List of governors of Georgia

Not to be confused with the state commissioners (informally referred to as "Governor"), the chief executives of the Regions of Georgia (country).

The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The current officeholder is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.

There have officially been 77 governors of the State of Georgia, including 11 who served more than one distinct term (John Houstoun, George Walton, Edward Telfair, George Mathews, Jared Irwin, David Brydie Mitchell, George Rockingham Gilmer, M. Hoke Smith, Joseph Mackey Brown, John M. Slaton and Eugene Talmadge, with Herman Talmadge serving two de facto distinct terms).

The longest-serving governors are George Busbee, Joe Frank Harris, Zell Miller, Sonny Perdue and Nathan Deal, each of whom served two full four-year terms; Joseph E. Brown, governor during the Civil War, was elected four times, serving seven and a half years. The shortest term of the post-revolutionary period is that of Matthew Talbot, who served 13 days after succeeding his predecessor who died in office. Eugene Talmadge died in December 1946 before taking office in his second distinct term, leading to a dispute in which three people claimed the office.

Governors

For the period before independence, see List of colonial governors of Georgia.

Georgia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 2, 1788. ^[1] Before it declared its independence, Georgia was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

The Rules and Regulations of the Colony, drafted in 1776, provided for a president to serve a term of 6 months. ^[2] A formal constitution was drafted in 1777, providing for a governor to serve a term of one year, but no more than one year out of every three. ^[3] The term was lengthened to two years in 1789, but with no term limit. ^[4] The 1865 constitution required governors to take four years off after serving two terms, ^[5] but that was quickly changed in the 1868 constitution, which allowed for four-year terms with no limits. ^[6] The term length was returned to the two-year term and limit of the 1865 constitution in 1877. ^[7]

The 1945 constitution changed the length of terms to four years, with governors required to take four years off before running again, and it created the office of lieutenant governor, who would exercise the powers of the governor should the office become vacant. ^[8] This was changed in 1983 so that the lieutenant governor fully becomes governor in that circumstance. ^[9] Before the creation of the office of lieutenant governor, the president of the senate (or, before 1789, the president of the executive council ^[10] ) would exercise the powers of governor. ^[11] The 1983 constitution also allows governors to succeed themselves once, before having to wait four years to run again. ^[9]

Governors of the State of Georgia

No. [lower-alpha 1]	Governor			Term in office	Party	Election	Lt. Governor [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3]
7			Archibald Bulloch (1730–1777) [13] [14] [15]	January 22, 1776 – February 22, 1777 (died in office)	None	— [lower-alpha 4]	Office did not exist
8			Button Gwinnett (1735–1777) [16] [17] [15]	March 4, 1777 – May 8, 1777 (left office) [lower-alpha 5]	None	— [lower-alpha 6]
9			John A. Treutlen (1734–1782) [18] [19] [15]	May 8, 1777 – January 10, 1778 (left office) [lower-alpha 5]	None	—
10			John Houstoun (1744–1796) [20] [21] [15]	January 10, 1778 – December 29, 1778 (fled from capture) [lower-alpha 7]	None	—
—	Competing governments			December 29, 1778 – August 6, 1779	—	Government in chaos after fall of Savannah [lower-alpha 8]
11			John Wereat (d. 1799) [24] [25] [15]	August 6, 1779 – November 1779 (left office) [lower-alpha 5]	None	—
12			George Walton (d. 1804) [26] [27] [28] [15]	November 1779 – January 4, 1780 (left office) [lower-alpha 5]	None	—
13			Richard Howly (1740–1784) [29] [15]	January 4, 1780 – February 5, 1780 (left office) [lower-alpha 9]	None	—
—			George Wells (d. 1780)	February 5, 1780 – February 16, 1780 (died in office) [lower-alpha 10]	None	—
14			Stephen Heard [lower-alpha 11] (1740–1815) [32] [31] [15]	February 18, 1780 [lower-alpha 12] – August 18, 1781 (left office) [lower-alpha 5]	None	—
15			Nathan Brownson (1742–1796) [33] [34] [15]	August 18, 1781 – January 3, 1782 (term limited)	None	1781
16			John Martin (d. 1786) [35] [36] [15]	January 3, 1782 – January 8, 1783 (term limited)	None	1782
17			Lyman Hall (1724–1790) [37] [38] [15]	January 8, 1783 – January 9, 1784 (term limited)	None	1783
10			John Houstoun (1744–1796) [20] [21] [15]	January 9, 1784 – January 6, 1785 (term limited)	None	1784
18			Samuel Elbert (1740–1788) [39] [40] [15]	January 6, 1785 – January 9, 1786 (term limited)	None	1785
19			Edward Telfair (1735–1807) [41] [42] [43] [15]	January 9, 1786 – January 9, 1787 (term limited)	None	1786
20			George Mathews (1739–1812) [44] [45] [46] [15]	January 9, 1787 – January 26, 1788 (term limited)	None	1787
21			George Handley (1752–1793) [47] [48] [15]	January 26, 1788 – January 7, 1789 (term limited)	None	1788 [lower-alpha 13]
12			George Walton (d. 1804) [26] [27] [28] [15]	January 7, 1789 – November 9, 1789 (term limited)	Democratic- Republican	Jan. 1789
19			Edward Telfair (1735–1807) [41] [42] [43] [15]	November 9, 1789 – November 7, 1793 (lost second re-election)	Democratic- Republican	Nov. 1789 [lower-alpha 14]
						1791
20			George Mathews (1739–1812) [44] [45] [46] [15]	November 7, 1793 – January 15, 1796 (not candidate for re-election)	Democratic- Republican	1793
22			Jared Irwin (1750–1818) [51] [52] [53] [15]	January 15, 1796 – January 12, 1798 (not candidate for re-election)	Democratic- Republican	1795
23			James Jackson (1757–1806) [54] [49] [55] [15]	January 12, 1798 – March 3, 1801 (resigned) [lower-alpha 15]	Democratic- Republican	1797
						1799
24			David Emanuel (1744–1808) [56] [57] [58] [15]	March 3, 1801 – November 7, 1801 (not candidate for election)	Democratic- Republican	Succeeded from president of the Senate
25			Josiah Tattnall (d. 1803) [59] [60] [61] [15]	November 7, 1801 – November 4, 1802 (resigned) [lower-alpha 16]	Democratic- Republican	1801
26			John Milledge (1757–1818) [62] [63] [64] [15]	November 4, 1802 – September 23, 1806 (resigned) [lower-alpha 17]	Democratic- Republican	1802 (special) [lower-alpha 18]
						1803
						1805
22			Jared Irwin (1750–1818) [51] [52] [53] [15]	September 23, 1806 – November 10, 1809 (lost re-election)	Democratic- Republican	Succeeded from president of the Senate
						1807
27			David Brydie Mitchell (1766–1837) [66] [67] [68] [15]	November 10, 1809 – November 5, 1813 (not candidate for second re-election)	Democratic- Republican	1809
						1811
28			Peter Early (1773–1817) [69] [70] [71] [15]	November 5, 1813 – November 10, 1815 (lost re-election)	Democratic- Republican	1813
27			David Brydie Mitchell (1766–1837) [66] [67] [68] [15]	November 10, 1815 – March 4, 1817 (resigned) [lower-alpha 19]	Democratic- Republican	1815
29			William Rabun (1771–1819) [72] [73] [74] [15]	March 4, 1817 – October 24, 1819 (died in office)	Democratic- Republican	Succeeded from president of the Senate
						1817
30			Matthew Talbot (1767–1827) [75] [15]	October 24, 1819 – November 5, 1819 (successor took office)	Democratic- Republican	Succeeded from president of the Senate
31			John Clark (1766–1832) [76] [77] [78] [15]	November 5, 1819 – November 7, 1823 (not candidate for second re-election)	Democratic- Republican	1819
						1821
32			George Troup (1780–1856) [79] [80] [81] [15]	November 7, 1823 – November 7, 1827 (not candidate for second re-election)	Democratic- Republican	1823
						1825
33			John Forsyth (1780–1841) [82] [83] [84] [15]	November 7, 1827 – November 4, 1829 (not candidate for re-election) [lower-alpha 20]	Democratic- Republican	1827
34			George Rockingham Gilmer (1790–1859) [85] [86] [87] [15]	November 4, 1829 – November 9, 1831 (lost re-election)	Democratic- Republican	1829
35			Wilson Lumpkin (1783–1870) [88] [89] [90] [15]	November 9, 1831 – November 4, 1835 (not candidate for second re-election)	Union (Democratic)	1831
						1833
36			William Schley (1786–1858) [91] [92] [93] [15]	November 4, 1835 – November 8, 1837 (lost re-election)	Union (Democratic)	1835
34			George Rockingham Gilmer (1790–1859) [85] [86] [87] [15]	November 8, 1837 – November 6, 1839 (not candidate for re-election)	State Rights (Whig)	1837
37			Charles James McDonald (1793–1860) [94] [95] [96] [15]	November 6, 1839 – November 8, 1843 (not candidate for second re-election)	Union (Democratic)	1839
						1841
38			George W. Crawford (1798–1872) [97] [98] [99] [15]	November 8, 1843 – November 3, 1847 (not candidate for second re-election)	Whig	1843
						1845
39			George W. Towns (1801–1854) [100] [101] [102] [15]	November 3, 1847 – November 5, 1851 (not candidate for second re-election)	Democratic	1847
						1849
40			Howell Cobb (1815–1868) [103] [104] [105] [15]	November 5, 1851 – November 9, 1853 (not candidate for re-election)	Union (Democratic) [lower-alpha 21]	1851
41			Herschel Vespasian Johnson (1812–1880) [106] [107] [108] [15]	November 9, 1853 – November 6, 1857 (not candidate for second re-election)	Democratic	1853
						1855
42			Joseph E. Brown (1821–1894) [109] [110] [111] [15]	November 6, 1857 – June 17, 1865 (resigned) [lower-alpha 22]	Democratic	1857
						1859
						1861
						1863
43			James Johnson (1811–1891) [113] [114] [115] [15]	June 17, 1865 – December 19, 1865 (provisional term ended) [lower-alpha 23]	—	Provisional governor appointed by President [lower-alpha 24]
44			Charles J. Jenkins (1805–1883) [116] [117] [118] [15]	December 14, 1865 – January 13, 1868 (removed from office) [lower-alpha 25]	Democratic	1865
45			Thomas H. Ruger (1833–1907) [119] [120] [121] [15]	January 13, 1868 – July 4, 1868 (state readmitted)	—	Military occupation [lower-alpha 26]
46			Rufus Bullock (1834–1907) [122] [123] [124] [15]	July 4, 1868 [lower-alpha 27] – October 30, 1871 (resigned) [lower-alpha 28]	Republican	1868 [lower-alpha 29]
47			Benjamin F. Conley (1815–1886) [128] [129] [15]	October 30, 1871 – January 12, 1872 (not candidate for election)	Republican	President of the Senate acting as governor
48			James Milton Smith (1823–1890) [130] [131] [132] [15]	January 12, 1872 – January 12, 1877 (not candidate for second re-election)	Democratic	1871 (special) [lower-alpha 30]
						1872
49			Alfred H. Colquitt (1824–1894) [133] [134] [135] [15]	January 12, 1877 – November 4, 1882 (not candidate for second re-election) [lower-alpha 31]	Democratic	1876
						1880 [lower-alpha 32]
50			Alexander H. Stephens (1812–1883) [137] [138] [139] [15]	November 4, 1882 – March 4, 1883 (died in office)	Democratic	1882
51			James S. Boynton (1833–1902) [140] [141] [15]	March 4, 1883 – May 10, 1883 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as governor
52			Henry Dickerson McDaniel (1836–1926) [142] [143] [144] [15]	May 10, 1883 – November 9, 1886 (not candidate for second re-election) [lower-alpha 33]	Democratic	1883 (special) [lower-alpha 34]
						1884
53			John B. Gordon (1832–1904) [145] [146] [147] [15]	November 9, 1886 – November 8, 1890 (term limited)	Democratic	1886
						1888
54			William J. Northen (1835–1913) [148] [149] [150] [15]	November 8, 1890 – October 27, 1894 (term limited)	Democratic	1890
						1892
55			William Yates Atkinson (1854–1899) [151] [152] [153] [15]	October 27, 1894 – October 29, 1898 (term limited)	Democratic	1894
						1896
56			Allen D. Candler (1834–1910) [154] [155] [156] [15]	October 29, 1898 – October 25, 1902 (term limited)	Democratic	1898
						1900
57			Joseph M. Terrell (1861–1912) [157] [158] [159] [15]	October 25, 1902 – June 29, 1907 (term limited)	Democratic	1902
						1904 [lower-alpha 35]
58			M. Hoke Smith (1855–1931) [160] [161] [162] [15]	June 29, 1907 – June 26, 1909 (lost re-nomination) [lower-alpha 36]	Democratic	1906
59			Joseph Mackey Brown (1851–1932) [163] [164] [165] [15]	June 26, 1909 – July 1, 1911 (lost re-election) [lower-alpha 37]	Democratic	1908
58			M. Hoke Smith (1855–1931) [160] [161] [162] [15]	July 1, 1911 – November 15, 1911 (resigned) [lower-alpha 38]	Democratic	1910
60			John M. Slaton (1866–1955) [167] [168] [169] [15]	November 15, 1911 [170] – January 25, 1912 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as governor
59			Joseph Mackey Brown (1851–1932)	January 25, 1912 – June 28, 1913 (not candidate for re-election)	Democratic	1912 (special) [lower-alpha 39]
60			John M. Slaton (1866–1955) [167] [168] [169] [15]	June 28, 1913 – June 26, 1915 (not candidate for re-election) [lower-alpha 40]	Democratic	1912
61			Nathaniel Edwin Harris (1846–1929) [171] [172] [173] [15]	June 26, 1915 – June 30, 1917 (lost re-nomination) [lower-alpha 41]	Democratic	1914
62			Hugh Dorsey (1871–1948) [174] [175] [176] [15]	June 30, 1917 – June 25, 1921 (term limited)	Democratic	1916
						1918
63			Thomas W. Hardwick (1872–1944) [177] [178] [179] [15]	June 25, 1921 – June 30, 1923 (lost re-nomination) [lower-alpha 42]	Democratic	1920
64			Clifford Walker (1877–1954) [180] [181] [182] [15]	June 30, 1923 – June 25, 1927 (term limited)	Democratic	1922
						1924
65			Lamartine Griffin Hardman (1856–1937) [183] [184] [185] [15]	June 25, 1927 – June 27, 1931 (term limited)	Democratic	1926
						1928
66			Richard Russell Jr. (1897–1971) [186] [187] [188] [15]	June 27, 1931 – January 10, 1933 (not candidate for re-election) [lower-alpha 43]	Democratic	1930 [lower-alpha 44]
67			Eugene Talmadge (1884–1946) [189] [190] [191] [15]	January 10, 1933 – January 12, 1937 (term limited)	Democratic	1932
						1934
68			Eurith D. Rivers (1895–1967) [192] [193] [194] [15]	January 12, 1937 – January 14, 1941 (term limited)	Democratic	1936
						1938
67			Eugene Talmadge (1884–1946) [189] [190] [191] [15]	January 14, 1941 – January 12, 1943 (lost re-nomination) [lower-alpha 45]	Democratic	1940
69			Ellis Arnall (1907–1992) [195] [196] [197] [15]	January 12, 1943 – January 14, 1947 (term limited)	Democratic	1942 [lower-alpha 46]
—			Eugene Talmadge (1884–1946) [189] [190] [191] [15]	Died before taking office	Democratic	1946 [lower-alpha 47]		Melvin E. Thompson
—			Herman Talmadge (1913–2002) [199] [200] [201] [15]	January 14, 1947 – March 18, 1947 (removed from office) [lower-alpha 47]	Democratic
70			Melvin E. Thompson (1903–1980) [202] [203] [204] [15]	March 18, 1947 – November 17, 1948 (lost nomination) [lower-alpha 48]	Democratic	Succeeded from lieutenant governor	Vacant
71			Herman Talmadge (1913–2002) [199] [200] [201] [15]	November 17, 1948 – January 11, 1955 (term limited)	Democratic	1948 (special) [lower-alpha 47]		Marvin Griffin
						1950
72			Marvin Griffin (1907–1982) [205] [206] [207] [15]	January 11, 1955 – January 13, 1959 (term limited)	Democratic	1954		Ernest Vandiver
73			Ernest Vandiver (1918–2005) [208] [209] [210] [15]	January 13, 1959 – January 15, 1963 (term limited)	Democratic	1958		Garland T. Byrd
74			Carl Sanders (1925–2014) [211] [212] [213] [15]	January 15, 1963 – January 11, 1967 (term limited)	Democratic	1962		Peter Zack Geer
75			Lester Maddox (1915–2003) [214] [215] [216] [15]	January 11, 1967 – January 12, 1971 (term limited)	Democratic	1966		George T. Smith
76			Jimmy Carter (b. 1924) [217] [218] [219] [15]	January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975 (term limited)	Democratic	1970		Lester Maddox
77			George Busbee (1927–2004) [220] [221] [222] [15]	January 14, 1975 – January 11, 1983 (term limited)	Democratic	1974		Zell Miller
						1978
78			Joe Frank Harris (b. 1936) [223] [224] [15]	January 11, 1983 – January 14, 1991 (term limited)	Democratic	1982
						1986
79			Zell Miller (1932–2018) [225] [226]	January 14, 1991 – January 11, 1999 (term limited)	Democratic	1990		Pierre Howard
						1994
80			Roy Barnes (b. 1948) [227] [228]	January 11, 1999 – January 13, 2003 (lost re-election)	Democratic	1998		Mark Taylor [lower-alpha 49]
81			Sonny Perdue (b. 1946) [229] [230]	January 13, 2003 – January 10, 2011 (term limited)	Republican	2002
						2006		Casey Cagle
82			Nathan Deal (b. 1942) [231] [232]	January 10, 2011 – January 14, 2019 (term limited)	Republican	2010
						2014
83			Brian Kemp (b. 1963) [233]	January 14, 2019 – Incumbent [lower-alpha 50]	Republican	2018		Geoff Duncan
						2022		Burt Jones

Succession

Main article: Gubernatorial lines of succession in the United States § Georgia

See also

• First ladies of Georgia

Notes

1. The state says Brian Kemp is the 83rd governor; this number is derived from the Official and Statistical Register of Georgia, last published by the Office of Secretary of State in 1978. It continues the numbering from the colonial governors and omits repeat governors, thus marking Archibald Bulloch as 7th and George Busbee as 77th. ^[12]
2. The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in 1945, first being filled in 1947.
3. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
4. The revolutionary government did not necessarily follow any schedule or term lengths, so the election year is omitted until 1781, when it becomes easier to determine.
5. No sources specify if the governor stood for election to the following term.
6. As speaker of the provincial Congress, Gwinnett was elected by the Council of Safety to succeed Bulloch. ^[16]
7. The date given is the capture of Savannah, where the New Georgia Encyclopedia says his last official act as governor was to flee. ^[21]
8. The capture of Savannah threw the government into disarray and exile, and records are scarce as to dates and leadership. William Glascock (elected January 21, 1779) ^[22] and Seth John Cuthbert (elected July 24, 1779), while often included in lists of governors, are omitted from the official state register. A school pamphlet from 1977 notes, "This confusing situation resulted in a number of radical Whigs, mainly from Wilkes County, organizing a second government with George Walton as governor and Glascock as speaker of the assembly. ... As a result of this makeshift election, there were two Whig governments plus the restored loyalist government." ^[23]
9. Howly had also been elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, and the Council voted on February 5 that he must take that seat. ^[30]
10. George Wells succeeded Howly, but was killed in a duel on February 16, 1780; he is omitted from nearly every list of governors, including the official register. ^[30]
11. Some sources say Myrick Davies served as governor in August 1780, ^[31] but he is omitted from the official state register and it is unknown if this was in an acting fashion.
12. The official register says Heard took office on February 18, 1870, ^[15] despite this being two days after his predecessor died. Other sources, including the New Georgia Encyclopedia, say he did not take office until May 24. ^{[31] [32]}
13. James Jackson was elected in 1788, but declined the position, citing inexperience. ^[49]
14. First term under the 1789 constitution, which lengthened terms to two years. ^[50]
15. Jackson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. ^[49]
16. Tattnall resigned due to declining health. ^[60]
17. Milledge resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. ^[63]
18. Special election for the remainder of Josiah Tattnall's term ^[65]
19. Mitchell resigned to be agent to the Creek Indians. ^[67]
20. Forsyth instead took an elected seat in the United States Senate. ^[83]
21. Sobel describes Cobb's party as "Constitutional Union," ^[103] but the Constitutional Union Party would not be formed until 1860. The state register describes him as "Union Democrat." ^[15]
22. Brown resigned following the defeat of the Confederate States of America. ^[110] One source states Brown left office on June 25, which could make sense as it would take several days for news of Johnson's appointment to reach Georgia. However, this source has not been corroborated. ^[112]
23. Johnson left office on December 19, five days after his successor was sworn in. ^{[113] [114] [115]}
24. Johnson was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation. ^[114]
25. Jenkins was removed from office by the military because he refused to allow state funds to be used for a racially integrated state constitutional convention; the state was still under military occupation during Reconstruction. ^[118]
26. Provisional governor appointed by General George Meade ^[121]
27. Bullock was appointed governor on July 4 by General George Meade to replace Ruger, who was being removed; ^[125] however, Bullock had already won the election, and would be formally inaugurated into the post on July 21. ^{[122] [123]}
28. Bullock resigned and fled the state to avoid impeachment; he was arrested in 1876 and found not guilty of embezzlement. ^[123] Some sources state Bullock resigned on October 23, but that is when he secretly submitted his resignation; it did not take effect until October 30. ^[126]
29. First term under the 1868 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years. ^[127]
30. Special election for the remainder of Rufus Bullock's term ^[131]
31. Colquitt instead successfully ran for United States Senate. ^[134]
32. First term under the 1877 constitution, which shortened terms to two years. ^[136]
33. McDaniel's first term was shortened, so it is not known if he can be considered term limited.
34. Special election for the remainder of Alexander Stephens' term ^[143]
35. The start of a gubernatorial term has always been set by the legislature, rather than the constitution; it appears the start of this term changed from the last Saturday in October to the last Saturday in June, lengthening it by eight months.
36. Smith lost the Democratic nomination to Joseph Mackey Brown. ^[160]
37. Brown lost the Democratic nomination to M. Hoke Smith, and ran as an independent. ^[165]
38. Smith resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. ^[166]
39. Special election for the remainder of Hoke Smith's term ^[164]
40. Slaton instead unsuccessfully ran for United States Senate. ^{[167] [168]}
41. Harris lost the Democratic nomination to Hugh Dorsey. ^[171]
42. Hardwick lost the Democratic nomination to Clifford Walker. ^[177]
43. Russell instead successfully ran for United States Senate. ^[187]
44. The start of the term changed from the last Saturday in June to the second Tuesday in January, shortening this term by five months. ^[187]
45. Talmadge lost the Democratic nomination to Ellis Arnall. ^[189]
46. First term under a 1941 amendment to the constitution which lengthened terms to four years. ^[15]
47. Eugene Talmadge was elected to a third term in 1946, but died before taking office. Ellis Arnall, governor at the time, claimed the office, as did Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson. The state legislature chose Eugene Talmadge's son, Herman Talmadge, to be governor, but during what came to be called the three governors controversy, the state supreme court declared this unconstitutional and declared Thompson rightful governor, and Talmadge stepped down after 67 days. Talmadge later defeated Thompson in a special election. ^[198]
48. Thompson lost the Democratic nomination to Herman Talmadge. ^[204]
49. Represented the Democratic Party
50. Kemp's second term began on January 9, 2023, and will expire January 11, 2027; he will be term-limited

References

General

• "Former Georgia Governors". National Governors Association . Retrieved July 10, 2019.
• "The New Georgia Encyclopedia" . Retrieved June 21, 2019.
• A History of Georgia, second ed. Kenneth Coleman, general editor. University of Georgia Press: 1991.
• Candler, Allen Daniel (1908). The Revolutionary Records of the State of Georgia Volume 1. ISBN   9780404073008 . Retrieved August 28, 2016.
• Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN   9780930466015 . Retrieved July 10, 2019.

Constitutions

• "Constitution of the State of Georgia, as amended" (PDF). Secretary of State of Georgia. 1983. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia, as ratified". University of Georgia. 1983. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1976. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1945. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1877. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1868. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1865. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1861. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1798. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1789. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1777. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
• "Rules and Regulations of the Colony of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1776. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

Specific

1. "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Georgia; January 2, 1788". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from the original on December 20, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
2. 1776 Const. art. I
3. 1777 Const. art. XXIII
4. 1789 Const. art. II, § 1
5. 1865 Const. art III, § 1
6. 1868 Const. art. IV, § 1
7. 1877 Const. art V, § 1
8. 1945 Const. art. V, § 1
9. GA Const. art. V, § 1
10. 1777 Const. art. XXIX
11. 1789 Const. art. II, § 4
12. "Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1977-78". Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1978. pp. 1145–1149. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
13. "Archibald Bulloch". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
14. Schmidt, Jim (January 23, 2019). "Archibald Bulloch". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
15. "Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1989-90". Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1990. pp. 199–207. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
16. "Button Gwinnett". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
17. Deaton, Stan (August 1, 2019). "Button Gwinnett". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
18. "John Adam Treutlen". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
19. Schmidt, Jim (February 21, 2018). "John Adam Treutlen". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
20. "John Houstoun". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
21. Schmidt, Jim (December 10, 2019). "John Houstoun". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
22. Autobiography of a Colony: The First Half-Century of Augusta, Georgia. University of Georgia Press. 2009. p. 127. ISBN   9780820334424 . Retrieved January 15, 2019.
23. "Political Changes in Georgia 1775-1787" (PDF). Georgia Department of Education . Retrieved January 15, 2019.
24. "John Wereat". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
25. Lamplugh, George R. (September 15, 2014). "John Wereat". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
26. Sobel pp. 279–280
27. "George Walton". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
28. Deaton, Stan (February 21, 2018). "George Walton". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
29. "Richard Howly". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
30. Cashin, Edward J. (1974). "'The Famous Colonel Wells': Factionalism in Revolutionary Georgia". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 58 (Supplement): 151. JSTOR   40579633.
31. Ouzts, Clay (October 28, 2016). "Stephen Heard". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
32. "Stephen Heard". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
33. "Nathan Brownson". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
34. Schmidt, Jim (September 16, 2014). "Nathan Brownson". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
35. "John Martin". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
36. Schmidt, Jim (September 15, 2014). "John Martin". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
37. "Lyman Hall". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
38. Deaton, Stan (February 21, 2018). "Lyman Hall". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
39. "Samuel Elbert". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
40. Diamond, Beryl I. (September 17, 2014). "Samuel Elbert". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
41. Sobel p. 280
42. "Edward Telfair". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
43. Johnson, Charles J. (May 16, 2015). "Edward Telfair". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
44. Sobel p. 281
45. "George Mathews". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
46. Ebel, Carol (September 11, 2014). "George Mathews". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
47. "George Handley". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
48. Hulett, Keith (September 9, 2014). "George Handley". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
49. "James Jackson". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
50. 1789 Const. art. 2, § 1
51. Sobel pp. 281–282
52. "Jared Irwin". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
53. Rohrer, Katherine E. (September 15, 2014). "Jared Irwin". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
54. Sobel pp. 282–283
55. Lamplugh, George R. (September 15, 2014). "James Jackson". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
56. Sobel p. 283
57. "David Emanuel". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
58. Brown, Russell K. (September 2, 2016). "David Emanuel". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
59. Sobel pp. 283–284
60. "Josiah Tattnall". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
61. Brown, Russell K. (September 15, 2014). "Josiah Tattnall". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
62. Sobel pp. 284–285
63. "John Milledge". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
64. Myers, Barton (September 15, 2014). "John Milledge". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
65. "Georgia 1802 Governor, Special". Tufts University . Retrieved August 28, 2016.
66. Sobel p. 285
67. "David Brydie Mitchell". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
68. Rohrer, Katherine E. (February 16, 2018). "David B. Mitchell". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
69. Sobel p. 286
70. "Peter Early". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
71. Hulett, Keith (May 14, 2013). "Peter Early". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
72. Sobel pp. 286–287
73. "William Rabun". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
74. Luckett, Robert E. (May 14, 2013). "William Rabun". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
75. "Matthew Talbot". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
76. Sobel p. 287
77. "John Clark". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
78. Floyd, Christopher J. (September 15, 2014). "John Clark". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
79. Sobel p. 288
80. "George Michael Troup". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
81. Saba, Natalie D. (September 11, 2014). "George Troup". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
82. Sobel pp. 288–289
83. "John Forsyth". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
84. Luckett, Robert E. (September 15, 2014). "John Forsyth". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
85. Sobel pp. 289–290
86. "George Rockingham Gilmer". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
87. Rohrer, Katherine E. (May 13, 2013). "George R. Gilmer". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
88. Sobel pp. 290–291
89. "Wilson Lumpkin". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
90. Tate, Benjamin B. (September 25, 2014). "Wilson Lumpkin". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
91. Sobel pp. 291–292
92. "William Schley". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
93. Brown, Russell K. (August 6, 2013). "William Schley". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
94. Sobel pp. 292–293
95. "Charles James McDonald". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
96. Luckett, Robert E. (September 5, 2014). "Charles McDonald". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
97. Sobel pp. 293–294
98. "George Walker Crawford". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
99. Summerlin, Donnie (December 9, 2013). "George W. Crawford". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
100. Sobel pp. 294–295
101. "George Washington Towns". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
102. Hulett, Keith (August 20, 2013). "George W. Towns". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
103. Sobel pp. 295–296
104. "Howell Cobb". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
105. Reid, R. L. (September 20, 2018). "Howell Cobb". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
106. Sobel pp. 296–297
107. "Herschel Vespasian Johnson". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
108. Morgan, Chad (June 8, 2017). "Herschel Johnson". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
109. Sobel pp. 297–298
110. "Joseph Emerson Brown". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
111. Boney, F. N. (September 30, 2020). "Joseph E. Brown". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
112. Otto, John Henry (2004). Memoirs of a Dutch Mudsill. Kent State University Press. p. 407. ISBN   9780873387996.
113. Sobel pp. 298–299
114. "James Johnson". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
115. Davis, Matthew (November 12, 2019). "James Johnson". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
116. Sobel p. 299–300
117. "Charles Jones Jenkins". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
118. Brown, Russell K. (July 15, 2020). "Charles Jones Jenkins". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
119. Sobel p. 300
120. "Thomas Howard Ruger". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
121. Davis, Matthew (June 8, 2017). "Thomas Ruger". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
122. Sobel p. 301
123. "Rufus Brown Bullock". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
124. Duncan, Russell (June 8, 2017). "Rufus Bullock". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
125. "Ruger replaced with Bullock". The Portland Daily Press. 1868-07-04. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
126. "Gov. Bullock Resigns". Leavenworth Daily Commercial. 1871-10-31. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
127. 1868 Const. art. IV, § 1
128. Sobel p. 302
129. "Benjamin F. Conley". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
130. Sobel pp. 302–303
131. "James Milton Smith". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
132. Hulett, Keith (September 29, 2020). "James M. Smith". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
133. Sobel pp. 303–304
134. "Alfred Holt Colquitt". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
135. Myers, Barton (April 14, 2016). "Alfred H. Colquitt". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
136. 1877 Const. art. 5, § 1 par. 2
137. Sobel pp. 304–305
138. "Alexander Hamilton Stephens". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
139. Morgan, Chad (June 6, 2017). "Alexander Stephens". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
140. Sobel p. 305
141. "James Boynton". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
142. Sobel pp. 305–306
143. "Henry Dickerson McDaniel". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
144. Luckett, Robert E. (July 23, 2018). "Henry McDaniel". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
145. Sobel pp. 306–307
146. "John Brown Gordon". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
147. Groce, W. Todd (June 8, 2017). "John B. Gordon". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
148. Sobel pp. 307–308
149. "William Jonathan Northen". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
150. Cater, Casey P. (March 11, 2020). "William J. Northen". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
151. Sobel p. 308
152. "William Yates Atkinson". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
153. Hulett, Keith (September 25, 2014). "William Y. Atkinson". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
154. Sobel pp. 308–309
155. "Allen D. Candler". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
156. Luckett, Robert E. (March 20, 2021). "Allen D. Candler". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
157. Sobel pp. 309–310
158. "Joseph Meriwether Terrell". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
159. Hulett, Keith (September 8, 2016). "Joseph M. Terrell". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
160. Sobel pp. 310–311
161. "Hoke Smith". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
162. Maysilles, Duncan (November 10, 2021). "Hoke Smith". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
163. Sobel p. 311
164. "Joseph Mackey Brown". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
165. Myers, Barton (March 11, 2020). "Joseph M. Brown". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
166. "Hoke Smith". National Governors Association . Retrieved June 21, 2019.
167. Sobel p. 312
168. "John Marshall Slaton". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
169. Galloway, Tammy H. (September 15, 2014). "John M. Slaton". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
170. "Hoke Smith Resigns". The Butte Daily Post. 1911-11-15. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
171. Sobel p. 313
172. "Nathaniel Edwin Harris". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
173. Myers, Barton (May 14, 2013). "Nathaniel E. Harris". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
174. Sobel p. 314
175. "Hugh Manson Dorsey". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
176. Stallings, Patricia (May 4, 2021). "Hugh M. Dorsey". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
177. Sobel pp. 314–315
178. "Thomas William Hardwick". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
179. Luckett, Robert E. (August 25, 2020). "Thomas Hardwick". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
180. Sobel pp. 315–316
181. "Clifford Mitchell Walker". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
182. Huff, Christopher Allen (September 11, 2019). "Clifford Walker". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
183. Sobel p. 316
184. "Lamartine Griffin Hardman". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
185. Chapman, David A. (March 11, 2020). "Lamartine Hardman". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
186. Sobel pp. 316–317
187. "Richard Brevard Russell". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
188. Vogt, Sheryl B. (September 9, 2019). "Richard B. Russel Jr". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
189. Sobel pp. 317–318
190. "Eugene Talmadge". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
191. Henderson, Harold Paulk (September 9, 2019). "Eugene Talmadge". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
192. Sobel pp. 318–319
193. "Eurith Dickinson Rivers". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
194. Patton, Randall L. (April 5, 2021). "E. D. Rivers". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
195. Sobel pp. 319–320
196. "Ellis Gibbs Arnall". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
197. Henderson, Harold Paulk (August 19, 2020). "Ellis Arnall". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
198. Buchanan, Scott E. (October 5, 2021). "Three Governors Controversy". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
199. Sobel pp. 320–321
200. "Herman Eugene Talmadge". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
201. Buchanan, Scott E. (August 14, 2020). "Herman Talmadge". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
202. Sobel p. 321
203. "Melvin Ernest Thompson". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
204. Henderson, Harold Paulk (August 10, 2018). "Melvin E. Thompson". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
205. Sobel p. 322
206. "Samuel Marvin Griffin". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
207. Buchanan, Scott E. (April 14, 2021). "Marvin Griffin". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
208. Sobel pp. 322–323
209. "Samuel Ernest Vandiver". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
210. Henderson, Harold Paulk (April 5, 2021). "Ernest Vandiver Jr". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
211. Sobel pp. 323–324
212. "Carl Edward Sanders". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
213. Cook, James F. (March 27, 2021). "Carl Sanders". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
214. Sobel pp. 324–325
215. "Lester Garfield Maddox". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
216. Nystrom, Justin (August 11, 2020). "Lester Maddox". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
217. Sobel pp. 325–326
218. "Jimmy Earl Carter". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
219. Fink, Gary M. (November 3, 2020). "Jimmy Carter". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
220. Sobel pp. 326–327
221. "George Dekle Busbee". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
222. Cook, James F. (July 13, 2018). "George Busbee". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
223. "Joe Frank Harris". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
224. Buchanan, Scott E. (July 23, 2018). "Joe Frank Harris". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
225. "Zell Miller". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
226. Grant, Chris (June 4, 2018). "Zell Miller". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
227. "Roy E. Barnes". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
228. Brooks, F. Erik (May 14, 2013). "Roy Barnes". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
229. "Sonny Perdue". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
230. Hulbert, Matthew C. (June 14, 2022). "Sonny Perdue". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
231. "Nathan Deal". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
232. McKee, Sarah E. (January 17, 2019). "Nathan Deal". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 21, 2023.
233. "Brian Kemp". National Governors Association . Retrieved February 21, 2023.