List of executive actions by Jimmy Carter

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There are various kinds of executive actions that United States presidents may take.

Contents

Executive orders are issued to help officers and agencies of the executive branch manage the operations within the federal government itself. [1] Presidential memoranda are closely related, and have the force of law on the Executive Branch, but are generally considered less prestigious. Presidential memoranda do not have an established process for issuance, and unlike executive orders, they are not numbered. A presidential determination is a determination resulting in an official policy or position of the executive branch of the United States government. [2] A presidential proclamation is a statement issued by a president on a matter of public policy issued under specific authority granted to the president by Congress and typically on a matter of widespread interest. [3] Administrative orders are signed documents such as notices, letters, and orders that can be issued to conduct administrative operations of the federal government. [4] [5] A presidential notice or a presidential sequestration order can also be issued. [6] [7] National security directives 1 operate like executive orders, but are only in the area of national security. They have been issued by different presidents under various names. [8]

Listed below are executive orders numbered 11967-12286, signed by United States President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981). He signed 320 executive orders. [9] His executive actions are also listed on Wikisource, along with his presidential proclamations and presidential review memorandums.

Signature of Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter Signature.svg
Signature of Jimmy Carter


Executive orders

1977

Relative No.Absolute No.Title/DescriptionDate signed
111967Relating to Violations of the Selective Service Act, August 4, 1964 to March 28, 1973January 21, 1977
211968Withholding of District of Columbia, State and City Income or Employment TaxesJanuary 31, 1977
311969Administration of the Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977February 2, 1977
411970Presidential Advisory Board on Ambassadorial AppointmentsFebruary 5, 1977
511971Establishing the Committee on Selection of the Director of the Federal Bureau of InvestigationFebruary 11, 1977
611972Establishing the United States Circuit Judge Nominating CommissionFebruary 14, 1977
711973 President's Commission on Mental Health February 17, 1977
811974Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesFebruary 25, 1977
911975Abolishing the President's Economic Policy Board, and for other purposesMarch 7, 1977
1011976Amending Executive Order No. 11861, as amended, placing certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleMarch 11, 1977
1111977Designating certain public international organizations entitled to enjoy certain privileges, exemptions, and immunitiesMarch 14, 1977
1211978Relating to trade and other transactions involving Southern RhodesiaMarch 18, 1977
1311979National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, 1975March 28, 1977
1411980National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, 1975March 29, 1977
1511981Establishing the Interagency Committee for the Purchase of United States Savings BondsMarch 29, 1977
1611982Committee on Selection of the Director of the Federal Bureau of InvestigationApril 29, 1977
1711983Relating to certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleMay 4, 1977
1811984Abolishing the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory BoardMay 4, 1977
1911985United States foreign intelligence activitiesMay 13, 1977
2011986Relating to certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleMay 20, 1977
2111987Exotic organismsMay 24, 1977
2211988Floodplain managementMay 24, 1977
2311989Off-road vehicles on public landsMay 24, 1977
2411990Protection of wetlandsMay 24, 1977
2511991Relating to protection and enhancement of environmental qualityMay 24, 1977
2611992Establishing the Committee on Selection of Federal Judicial OfficersMay 24, 1977
2711993Relating to the United States Circuit Judge Nominating CommissionMay 24, 1977
2811994United States foreign intelligence activitiesJune 1, 1977
2911995Relating to certain positions in level V of the Executive ScheduleJune 8, 1977
3011996The Honorable Tom C. ClarkJune 14, 1977
3111997Withholding of District of Columbia, State, city and county income or employment taxesJune 22, 1977
3211998President's Commission on Military CompensationJune 27, 1977
3311999Relating to certain positions in level V of the Executive ScheduleJune 27, 1977
3412000Exemption of Arthur S. Flemming from mandatory retirementJune 29, 1977
3512001Transferring certain Bicentennial functions to the Secretary of the InteriorJune 29, 1977
3612002Administration of the Export Administration Act of 1969, as amendedJuly 7, 1977
3712003Relating to energy policy and conservationJuly 20, 1977
3812004Relating to Federal pay administrationJuly 20, 1977
3912005Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesJuly 23, 1977
4012006Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirementJuly 29, 1977
4112007Termination of certain Presidential advisory committeesAugust 22, 1977
4212008Presidential Management Intern ProgramAugust 25, 1977
4312009Providing for the effectuation of the Department of Energy Organization ActSeptember 13, 1977
4412010Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowancesSeptember 28, 1977
4512011Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirementSeptember 30, 1977
4612012White House FellowshipsOctober 3, 1977
4712013Relating to the Transfer of Certain Statistical Policy FunctionsOctober 7, 1977
4812014Relating to the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian ServiceOctober 19, 1977
4912015Permitting students completing approved career-related work-study programs to be appointed to career or career-condition positions in the competitive serviceOctober 26, 1977
5012016Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirementOctober 31, 1977
5112017Amending the Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United StatesNovember 3, 1977
5212018Amending the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised Edition)November 3, 1977
5312019Establishing the Defense Meritorious Service MedalNovember 3, 1977
5412020Payment of educational benefits to veterans and dependents when schools are temporarily closed to conserve energyNovember 8, 1977
5512021Amending the Civil Service Rules to exempt certain positions from the Career ServiceNovember 30, 1977
5612022Establishing the National Commission for the Review of Antitrust Laws and ProceduresDecember 1, 1977
5712023Conforming the Central Intelligence Agency and Civil Service Retirement and Disability SystemsDecember 1, 1977
5812024Relating to the transfer of certain advisory committee functionsDecember 1, 1977
5912025Relating to certain positions in level IV of the Executive ScheduleDecember 1, 1977
6012026Reinstatement rights of certain employees of the Department of EnergyDecember 5, 1977
6112027Relating to the transfer of certain executive development and other personnel functionsDecember 5, 1977
6212028Office of Administration in the Executive Office of the PresidentDecember 12, 1977
6312029Termination of a Presidential Advisory CommitteeDecember 14, 1977
6412030Termination of the Federal Property CouncilDecember 15, 1977
6512031Exemption of Jerome K. Kuykendall from mandatory retirementDecember 21, 1977
6612032Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesDecember 27, 1977

[10]

1978

Relative No.Absolute No.Title/DescriptionDate signed
6712033Removal of certain international organizations no longer in existence from the list of those entitled to privileges and immunitiesJanuary 10, 1978
6812034Providing for the appointment of former ACTION cooperative volunteers to the civilian career serviceJanuary 10, 1978
6912035Relating to certain positions in level IV of the Executive ScheduleJanuary 20, 1978
7012036United States Intelligence ActivitiesJanuary 24, 1978
7112037Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirementJanuary 31, 1978
7212038Relating to Certain Functions Transferred to the Secretary of Energy by the Department of Energy Organization ActFebruary 3, 1978
7312039Relating to the Transfer of Certain Science and Technology Policy FunctionsFebruary 24, 1978
7412040Relating to the Transfer of Certain Environmental Evaluation FunctionsFebruary 24, 1978
7512041Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesFebruary 25, 1978
7612042Creating a Board of Inquiry to report on Labor disputes affecting the bituminous coal industry in the United StatesMarch 6, 1978
7712043Amending the Civil Service Rules Regarding Notice of Exemptions From the Competitive ServiceMarch 7, 1978
7812044Improving Government RegulationsMarch 23, 1978
7912045Relating to the Domestic Policy Staff, the Office of Drug Abuse Policy, and the Economic Opportunity CouncilMarch 27, 1978
8012046Relating to the transfer of telecommunications functionsMarch 27, 1978
8112047Imported objects of cultural significanceMarch 27, 1978
8212048International Communication AgencyMarch 27, 1978
8312049Defense economic adjustment programsMarch 27, 1978
8412050Establishing a National Advisory Committee for WomenApril 4, 1978
8512051Waiver under the Trade Act of 1974 with respect to the Hungarian People's RepublicApril 7, 1978
8612052National Commission for the Review of Antitrust Laws and ProceduresApril 7, 1978
8712053National Commission on the International Year of the Child, 1979April 14, 1978
8812054President's Commission on Foreign Language and International StudiesApril 21, 1978
8912055Export of special nuclear material to IndiaApril 27, 1978
9012056Exemption of G. Joseph Minetti from mandatory retirementApril 28, 1978
9112057National Advisory Committee for WomenMay 8, 1978
9212058Functions relating to nuclear non-proliferationMay 11, 1978
9312059United States Circuit Judge Nominating CommissionMay 11, 1978
9412060Relating to certain positions in levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleMay 15, 1978
9512061Small Business Conference CommissionMay 18, 1978
9612062President's Commission on the Coal IndustryMay 26, 1978
9712063United States Court of Military Appeals Nominating CommissionJune 5, 1978
9812064United States Tax Court Nominating CommissionJune 5, 1978
9912065National security informationJune 28, 1978
10012066Inspection of Foreign assistance programsJune 29, 1978
10112067Providing for coordination of Federal equal employment opportunity programsJune 30, 1978
10212068Providing for transfer to the Attorney General of certain functions Under section 707 of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amendedJune 30, 1978
10312069Relating to certain positions in level IV of the Executive ScheduleJune 30, 1978
10412070Adjustment of cost of living allowancesJune 30, 1978
10512071President's Commission on Pension PolicyJuly 12, 1978
10612072Federal space managementAugust 16, 1978
10712073Federal procurement in labor surplus areasAugust 16, 1978
10812074Urban and community impact analysesAugust 16, 1978
10912075Interagency Coordinating CouncilAugust 16, 1978
11012076Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleAugust 18, 1978
11112077Exemption of Roy T. Sessums from mandatory retirementAugust 18, 1978
11212078Presidential Commission on World HungerSeptember 5, 1978
11312079Authorizing certain functions of heads of Departments and Agencies under the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 to be performed without the approval of the PresidentSeptember 18, 1978
11412080Commemorative Presidential proclamationsSeptember 18, 1978
11512081Termination of expeditious naturalization based on military serviceSeptember 18, 1978
11612082Suspension of Certain Armed Forces promotion and disability separation limitationsSeptember 19, 1978
11712083Energy Coordinating CommitteeSeptember 27, 1978
11812084Judicial Nominating Commission for the District of Puerto RicoSeptember 27, 1978
11912085Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the Norfolk and Western Railway Company and certain of its employeesSeptember 28, 1978
12012086Consolidation of contract compliance functions for equal employment opportunityOctober 5, 1978
12112087Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowancesOctober 7, 1978
12212088Federal Compliance With Pollution Control StandardsOctober 13, 1978
12312089National Productivity CouncilOctober 23, 1978
12412090President's Commission on Foreign Language and International StudiesOctober 31, 1978
12512091Small Business Conference CommissionNovember 1, 1978
12612092Prohibition Against Inflationary Procurement PracticesNovember 1, 1978
12712093President's Commission on the HolocaustNovember 1, 1978
12812094Special Pay for Sea DutyNovember 1, 1978
12912095Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between Wien Air Alaska, Inc. and certain individualsNovember 2, 1978
13012096Compensation of certain officials in the Industry and Trade Administration, Department of CommerceNovember 2, 1978
13112097Standards and guidelines for the merit selection of United States District JudgesNovember 8, 1978
13212098Physical Fitness and SportsNovember 14, 1978
13312099Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleNovember 17, 1978
13412100President's Commission on Pension PolicyNovember 17, 1978
13512101Privileges, immunities and liability insurance for diplomatic missions and personnelNovember 17, 1978
13612102Trade CommitteesNovember 17, 1978
13712103President's Commission on the Coal IndustryDecember 14, 1978
13812104Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesDecember 15, 1978
13912105Garnishment of moneys payable to employees of executive agencies and the District of ColumbiaDecember 19, 1978
14012106Transfer of certain equal employment enforcement functionsDecember 28, 1978
14112107Relating to the Civil Service Commission and labor-management in the Federal serviceDecember 28, 1978
14212108Employee Retirement Income Security Act transfersDecember 28, 1978
14312109Federal physicians comparability allowanceDecember 28, 1978
14412110Continuance of certain Federal advisory committeesDecember 28, 1978

[11]

1979

Relative No.Absolute No.Title/DescriptionDate signed
14512111Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleJanuary 2, 1979
14612112Seal for the Office of AdministrationJanuary 2, 1979
14712113Independent water project reviewJanuary 4, 1979
14812114Environmental effects abroad of major Federal actionsJanuary 4, 1979
14912115Permanent American cemetery in the Republic of PanamaJanuary 19, 1979
15012116Issuance of food stamps by the Postal ServiceJanuary 19, 1979
15112117Imports from UgandaFebruary 6, 1979
15212118Administration of Security Assistance ProgramsFebruary 6, 1979
15312119Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleFebruary 14, 1979
15412120The Honorable Adolph DubsFebruary 14, 1979
15512121Energy Coordinating CommitteeFebruary 26, 1979
15612122Office of AdministrationFebruary 26, 1979
15712123Offshore oil spill pollutionFebruary 26, 1979
15812124Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesFebruary 28, 1979
15912125Competitive status for handicapped Federal employeesMarch 15, 1979
16012126Correction in Executive Order No. 12107March 29, 1979
16112127Federal Emergency Management AgencyMarch 31, 1979
16212128Employee-management relations in the Foreign ServiceApril 4, 1979
16312129Critical Energy Facility ProgramApril 5, 1979
16412130President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile IslandApril 11, 1979
16512131The President's Export CouncilMay 4, 1979
16612132Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the National Railway Labor Conference and certain of its employeesMay 8, 1979
16712133Drug policy functionsMay 9, 1979
16812134Printing services within the Executive OfficeMay 9, 1979
16912135The President's Advisory Committee for WomenMay 9, 1979
17012136The President's Commission on Executive ExchangeMay 15, 1979
17112137The Peace CorpsMay 16, 1979
17212138Creating a National Women's Business Enterprise Policy and prescribing arrangements for developing, coordinating and implementing a national program for women's business enterpriseMay 18, 1979
17312139Foreign intelligence electronic surveillanceMay 23, 1979
17412140Delegation of authorities relating to motor gasoline end-user allocationMay 29, 1979
17512141Independent water project reviewJune 5, 1979
17612142Alaska natural gas transportation systemJune 21, 1979
17712143Maintaining unofficial relations with the people on TaiwanJune 22, 1979
17812144Transfer of certain equal pay and age discrimination in employment enforcement functionsJune 22, 1979
17912145Foreign Service Retirement and Disability SystemJuly 18, 1979
18012146Management of Federal legal resourcesJuly 18, 1979
18112147United States International Development Cooperation AgencyJuly 19, 1979
18212148Federal Emergency ManagementJuly 20, 1979
18312149Federal Regional CouncilsJuly 20, 1979
18412150United States Sinai Support MissionJuly 23, 1979
18512151President's Commission on the HolocaustAugust 14, 1979
18612152Director of the Office of Management and BudgetAugust 14, 1979
18712153Decontrol of heavy oilAugust 17, 1979
18812154Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleSeptember 4, 1979
18912155Strategic and critical materialsSeptember 10, 1979
19012156Corrective amendmentsSeptember 10, 1979
19112157President's Management Improvement CouncilSeptember 14, 1979
19212158Awards for special capability in the visual and performing arts and in creative writingSeptember 18, 1979
19312159Creating an emergency board to investigate disputes between the Chicago, Rock Island, Pacific Railroad & Peoria Terminal Company and Brotherhood of Railway, Airline & Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees; and the United Transportation UnionSeptember 20, 1979
19412160Providing for enhancement and coordination of Federal consumer programsSeptember 26, 1979
19512161Second year of Anti-Inflation ProgramSeptember 28, 1979
19612162Amendment to Executive Order 12140September 28, 1979
19712163Administration of foreign assistance and related functionsSeptember 29, 1979
19812164Multilateral development institutionsSeptember 29, 1979
19912165Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowancesOctober 9, 1979
20012166Export-Import BankOctober 19, 1979
20112167Waiver under the Trade Act of 1974 with respect to the People's Republic of ChinaOctober 23, 1979
20212168President's Commission for a National Agenda for the EightiesOctober 24, 1979
20312169United States Holocaust Memorial CouncilOctober 26, 1979
20412170Blocking Iranian Government propertyNovember 14, 1979
20512171Exclusions from the Federal Labor-Management Relations ProgramNovember 19, 1979
20612172Entry of Iranian aliens into the United StatesNovember 26, 1979
20712173Continuing applicability of Panama Canal regulationsNovember 29, 1979
20812174PaperworkNovember 30, 1979
20912175Reorganization of functions relating to international tradeDecember 7, 1979
21012176President's Commission on the coal industryDecember 7, 1979
21112177Federal Government pension plansDecember 10, 1979
21212178Functions under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amendedDecember 10, 1979
21312179Providing for the closing of Government departments and agencies on Monday, December 24, 1979December 11, 1979
21412180Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesDecember 11, 1979
21512181Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesDecember 11, 1979
21612182Creating an Emergency Board to investigate a dispute between the Long Island Rail Road and certain of its employeesDecember 14, 1979
21712183Revoking Rhodesian sanctionsDecember 16, 1979
21812184Relating to the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral ResearchDecember 17, 1979
21912185Conservation of petroleum and natural gasDecember 17, 1979
22012186Change in definition of heavy oilDecember 21, 1979
22112187Base production control level for marginal propertiesDecember 29, 1979

[12]

1980

Relative No.Absolute No.Title/DescriptionDate signed
22212188International trade functionsJanuary 2, 1980
22312189Definition of heavy oilJanuary 16, 1980
22412190Advisory Committee on Small and Minority Business OwnershipFebruary 1, 1980
22512191Federal Facility Ridesharing ProgramFebruary 1, 1980
22612192State Planning Council on Radioactive Waste ManagementFebruary 12, 1980
22712193Nuclear Cooperation With EURATOMFebruary 12, 1980
22812194Radiation Policy CouncilFebruary 21, 1980
22912195President's Commission on United States-Liberian RelationsFebruary 22, 1980
23012196Occupational safety and health programs for Federal employeesFebruary 26, 1980
23112197Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability SystemMarch 5, 1980
23212198Prescribing amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised Edition)March 12, 1980
23312199Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleMarch 12, 1980
23412200Rates of pay and allowancesMarch 12, 1980
23512201Credit controlMarch 14, 1980
23612202Nuclear Safety Oversight CommitteeMarch 18, 1980
23712203Continuing applicability of Panama Canal regulationsMarch 26, 1980
23812204Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesMarch 27, 1980
23912205Prohibiting certain transactions with IranApril 7, 1980
24012206Amendment of delegation of authority with respect to entry of certain aliens into the United StatesApril 7, 1980
24112207Creating an emergency board to investigate a dispute between the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation and certain of its employeesApril 12, 1980
24212208Consultations on the admission of refugeesApril 15, 1980
24312209Base production level for marginal propertiesApril 16, 1980
24412210Administration of arms export controlsApril 16, 1980
24512211Further prohibitions on transactions with IranApril 17, 1980
24612212Department of EducationMay 2, 1980
24712213United States Holocaust Memorial CouncilMay 2, 1980
24812214Administration of the Export Administration Act of 1979May 2, 1980
24912215Delegation of Panama Canal functionsMay 27, 1980
25012216President's Committee on the International Labor OrganizationJune 18, 1980
25112217Federal compliance with fuel use prohibitionsJune 18, 1980
25212218Export of special nuclear material and components to IndiaJune 19, 1980
25312219Presidential Commission on World HungerJune 19, 1980
25412220Agricultural trade developmentJune 27, 1980
25512221Improving Government regulationsJune 27, 1980
25612222Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesJune 28, 1980
25712223Occupational safety and health programs for Federal employeesJune 30, 1980
25812224Implementation of the International Sugar AgreementJuly 1, 1980
25912225Credit control revocationJuly 3, 1980
26012226Administration of foreign assistanceJuly 22, 1980
26112227United States Sinai Support MissionJuly 22, 1980
26212228Allowances for personnel on foreign dutyJuly 24, 1980
26312229White House Coal Advisory CouncilJuly 29, 1980
26412230Competitive status for special agents of the Drug Enforcement AdministrationJuly 30, 1980
26512231Strategic petroleum reserveAugust 4, 1980
26612232Historically Black Colleges and UniversitiesAugust 8, 1980
26712233Amendments to the Manual for Courts Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised edition)September 1, 1980
26812234Enforcement of the Convention for the Safety of Life at SeaSeptember 3, 1980
26912235Management of natural gas supply emergenciesSeptember 3, 1980
27012236Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleSeptember 3, 1980
27112237Levels IV and V of the Executive ScheduleSeptember 3, 1980
27212238Public international organizations entitled to enjoy privileges, exemptions, and immunitiesSeptember 12, 1980
27312239Suspension of certain Armed Forces promotion and disability separation limitationsSeptember 21, 1980
27412240Nuclear Safety Oversight CommitteeSeptember 26, 1980
27512241National contingency planSeptember 29, 1980
27612242Synthetic fuelsSeptember 30, 1980
27712243Variable housing allowanceOctober 3, 1980
27812244Exemption for Fort AllenOctober 3, 1980
27912245The Peace Corps Advisory CouncilOctober 6, 1980
28012246Cuban and Haitian entrantsOctober 10, 1980
28112247Federal Actions in the Lake Tahoe regionOctober 15, 1980
28212248Adjustments of certain rates of pay and allowancesOctober 16, 1980
28312249Foreign Service Salary ScheduleOctober 25, 1980
28412250Leadership and coordination of nondiscrimination lawsNovember 2, 1980
28512251Cuban and Haitian entrantsNovember 15, 1980
28612252The Honorable John William McCormackNovember 24, 1980
28712253Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability SystemNovember 26, 1980
28812254National Advisory Community Investment BoardDecember 3, 1980
28912255Providing for the Closing of Government Departments and Agencies on Friday, December 26, 1980December 5, 1980
29012256Census statistics on legal immigrantsDecember 15, 1980
29112257Noncompetitive Conversion of CETA Participants to Career or Career-Conditional Civil Service StatusDecember 18, 1980
29212258Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory CommitteesDecember 31, 1980
29312259Leadership and coordination of fair housing in Federal programsDecember 31, 1980
29412260Agreement on Government procurementDecember 31, 1980

[13]

1981

Relative No.Absolute No.Title/DescriptionDate signed
29512261Gasohol in Federal motor vehiclesJanuary 5, 1981
29612262Interagency Employee Benefit CouncilJanuary 7, 1981
29712263Strategic and critical materials transaction authorityJanuary 8, 1981
29812264Federal policy regarding the export of banned or significantly restricted materialsJanuary 15, 1981
29912265Providing for enhancement and coordination of Federal consumer programsJanuary 15, 1981
30012266Food security wheat reserveJanuary 15, 1981
30112267Amending the Generalized System of PreferencesJanuary 15, 1981
30212268Hostage Relief Act of 1980January 15, 1981
30312269President's Committee on Small Business PolicyJanuary 15, 1981
30412270President's Council on Spinal Cord InjuryJanuary 15, 1981
30512271Continuance of certain Federal advisory committeesJanuary 15, 1981
30612272Foreign Service Retirement and Disability SystemJanuary 16, 1981
30712273Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability SystemJanuary 16, 1981
30812274Military pay and allowancesJanuary 16, 1981
30912275Design Liaison CouncilJanuary 16, 1981
31012276Direction relating to establishment of escrow accountsJanuary 19, 1981
31112277Direction to transfer Iranian Government assetsJanuary 19, 1981
31212278Direction to transfer Iranian Government assets overseasJanuary 19, 1981
31312279Direction to transfer Iranian Government assets held by domestic banksJanuary 19, 1981
31412280Direction to transfer Iranian Government financial assets held by non-banking institutionsJanuary 19, 1981
31512281Direction to transfer certain Iranian Government assetsJanuary 19, 1981
31612282Revocation of prohibitions against transactions involving IranJanuary 19, 1981
31712283Non-prosecution of claims of hostages and for actions at the United States Embassy and elsewhereJanuary 19, 1981
31812284Restrictions on the transfer of property of the former Shah of IranJanuary 19, 1981
31912285President's Commission on Hostage CompensationJanuary 19, 1981
32012286Responses to environmental damageJanuary 19, 1981

[14]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Executive order</span> Federal administrative instruction issued by the president of the United States

In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives presidents broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on expressed or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the president some degree of discretionary power. The vast majority of executive orders are proposed by federal agencies before being issued by the president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National security directive</span> Instruction the President of the United States sends to defense and intelligence advisers

National security directives are presidential directives issued for the National Security Council (NSC). Starting with Harry Truman, every president since the founding of the National Security Council in 1947 has issued national security directives in one form or another, which have involved foreign, military and domestic policies. National security directives are generally highly classified and are available to the public only after "a great many years" have elapsed. Unlike executive orders, national security directives are usually directed only to the National Security Council and the most senior executive branch officials, and embody foreign and military policy-making guidance rather than specific instructions.

A presidential memorandum is a type of directive issued by the president of the United States to manage and govern the actions, practices, and policies of the various departments and agencies found under the executive branch of the United States government. It has the force of law and is usually used to delegate tasks, direct specific government agencies to do something, or to start a regulatory process. There are three types of presidential memoranda: presidential determination or presidential finding, memorandum of disapproval, and hortatory memorandum.

A presidential directive, or executive action, is a written or oral instruction or declaration issued by the president of the United States, which may draw upon the powers vested in the president by the U.S. Constitution, statutory law, or, in certain cases, congressional and judicial acquiescence. Such directives, which have been issued since the earliest days of the federal government, have become known by various names, and some have prescribed forms and purposes. Presidential directives remain in effect until they are revoked, which the president is free to do. The classification of presidential directives is not easily done, as the distinction between the types can be quite arbitrary, arising from convenience and bureaucratic evolution, and none are defined in the Constitution. Furthermore, the different types may overlap. As one legal scholar put it: "it is a bit misleading to overclassify presidential directives as comprising separate and distinct 'types' just because they have different headings at the top of the first page." In terms of legal applicability, what matters is the substance of the directive, not the form, unless a certain kind of directive is specifically required by relevant statute.

Executive orders are issued to help officers and agencies of the executive branch manage the operations within the federal government itself. Presidential memoranda are closely related, and have the force of law on the Executive Branch, but are generally considered less prestigious. Presidential memoranda do not have an established process for issuance, and unlike executive orders, they are not numbered. A presidential determination is a determination resulting in an official policy or position of the executive branch of the United States government. A presidential proclamation is a statement issued by a president on a matter of public policy issued under specific authority granted to the president by Congress and typically on a matter of widespread interest. Administrative orders are signed documents such as notices, letters, and orders that can be issued to conduct administrative operations of the federal government. A presidential notice or a presidential sequestration order can also be issued. National security directives1 operate like executive orders, but are only in the area of national security. They have been issued by different presidents under various names.

Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States was the second presidential proclamation signed by President Joe Biden on January 20, 2021. The proclamation revoked Executive Order 13780, titled Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, which had been signed by U.S. President Donald Trump on March 6, 2017, and Proclamations 9645, 9723, and 9983.

References

  1. Schmidt, Steffen W.; Shelley, Mack C.; Bardes, Barbara A.; Ford, Lynne E. (2013). American Government and Politics Today, 2013-2014. American and Texas Government (16th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN   978-1133602132.
  2. Office of the Press Secretary (January 4, 1996). "Suspending Restrictions on U.S. Relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization". Yale Law School . Yale University. White House . Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  3. Hartman, Gary R. (2004). Landmark Supreme Court cases : the most influential decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Facts on File. p. 545. ISBN   9781438110363.
  4. Relyea, Harold C. (November 26, 2008). "Presidential Directives: Background and Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service . Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. p. 4. Order Code 98-611 GOV. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  5. "Presidential Documents Guide". National Archives and Records Administration . Washington, D.C.: United States Government. August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  6. Relyea, Harold C. (February 10, 2003). "Presidential Directives: Background and Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service . Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress . Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  7. Johnson, Paul M. "Sequestration". Department of Political Science. Auburn, Alabama: Auburn University . Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  8. Korte, Gregory (October 12, 2017). "The executive action toolbox: How presidents use proclamations, executive orders and memoranda". USA Today . McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company . Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  9. "Presidential Documents". Federal Register . Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  10. "1977 Jimmy Carter Executive Orders". Federal Register . Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  11. "1978 Jimmy Carter Executive Orders". Federal Register . Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  12. "1979 Jimmy Carter Executive Orders". Federal Register . Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  13. "1980 Jimmy Carter Executive Orders". Federal Register . Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  14. "1981 Jimmy Carter Executive Orders". Federal Register . Retrieved July 15, 2024.

Notes

  1. ^ National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directives address continuity of government in the event of a "catastrophic emergency" disrupting the U.S. population, economy, environment, infrastructure and government policy.