Cameron Parish, Louisiana

"Cameron Parish" redirects here. For the former parish in Virginia, see Cameron Parish, Virginia.

Cameron Parish
Parish
Bald cypress at Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge
Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana
Louisiana's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 29°51′N93°12′W / 29.85°N 93.2°W / 29.85; -93.2
Country	United States
State	Louisiana
Founded	1870
Named for	Simon Cameron
Seat	Cameron
Largest community	Grand Lake
Area
• Total	1,937 sq mi (5,020 km2)
• Land	1,285 sq mi (3,330 km2)
• Water	652 sq mi (1,690 km2)  34%
Population  (2020)
• Total	5,617
• Density	4.37/sq mi (1.69/km2)
Time zone	UTC−6 (Central)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district	3rd

Cameron Parish (French : Paroisse de Cameron) is a parish in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,617. The parish seat is Cameron. ^[1] Although it is the largest parish by area in Louisiana, it has the second-smallest population in the state, ahead of only Tensas. Cameron Parish is part of the Lake Charles metropolitan statistical area.

History

This was part of La Louisiane, colonized by the French beginning in the 17th and early 18th centuries. They encountered the Atakapa and Choctaw indigenous peoples, who had occupied this area for thousands of years.

18th century

In the late 1700s, after France had ceded New France (Canada) and other holdings east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain following its defeat in 1763 in the Seven Years' War, a number of French-speaking refugee families from Acadia settled in this part of coastal Louisiana. Some had fought against the British with Indian allies during the war in Acadia. Among them were Joseph "Beausoleil" Broussard, his brothers Alexander and Pierre, and their wives and families, who first went to Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) before settling in Louisiana. The British expelled many Acadians for their resistance, particularly their refusal to make loyalty oaths to Great Britain. ^[2] Numerous other French-speaking families settled here and their descendants populate the smaller towns.

In the 18th century, France ceded its holdings in Louisiana and other areas west of the Mississippi River to Spain, and the Spanish colonial government made grants of land to the Acadians. France took control of this territory again at the turn of the nineteenth century for a short period under Napoleon Bonaparte.

19th century

In 1803, Napoleon sold all the French territory west of the Mississippi River to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. The US was particularly intent on getting control of New Orleans, an important port for its large agricultural interests in what is now the Midwest. Early Anglo-American settlers^{[ where? ]} after the Louisiana Purchase included John M. Smith, Millege McCall, John William Sweeney, George W. Wakefield, William Doxey, James Hale, James Root, and John M. Miller. ^[3]

In 1807, this territory became part of Calcasieu Parish, established by the new Louisiana Territory legislature. The western part of this coastal area was included in what was called No Man's Land, a disputed area of control between Spain and the US after the Purchase. In the 1806 Neutral Ground agreement, both parties agreed to leave this free of military occupation or civil law enforcement. ^[4] The area between the Calcasieu River (at the time known to the Spanish as the Arroyo Hondo) on the east and the Sabine River on the west became a hotbed of outlaws, pirates including Jean Lafitte, and other nefarious characters for many years. ^[4] It was finally acquired by the United States in 1819 under the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain. (In 1870 these two rivers were designated as the eastern and western boundaries, respectively, of the new Cameron Parish, taken from the southern part of Calcasieu Parish.)

During the American Civil War, loyalties in this area and in the greater coastal area were divided between Unionists and Confederates. Bands of local "Jayhawkers," also known as bushwhackers, were active in the area. There were numerous Unionists near Sabine Lake and Leesburg (now Cameron). Others were located near the mouth of the Calcasieu and near Grand Chenier, then in Vermilion Parish. The Union Navy had forces at Sabine Lake. ^[4]

The Mermentau Jayhawkers were made up of a band of "200 mounted draft dodgers, bushwhackers, cattle thieves, runaway slaves, and Confederate deserters from Texas and Louisiana." ^[4] They regularly raided federal supply lines and plundered from the local people, earning the enmity of both Union and Confederate regulars. If caught by Confederate forces, Jayhawker deserters were quickly court-martialed and executed. Local forces also organized as Regulators in an effort to protect women and children of local families, and repulse the Jayhawkers. After the end of the war, some of the vigilante Regulators turned to suppressing blacks and resisting Reconstruction. ^[4]

Cameron Parish was organized in 1870 during the Reconstruction era and was made up of portions of Calcasieu and Vermilion parishes. It was one of several new parishes organized by the Republican-dominated legislature to create new centers of Republican political strength. Cameron Parish is named for Republican Simon Cameron, a Pennsylvanian who was President Abraham Lincoln's first secretary of war. Today its population is overwhelmingly majority white and Republican in the 21st-century realignment.

This is among the largest civil parishes in Louisiana, yet the least populated, owing to the high proportion of land area made up of marsh and wetlands. Cameron Parish comprises a large portion of the Louisiana Chenier Plain; it is home to numerous cheniers, and elevated fertile ridges that occur in certain coastal regions, particularly in Louisiana. These were developed for cotton plantations both before and after the Civil War; settlers also raised stock.

20th century

In 1937, the Pure Oil Company discovered the first Louisiana offshore oil field, the Creole Field, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) from the shore of Cameron Parish, from a platform built on timber pilings in 10-to-15-foot-deep (3.0 to 4.6 m) water. ^{[5] [6]}

Some of southwest Louisiana was developed for industrial processing and export of oil products. In some areas, wetlands were drained and bayous dredged for navigation. This has been found to increase erosion of the wetlands and loss to area soils, with loss of coastline. Small farmers and hunters continued to make subsistence living in some rural areas.

From the mid-20th century to the early 21st century, the parish was severely damaged four times and its history was marked by hurricanes Audrey, Rita, Ike, and Laura.

It was devastated by Hurricane Audrey on June 27, 1957, which caused more than 390 deaths. Authors Nola Mae Ross and Susan McFillen Goodson chronicled the stories of many survivors in their book Hurricane Audrey (1997). ^[7] National press coverage at the time recounted tales of tragedy and heroism. ^[8] The American Medical Association honored a local Cameron physician, Cecil Clark, as the 'General Practitioner of the Year' in recognition of his dedicated service despite the great personal loss. ^[9] Hurricane Audrey was a defining event for Cameron Parish for nearly 50 years, with local history being divided into "before" and "after" the storm.

21st century

On September 24, 2005, much of the parish was destroyed by Hurricane Rita. The movie Little Chenier was filmed in Southwest Louisiana just prior to Hurricane Rita. It contains some of the only film images of the area before it was destroyed.

In 2008, three years after Rita, Hurricane Ike came ashore at High Island, TX with a 22-foot (6.7 m) storm surge, which was far worse than Rita's 10-foot (3.0 m) surge. ^[10] Nearly all of the coastline in that area was flooded heavily, with surge and floodwaters reaching 60 miles inland, ^[11] as far north as Lake Charles. ^[12] In Cameron Parish the communities of Cameron, Holly Beach, Hackberry, Creole, and Grand Chenier were essentially destroyed. From 2000 to 2010, the population in the parish dropped by nearly one-third as a result of the two hurricanes in 2005 and 2008.

In 2020, Hurricane Laura made landfall near Cameron, boasting winds of over 150-mile-per-hour (240 km/h) winds and 9-foot (2.7 m) storm surge early on August 27, with the water reaching northwards towards Lake Charles. Hurricane Delta made landfall in Creole six weeks later as a Category 2 hurricane with 100-mile-per-hour (160 km/h) winds on October 9, 2020.

There are tourist destinations for hunting and fishing.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 1,937 square miles (5,020 km²), of which 1,285 square miles (3,330 km²) is land and 652 square miles (1,690 km²) (34%) is water. ^[13] It is the third-largest parish in Louisiana by land area and fourth-largest by total area. Most of the water is associated with marsh on the Gulf of Mexico.

Major highways

• Louisiana Highway 14
• Louisiana Highway 27
• Louisiana Highway 82

Adjacent counties and parishes

• Calcasieu Parish (northwest)
• Jefferson Davis Parish (northeast)
• Vermilion Parish (east)
• Jefferson County, Texas (southwest)
• Orange County, Texas (west)

National protected areas

• Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge
• East Cove National Wildlife Refuge
• Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge (part)
• Sabine National Wildlife Refuge

Communities

There are no incorporated communities in Cameron Parish.

Census-designated places

• Cameron (parish seat)
• Hackberry

Unincorporated communities

• Creole
• Grand Chenier
• Grand Lake
• Holly Beach
• Johnson Bayou

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1870	1,591		—
1880	2,416		51.9%
1890	2,828		17.1%
1900	3,952		39.7%
1910	4,288		8.5%
1920	3,952		−7.8%
1930	6,054		53.2%
1940	7,203		19.0%
1950	6,244		−13.3%
1960	6,909		10.7%
1970	8,194		18.6%
1980	9,336		13.9%
1990	9,260		−0.8%
2000	9,991		7.9%
2010	6,839		−31.5%
2020	5,617		−17.9%
U.S. Decennial Census [14] 1790-1960 [15] 1900-1990 [16] 1990-2000 [17] 2010-2013 [18]

The population of the parish dropped by nearly one-third in the decade from 2000 to 2010; it was marked in 2005 and 2008 by extensive damage from hurricanes Rita and Ike.

Cameron Parish racial composition as of 2020 ^[19]

Race	Num.	Perc.
White (non-Hispanic)	5,174	92.11%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	71	1.26%
Native American	28	0.5%
Asian	13	0.23%
Pacific Islander	1	0.02%
Other/Mixed	133	2.37%
Hispanic or Latino	197	3.51%

According to the 2020 United States census, there were 5,617 people, 2,734 households, and 2,110 families residing in the parish. During the 2010 United States census, there were 6,839 people living in the parish; among them, 95.7% were White, 1.7% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.8% of some other race and 1.1% of two or more races. 2.3% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 46.5% were of French, French Canadian or Cajun ancestry, 18.7% American, 5.8% English and 5.0% Irish ancestry. ^[20] By 2020, its racial makeup was 92.11% non-Hispanic white, 1.26% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.37% other or mixed, and 3.51% Hispanic or Latino of any race. ^[19]

Education

Cameron Parish School Board operates local public schools within all of Cameron Parish. ^[21]

Cameron Parish is in the service area of Sowela Technical Community College. ^[22]

Cameron Parish Public Library is a public library system in Cameron Parish. All of the libraries are located in unincorporated areas.

The main Cameron Parish Library is at 512 Marshall Street. ^[23] It was formerly at 469 Marshall Street in the Cameron CDP. ^[24]

The system operates six ^[23]

• Grand Chenier Branch at 2863 Grand Chenier Highway in the Grand Chenier area
• Grand Lake Branch at 10200 Gulf Hwy in the Grand Lake area
• Hackberry Branch at 613 Main Street in the Hackberry CDP
• Johnson Bayou Branch at 4586 Gulf Beach Highway in the Johnson Bayou area
• Lowry Branch at 454 Lowry Highway in the Lowry area

Politics

Cameron Parish, once solidly Democratic, has trended sharply Republican in recent years. Like other Acadian parishes with large Cajun populations, Cameron has turned sharply right in the 21st century based on cultural issues and Democrats' discomfort with the oil and gas industry. ^[25] The Republican nominee has won upwards of 80% of the vote in every presidential election since 2008.

United States presidential election results for Cameron Parish, Louisiana ^[26]

Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	3,671	90.89%	324	8.02%	44	1.09%
2016	3,256	88.19%	323	8.75%	113	3.06%
2012	3,260	87.07%	408	10.90%	76	2.03%
2008	3,089	81.44%	613	16.16%	91	2.40%
2004	3,190	68.75%	1,367	29.46%	83	1.79%
2000	2,593	61.99%	1,435	34.31%	155	3.71%
1996	1,365	32.91%	2,103	50.70%	680	16.39%
1992	1,329	30.64%	1,985	45.76%	1,024	23.61%
1988	1,775	43.61%	2,257	55.45%	38	0.93%
1984	2,265	57.99%	1,608	41.17%	33	0.84%
1980	1,449	38.15%	2,221	58.48%	128	3.37%
1976	819	24.54%	2,432	72.86%	87	2.61%
1972	1,391	60.90%	739	32.36%	154	6.74%
1968	405	15.62%	533	20.56%	1,655	63.83%
1964	871	35.59%	1,576	64.41%	0	0.00%
1960	322	13.76%	1,944	83.08%	74	3.16%
1956	547	40.22%	794	58.38%	19	1.40%
1952	684	40.50%	1,005	59.50%	0	0.00%
1948	87	7.75%	742	66.07%	294	26.18%
1944	86	7.74%	1,025	92.26%	0	0.00%
1940	48	3.92%	1,175	96.08%	0	0.00%
1936	16	1.48%	1,067	98.52%	0	0.00%
1932	10	1.05%	938	98.95%	0	0.00%
1928	41	9.51%	390	90.49%	0	0.00%
1924	20	5.36%	353	94.64%	0	0.00%
1920	11	7.01%	146	92.99%	0	0.00%
1916	10	5.78%	163	94.22%	0	0.00%
1912	13	9.22%	119	84.40%	9	6.38%

Notable people

• Gilbert Franklin Hennigan, represented Cameron Parish in the Louisiana State Senate from 1944 to 1956; he resided at the time in DeRidder in Beauregard Parish.
• Doug Kershaw, musician, was born in Cameron Parish on January 24, 1936.
• Conway LeBleu, Lake Charles native, represented Calcasieu and Cameron parishes in the Louisiana House from 1964 to 1988 ^[27]

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Cameron Parish, Louisiana

• United States portal

References

1. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
2. Nola Mae Ross, "Broussard family traced back to roots in France", Cameron Parish Pilot (Cameron, LA), 24 May 2012; retrieved 4 January 2017
3. Perrin, W.H. (1891) Southwest Louisiana Biographical and Historical, Reprinted 1971. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Claitor's Publishing Division
4. W.T. Block, "CALCASIEU PARISH, LA: HOTBED OF THE CIVIL WAR JAYHAWKERS", W.T. Block website and blog, 1988-2016
5. Theron Wasson (1948) "Creole Field, Gulf of Mexico, Coast of Louisiana" in Structure of Typical American Oil Fields, v.3, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p.281-298.
6. Edgar Wesley Owen (1975) Trek of the Oil Finders, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 6, p.800.
7. Ross, N.M. and S.M. Goodson. 1997. Hurricane Audrey. Wise Publications, Sulphur, Louisiana. ISBN   1-887144-08-0.
8. "Hurricane season starts early - and it's deadly.", Life magazine (1957) 43(2):8-13.
9. "The General Practitioner's Award." 1957. J Am Med Assoc. 165(16):2089.
10. Margaret Saizan. "A Visual Story of Hurricane Rita". New York Review. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
11. "Mega Surge". dallasnews.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
12. "Surge floodwaters". dallasnews.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
13. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
14. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
15. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
16. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
17. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
18. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
19. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
20. ""American FactFinder"". Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
21. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Cameron Parish, LA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022. - Text list
22. "Our Colleges". Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges . Retrieved June 3, 2021.
23. "About Our Branches". Cameron Parish Public Library. Retrieved February 29, 2024. Cameron Main Library 512 Marshall St Cameron, LA 70631
24. "Louisiana Library Directory." State Library of Louisiana . Accessed September 22, 2008.
25. Martin, Jonathan (November 16, 2019). "Why the Louisiana Governor's Race Is So Close". The New York Times.
26. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
27. "Biographical Sketch". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2015.

External links

• Images from Cameron Parish ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
• Cameron Parish Sheriff's Office

Geology

• Heinrich, P. V., 2005, Lake Charles 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Heinrich, P. V., 2006, White Lake 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Heinrich, P. V., J. Snead, and R. P. McCulloh, 2002, Lake Charles 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Heinrich, P. V., J. Snead, and R. P. McCulloh, 2003, Crowley 30 x 60 minute geologic quadrangle. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

29°51′N93°12′W / 29.85°N 93.20°W / 29.85; -93.20