 1979 | May 2, 1980 |
249 | 12215 | Delegation of Panama Canal functions | May 27, 1980 |
250 | 12216 | President's Committee on the International Labor Organization | June 18, 1980 |
251 | 12217 | Federal compliance with fuel use prohibitions | June 18, 1980 |
252 | 12218 | Export of special nuclear material and components to India | June 19, 1980 |
253 | 12219 | Presidential Commission on World Hunger | June 19, 1980 |
254 | 12220 | Agricultural trade development | June 27, 1980 |
255 | 12221 | Improving Government regulations | June 27, 1980 |
256 | 12222 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | June 28, 1980 |
257 | 12223 | Occupational safety and health programs for Federal employees | June 30, 1980 |
258 | 12224 | Implementation of the International Sugar Agreement | July 1, 1980 |
259 | 12225 | Credit control revocation | July 3, 1980 |
260 | 12226 | Administration of foreign assistance | July 22, 1980 |
261 | 12227 | United States Sinai Support Mission | July 22, 1980 |
262 | 12228 | Allowances for personnel on foreign duty | July 24, 1980 |
263 | 12229 | White House Coal Advisory Council | July 29, 1980 |
264 | 12230 | Competitive status for special agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration | July 30, 1980 |
265 | 12231 | Strategic petroleum reserve | August 4, 1980 |
266 | 12232 | Historically Black Colleges and Universities | August 8, 1980 |
267 | 12233 | Amendments to the Manual for Courts Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised edition) | September 1, 1980 |
268 | 12234 | Enforcement of the Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea | September 3, 1980 |
269 | 12235 | Management of natural gas supply emergencies | September 3, 1980 |
270 | 12236 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | September 3, 1980 |
271 | 12237 | Levels IV and V of the Executive Schedule | September 3, 1980 |
272 | 12238 | Public international organizations entitled to enjoy privileges, exemptions, and immunities | September 12, 1980 |
273 | 12239 | Suspension of certain Armed Forces promotion and disability separation limitations | September 21, 1980 |
274 | 12240 | Nuclear Safety Oversight Committee | September 26, 1980 |
275 | 12241 | National contingency plan | September 29, 1980 |
276 | 12242 | Synthetic fuels | September 30, 1980 |
277 | 12243 | Variable housing allowance | October 3, 1980 |
278 | 12244 | Exemption for Fort Allen | October 3, 1980 |
279 | 12245 | The Peace Corps Advisory Council | October 6, 1980 |
280 | 12246 | Cuban and Haitian entrants | October 10, 1980 |
281 | 12247 | Federal Actions in the Lake Tahoe region | October 15, 1980 |
282 | 12248 | Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowances | October 16, 1980 |
283 | 12249 | Foreign Service Salary Schedule | October 25, 1980 |
284 | 12250 | Leadership and coordination of nondiscrimination laws | November 2, 1980 |
285 | 12251 | Cuban and Haitian entrants | November 15, 1980 |
286 | 12252 | The Honorable John William McCormack | November 24, 1980 |
287 | 12253 | Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System | November 26, 1980 |
288 | 12254 | National Advisory Community Investment Board | December 3, 1980 |
289 | 12255 | Providing for the Closing of Government Departments and Agencies on Friday, December 26, 1980 | December 5, 1980 |
290 | 12256 | Census statistics on legal immigrants | December 15, 1980 |
291 | 12257 | Noncompetitive Conversion of CETA Participants to Career or Career-Conditional Civil Service Status | December 18, 1980 |
292 | 12258 | Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees | December 31, 1980 |
293 | 12259 | Leadership and coordination of fair housing in Federal programs | December 31, 1980 |
294 | 12260 | Agreement on Government procurement | December 31, 1980 |
Relative No. | Absolute No. | Title/Description | Date signed |
---|---|---|---|
295 | 12261 | Gasohol in Federal motor vehicles | January 5, 1981 |
296 | 12262 | Interagency Employee Benefit Council | January 7, 1981 |
297 | 12263 | Strategic and critical materials transaction authority | January 8, 1981 |
298 | 12264 | Federal policy regarding the export of banned or significantly restricted materials | January 15, 1981 |
299 | 12265 | Providing for enhancement and coordination of Federal consumer programs | January 15, 1981 |
300 | 12266 | Food security wheat reserve | January 15, 1981 |
301 | 12267 | Amending the Generalized System of Preferences | January 15, 1981 |
302 | 12268 | Hostage Relief Act of 1980 | January 15, 1981 |
303 | 12269 | President's Committee on Small Business Policy | January 15, 1981 |
304 | 12270 | President's Council on Spinal Cord Injury | January 15, 1981 |
305 | 12271 | Continuance of certain Federal advisory committees | January 15, 1981 |
306 | 12272 | Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System | January 16, 1981 |
307 | 12273 | Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System | January 16, 1981 |
308 | 12274 | Military pay and allowances | January 16, 1981 |
309 | 12275 | Design Liaison Council | January 16, 1981 |
310 | 12276 | Direction relating to establishment of escrow accounts | January 19, 1981 |
311 | 12277 | Direction to transfer Iranian Government assets | January 19, 1981 |
312 | 12278 | Direction to transfer Iranian Government assets overseas | January 19, 1981 |
313 | 12279 | Direction to transfer Iranian Government assets held by domestic banks | January 19, 1981 |
314 | 12280 | Direction to transfer Iranian Government financial assets held by non-banking institutions | January 19, 1981 |
315 | 12281 | Direction to transfer certain Iranian Government assets | January 19, 1981 |
316 | 12282 | Revocation of prohibitions against transactions involving Iran | January 19, 1981 |
317 | 12283 | Non-prosecution of claims of hostages and for actions at the United States Embassy and elsewhere | January 19, 1981 |
318 | 12284 | Restrictions on the transfer of property of the former Shah of Iran | January 19, 1981 |
319 | 12285 | President's Commission on Hostage Compensation | January 19, 1981 |
320 | 12286 | Responses to environmental damage | January 19, 1981 |
In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives presidents broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on expressed or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the president some degree of discretionary power. The vast majority of executive orders are proposed by federal agencies before being issued by the president.
National security directives are presidential directives issued for the National Security Council (NSC). Starting with Harry Truman, every president since the founding of the National Security Council in 1947 has issued national security directives in one form or another, which have involved foreign, military and domestic policies. National security directives are generally highly classified and are available to the public only after "a great many years" have elapsed. Unlike executive orders, national security directives are usually directed only to the National Security Council and the most senior executive branch officials, and embody foreign and military policy-making guidance rather than specific instructions.
A presidential memorandum is a type of directive issued by the president of the United States to manage and govern the actions, practices, and policies of the various departments and agencies found under the executive branch of the United States government. It has the force of law and is usually used to delegate tasks, direct specific government agencies to do something, or to start a regulatory process. There are three types of presidential memoranda: presidential determination or presidential finding, memorandum of disapproval, and hortatory memorandum.
A presidential directive, or executive action, is a written or oral instruction or declaration issued by the president of the United States, which may draw upon the powers vested in the president by the U.S. Constitution, statutory law, or, in certain cases, congressional and judicial acquiescence. Such directives, which have been issued since the earliest days of the federal government, have become known by various names, and some have prescribed forms and purposes. Presidential directives remain in effect until they are revoked, which the president is free to do. The classification of presidential directives is not easily done, as the distinction between the types can be quite arbitrary, arising from convenience and bureaucratic evolution, and none are defined in the Constitution. Furthermore, the different types may overlap. As one legal scholar put it: "it is a bit misleading to overclassify presidential directives as comprising separate and distinct 'types' just because they have different headings at the top of the first page." In terms of legal applicability, what matters is the substance of the directive, not the form, unless a certain kind of directive is specifically required by relevant statute.
Executive orders are issued to help officers and agencies of the executive branch manage the operations within the federal government itself. Presidential memoranda are closely related, and have the force of law on the Executive Branch, but are generally considered less prestigious. Presidential memoranda do not have an established process for issuance, and unlike executive orders, they are not numbered. A presidential determination is a determination resulting in an official policy or position of the executive branch of the United States government. A presidential proclamation is a statement issued by a president on a matter of public policy issued under specific authority granted to the president by Congress and typically on a matter of widespread interest. Administrative orders are signed documents such as notices, letters, and orders that can be issued to conduct administrative operations of the federal government. A presidential notice or a presidential sequestration order can also be issued. National security directives1 operate like executive orders, but are only in the area of national security. They have been issued by different presidents under various names.
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States was the second presidential proclamation signed by President Joe Biden on January 20, 2021. The proclamation revoked Executive Order 13780, titled Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, which had been signed by U.S. President Donald Trump on March 6, 2017, and Proclamations 9645, 9723, and 9983.