Twenty-second census of the United States | ||
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General information | ||
Country | United States | |
Results | ||
Total population | 281,421,906 ( 13.2%) | |
Most populous | California (33,871,648) | |
Least populous | Wyoming (493,782) |
The 2000 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2 percent over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 census. [1] This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. [2]
Approximately 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 2000 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
This was the first census in which a state— California —recorded a population of over 30 million, as well as the first in which two states—California and Texas —recorded populations of more than 20 million.
Microdata from the 2000 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. [3]
Rank | State | Population as of 2000 census [4] | Population as of 1990 census [4] | Change | Percent change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | California | 33,871,648 | 29,760,021 | 4,111,627 | 13.8% |
2 | Texas | 20,851,820 | 16,986,510 | 3,865,510 | 22.8% |
3 | New York | 18,976,457 | 17,990,455 | 986,002 | 5.5% |
4 | Florida | 15,982,378 | 12,937,926 | 3,044,452 | 23.5% |
5 | Illinois | 12,419,293 | 11,430,602 | 988,691 | 8.6% |
6 | Pennsylvania | 12,281,054 | 11,881,643 | 399,411 | 3.4% |
7 | Ohio | 11,353,140 | 10,847,115 | 506,025 | 4.7% |
8 | Michigan | 9,938,444 | 9,295,297 | 643,147 | 6.9% |
9 | New Jersey | 8,414,350 | 7,730,188 | 684,162 | 8.9% |
10 | Georgia | 8,186,453 | 6,478,216 | 1,708,237 | 26.4% |
11 | North Carolina | 8,049,313 | 6,628,637 | 1,420,676 | 21.4% |
12 | Virginia | 7,078,515 | 6,187,358 | 891,157 | 14.4% |
13 | Massachusetts | 6,349,097 | 6,016,425 | 332,672 | 5.5% |
14 | Indiana | 6,080,485 | 5,544,159 | 536,326 | 9.7% |
15 | Washington | 5,894,121 | 4,866,692 | 1,027,429 | 21.1% |
16 | Tennessee | 5,689,283 | 4,877,185 | 812,098 | 16.7% |
17 | Missouri | 5,595,211 | 5,117,073 | 478,138 | 9.3% |
18 | Wisconsin | 5,363,675 | 4,891,769 | 471,906 | 9.6% |
19 | Maryland | 5,296,486 | 4,781,468 | 515,018 | 10.8% |
20 | Arizona | 5,130,632 | 3,665,228 | 1,465,404 | 40.0% |
21 | Minnesota | 4,919,479 | 4,375,099 | 544,380 | 12.4% |
22 | Louisiana | 4,468,976 | 4,219,973 | 249,003 | 5.9% |
23 | Alabama | 4,447,100 | 4,040,587 | 406,513 | 10.1% |
24 | Colorado | 4,301,261 | 3,294,394 | 1,006,867 | 30.6% |
25 | Kentucky | 4,041,769 | 3,685,296 | 356,473 | 9.7% |
26 | South Carolina | 4,012,012 | 3,486,703 | 525,309 | 15.1% |
27 | Oklahoma | 3,450,654 | 3,145,585 | 305,069 | 9.7% |
28 | Oregon | 3,421,399 | 2,842,321 | 579,078 | 20.4% |
29 | Connecticut | 3,405,565 | 3,287,116 | 118,449 | 3.6% |
30 | Iowa | 2,926,324 | 2,776,755 | 149,569 | 5.4% |
31 | Mississippi | 2,844,658 | 2,573,216 | 271,442 | 10.5% |
32 | Kansas | 2,688,418 | 2,477,574 | 210,844 | 8.5% |
33 | Arkansas | 2,673,400 | 2,350,725 | 322,675 | 13.7% |
34 | Utah | 2,233,169 | 1,722,850 | 510,319 | 29.6% |
35 | Nevada | 1,998,257 | 1,201,833 | 796,424 | 66.3% |
36 | New Mexico | 1,819,046 | 1,515,069 | 303,977 | 20.1% |
37 | West Virginia | 1,808,344 | 1,793,477 | 14,867 | 0.8% |
38 | Nebraska | 1,711,263 | 1,578,385 | 132,878 | 8.4% |
39 | Idaho | 1,293,953 | 1,006,749 | 287,204 | 28.5% |
40 | Maine | 1,274,923 | 1,227,928 | 46,995 | 3.8% |
41 | New Hampshire | 1,235,786 | 1,109,252 | 126,534 | 11.4% |
42 | Hawaii | 1,211,537 | 1,108,229 | 103,308 | 9.3% |
43 | Rhode Island | 1,048,319 | 1,003,464 | 44,855 | 4.5% |
44 | Montana | 902,195 | 799,065 | 103,130 | 12.9% |
45 | Delaware | 783,600 | 666,168 | 117,432 | 17.6% |
46 | South Dakota | 754,844 | 696,004 | 58,840 | 8.5% |
47 | North Dakota | 642,200 | 638,800 | 3,400 | 0.5% |
48 | Alaska | 626,932 | 550,043 | 76,889 | 14.0% |
49 | Vermont | 608,827 | 562,758 | 46,069 | 8.2% |
– | District of Columbia | 572,059 | 606,900 | -34,841 | -5.7% |
50 | Wyoming | 493,782 | 453,588 | 40,194 | 8.9% |
United States | 281,421,906 | 248,709,873 | 32,712,033 | 13.2% |
Rank | City | State | Population [5] | Region |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New York | NY | 8,008,278 | Northeast |
2 | Los Angeles | CA | 3,694,820 | West |
3 | Chicago | IL | 2,896,016 | Midwest |
4 | Houston | TX | 1,953,631 | South |
5 | Philadelphia | PA | 1,517,550 | Northeast |
6 | Phoenix | AZ | 1,321,045 | West |
7 | San Diego | CA | 1,223,400 | West |
8 | Dallas | TX | 1,188,580 | South |
9 | San Antonio | TX | 1,144,646 | South |
10 | Detroit | MI | 951,270 | Midwest |
11 | San Jose | CA | 894,943 | West |
12 | Indianapolis | IN | 791,926 | Midwest |
13 | San Francisco | CA | 776,733 | West |
14 | Jacksonville | FL | 735,617 | South |
15 | Columbus | OH | 711,470 | Midwest |
16 | Austin | TX | 656,562 | South |
17 | Baltimore | MD | 651,154 | South |
18 | Memphis | TN | 650,100 | South |
19 | Milwaukee | WI | 596,974 | Midwest |
20 | Boston | MA | 589,141 | Northeast |
21 | Washington | DC | 572,059 | South |
22 | Nashville-Davidson | TN | 569,891 | South |
23 | El Paso | TX | 563,662 | South |
24 | Seattle | WA | 563,374 | West |
25 | Denver | CO | 554,636 | West |
26 | Charlotte | NC | 540,828 | South |
27 | Fort Worth | TX | 534,694 | South |
28 | Portland | OR | 529,121 | West |
29 | Oklahoma City | OK | 506,132 | South |
30 | Tucson | AZ | 486,699 | West |
31 | New Orleans | LA | 484,674 | South |
32 | Las Vegas | NV | 478,434 | West |
33 | Cleveland | OH | 478,403 | Midwest |
34 | Long Beach | CA | 461,522 | West |
35 | Albuquerque | NM | 448,607 | West |
36 | Kansas City | MO | 441,545 | Midwest |
37 | Fresno | CA | 427,652 | West |
38 | Virginia Beach | VA | 425,257 | South |
39 | San Juan | PR | 421,958 | |
40 | Atlanta | GA | 416,474 | South |
41 | Sacramento | CA | 407,018 | West |
42 | Oakland | CA | 399,484 | West |
43 | Mesa | AZ | 396,375 | West |
44 | Tulsa | OK | 393,049 | South |
45 | Omaha | NE | 390,007 | Midwest |
46 | Minneapolis | MN | 382,618 | Midwest |
47 | Honolulu | HI | 371,657 | West |
48 | Miami | FL | 362,470 | South |
49 | Colorado Springs | CO | 360,890 | West |
50 | St. Louis | MO | 348,189 | Midwest |
51 | Wichita | KS | 344,284 | Midwest |
52 | Santa Ana | CA | 337,977 | West |
53 | Pittsburgh | PA | 334,563 | Northeast |
54 | Arlington | TX | 332,969 | South |
55 | Cincinnati | OH | 331,285 | Midwest |
56 | Anaheim | CA | 328,014 | West |
57 | Toledo | OH | 313,619 | Midwest |
58 | Tampa | FL | 303,447 | South |
59 | Buffalo | NY | 292,648 | Northeast |
60 | St. Paul | MN | 287,151 | Midwest |
61 | Corpus Christi | TX | 277,454 | South |
62 | Aurora | CO | 276,393 | West |
63 | Raleigh | NC | 276,093 | South |
64 | Newark | NJ | 273,546 | Northeast |
65 | Lexington-Fayette | KY | 260,512 | South |
66 | Anchorage | AK | 260,283 | West |
67 | Louisville | KY | 256,231 | South |
68 | Riverside | CA | 255,166 | West |
69 | St. Petersburg | FL | 248,232 | South |
70 | Bakersfield | CA | 247,057 | West |
71 | Stockton | CA | 243,771 | West |
72 | Birmingham | AL | 242,820 | South |
73 | Jersey City | NJ | 240,055 | Northeast |
74 | Norfolk | VA | 234,403 | South |
75 | Baton Rouge | LA | 227,818 | South |
76 | Hialeah | FL | 226,419 | South |
77 | Lincoln | NE | 225,581 | Midwest |
78 | Greensboro | NC | 223,891 | South |
79 | Plano | TX | 222,030 | South |
80 | Rochester | NY | 219,773 | Northeast |
81 | Glendale | AZ | 218,812 | West |
82 | Akron | OH | 217,074 | Midwest |
83 | Garland | TX | 215,768 | South |
84 | Madison | WI | 208,054 | Midwest |
85 | Fort Wayne | IN | 205,727 | Midwest |
86 | Bayamon | PR | 203,499 | |
87 | Fremont | CA | 203,413 | West |
88 | Scottsdale | AZ | 202,705 | West |
89 | Montgomery | AL | 201,568 | South |
90 | Shreveport | LA | 200,145 | South |
91 | Augusta-Richmond County | GA | 199,775 | South |
92 | Lubbock | TX | 199,564 | South |
93 | Chesapeake | VA | 199,184 | South |
94 | Mobile | AL | 198,915 | South |
95 | Des Moines | IA | 198,682 | Midwest |
96 | Grand Rapids | MI | 197,800 | Midwest |
97 | Richmond | VA | 197,790 | South |
98 | Yonkers | NY | 196,086 | Northeast |
99 | Spokane | WA | 195,629 | West |
100 | Glendale | CA | 194,973 | West |
The U.S. resident population includes the total number of people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico; its population was 3,808,610, an 8.1% increase over the number from a decade earlier.
In an introduction to a more detailed population profile (see references below), the Census Bureau highlighted the following facts about U.S. population dynamics:
Regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nation's population increase: 14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the mean center of U.S. population moved to Phelps County, Missouri. The Northeastern United States grew by 2,785,149; the Midwest by 4,724,144.
(maps not to scale)
The results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U.S. Code, to reapportion among the states the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives. The apportionment population consists of the resident population of the fifty states, plus the overseas military and federal civilian employees and their dependents living with them who could be allocated to a state. Each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S. House of Representatives.
Since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." In 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, and in 1911 the number of representatives was fixed at 435. Today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents.
In the years leading up to the 2000 census, there was substantial controversy over whether the Bureau should adjust census figures based on a follow-up survey, called the post-enumeration survey, of a sample of blocks. (In 1999, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that the Constitution prohibits the use of such figures for apportionment purposes, but it may be permissible for other purposes where feasible.) The controversy was partly technical, but also partly political, since based on data from the 1990 census both parties believed that adjustment would likely have the effect, after redistricting, of slightly increasing Democratic representation in legislative bodies, but would also give Utah an additional, probably Republican, representative to Congress. [8] [9]
Following the census, discrepancies between the adjusted census figures and demographic estimates of population change could not be resolved in time to meet legal deadlines for the provision of redistricting data, and the Census Bureau therefore recommended that the unadjusted results be used for this purpose. [10] This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce (the official in charge of making the determination).
After the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth congressional seat, falling 857 people short, which in turn was allocated to North Carolina. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the federal government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. [11] The Census Bureau counted members of the military and other federal civilian employees serving abroad as residents of their home state but did not count other people living outside the United States. Utah claimed that people traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents and that the failure to do so imposed a burden on Mormon religious practice. Almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 people, were from Utah; only 102 came from North Carolina. If this policy were changed, then Utah would have received an additional seat instead of North Carolina. On November 26, 2002, the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court ruling that rejected Utah's efforts to have Mormon missionaries counted. [12]
The state of Utah then filed another lawsuit alleging that the statistical methods used in computing the state populations were improper and cost Utah the seat. The Bureau uses a method called imputation to assign a number of residents to addresses where residents cannot be reached after multiple efforts. While nationwide the imputation method added 0.4% to the population, the rate in Utah was 0.2%. The state challenged that the use of imputation violates the Census Act of 1957 and that it also fails the Constitution's requirement in Article I, Section 2 that an "actual enumeration" be used for apportionment. [13] This case, Utah v. Evans , made it to the Supreme Court, but Utah was again defeated. [14]
The census forms did not include any questions regarding sexual orientation, making it impossible to compile data comparing heterosexual and homosexual populations. However, two questions were asked that allowed same-sex partnerships to be counted. The questionnaires asked the sex of each person in a household and they asked what the relationship was between each of the members of the household. Respondents could check "Husband/wife" or "unmarried partner" or a number of other relationships. [15] [16] Responses were tabulated and the Census Bureau reported that there were more than 658,000 same-sex couples heading households in the United States. However, only about 25% of gay men and 40% of lesbians are in shared-household partnerships at any one time, according to non-census surveys. [17] For every same-sex couple tallied in the census, there could be three to six more homosexual un-partnered individuals who would not be counted as gay. The census reported that same-sex male couples numbered 336,001 and female same-sex couples numbered 329,522. [18] Extrapolating from those figures and the surveyed partnering habits of homosexuals, as many as 4.3 million homosexual adults could have been living in the U.S. in 2000. The exact number cannot be known because the census did not count them specifically. Bisexual and transgender populations were not counted, either, because there were no questions regarding this information. Also unavailable is the number of additional same-sex couples living under the same roof as the first, though this applies to additional heterosexual couples as well. The lack of accurate numbers makes it difficult for lawmakers who are considering legislation on hate crimes or social services for gay families with children. [19] It also makes for less accuracy when predicting the fertility of a population. [20]
Another issue that concerned gay rights advocates involved the automatic changing of data during the tabulation process. This automatic software data compiling method, called allocation, was designed to counteract mistakes and discrepancies in returned questionnaires. Forms that were filled out by two same-sex persons who checked the "Husband/wife" relationship box were treated as a discrepancy. The Census Bureau explained that same-sex "Husband/wife" data samples were changed to "unmarried partner" by computer processing methods in 99% of the cases. In the remaining 1%, computer systems used one of two possibilities: a) one of the two listed sexes was changed, making the partnership appear heterosexual, or b) if the two partners were more than 15 years apart in age, they might have been reassigned into a familial parent/child relationship. [21] The process of automatic reassignment of same-sex marriage data was initiated so that the Census Bureau would not contravene the Defense of Marriage Act passed in 1996. The Act states:
In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word 'marriage' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word 'spouse' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife. [21]
With allocation moving married same-sex couples to the unmarried partner category, social scientists lost information that could have been extracted relating to the social stability of a same-gender couple who identify themselves as married. [20]
The United States had an official estimated resident population of 335,893,238 on Jan 1, 2024, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. This figure includes the 50 states and Washington, D.C. but excludes the population of five unincorporated U.S. territories as well as several minor island possessions. The United States is the third most populous country in the world, and the most populous in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere. The Census Bureau showed a population increase of 0.4% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2022, below the world average annual rate of 0.9%. The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2022 is 1.665 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. By several metrics, including racial and ethnic background, religious affiliation, and percentage of rural and urban divide, Illinois is the most representative of the larger demography of the United States.
Bleckley County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,583. The county seat is Cochran.
Storrie is an unincorporated community and former census-designated place (CDP) in Plumas County, California and about 20 miles northeast of Lake Oroville. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP had a population of four.
Big River is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 1,084 at the 2020 census, down from 1,327 at the 2010 census.
Broadmoor is a census-designated place (CDP) in an unincorporated area of San Mateo County, California, United States. The enclave is entirely surrounded by Daly City. The population was 4,176 at the 2010 census.
The United States census is a census that is legally mandated by the Constitution of the United States. It takes place every ten years. The first census after the American Revolution was taken in 1790 under Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. There have been 23 federal censuses since that time. The census includes territories of the United States. The United States Census Bureau is responsible for conducting the census.
The American Community Survey (ACS) is an annual demographics survey program conducted by the United States Census Bureau. It regularly gathers information previously contained only in the long form of the decennial census, including ancestry, US citizenship status, educational attainment, income, language proficiency, migration, disability, employment, and housing characteristics. These data are used by many public-sector, private-sector, and not-for-profit stakeholders to allocate funding, track shifting demographics, plan for emergencies, and learn about local communities.
Ahwahnee is a census-designated place in Madera County, California, United States. It is located 5.25 miles (8.4 km) west of Yosemite Forks, at an elevation of 2,326 feet (709 m). The population was 2,296 at the 2020 census.
The 2010 United States census was the 23rd United States census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010. The census was taken via mail-in citizen self-reporting, with enumerators serving to spot-check randomly selected neighborhoods and communities. As part of a drive to increase the count's accuracy, 635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, a 9.7% increase from the 2000 United States Census. This was the first census in which all states recorded a population of over 500,000 people as well as the first in which all 100 largest cities recorded populations of over 200,000.
The 1880 United States census, conducted by the Census Office during June 1880, was the tenth United States census. It was the first time that women were permitted to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker. This was the first census in which a city—New York City—recorded a population of over one million, and the first census in which the 20 most populated cities all recorded over 100,000 residents.
The 1870 United States census was the ninth United States census. It was conducted by the Census Office from June 1, 1870, to August 23, 1871. The 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves were granted freedom. The total population was 38,925,598 with a resident population of 38,558,371 individuals, a 22.6% increase from 1860.
The 1900 United States census, conducted by the Census Office on June 1, 1900, determined the resident population of the United States to be 76,212,168, an increase of 21.01% from the 62,979,766 persons enumerated during the 1890 census. It was the last census to be conducted before the founding of the permanent United States Census Bureau.
The 1940 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 132,164,569, an increase of 7.6 percent over the 1930 population of 122,775,046 people. The census date of record was April 1, 1940.
The 1960 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 179,323,175, an increase of 19 percent over the 151,325,798 persons enumerated during the 1950 census. This was the first census in which all states recorded a population of over 200,000. This census's data determined the electoral votes for the 1964 and 1968 presidential elections. This was also the last census in which New York was the most populous state.
Domestic partnerships were established in the state of Maine by statute in April 2004, taking effect on July 30, 2004. This placed Maine in the category of U.S. states that offered limited recognition of same-sex relationships, but not all of the legal protections of marriage, as Maine does not recognize common law marriages.
Kelseyville Riviera is a planned community in Lake County, California. In 2021, its name was changed from Clearlake Rivera by its homeowners association. The population was 3,410 at the 2020 census.
Nipinnawasee is a census-designated place in Madera County, California, United States. It is located 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of Miami Mountain in the Sierra Nevada, 14 miles (22.5 km) southeast of Mariposa, at an elevation of 2,930 feet (890 m). The population was 434 at the 2020 census.
The demographics of sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States have been studied in the social sciences in recent decades. A 2022 Gallup poll concluded that 7.1% of adult Americans identified as LGBT. A different survey in 2016, from the Williams Institute, estimated that 0.6% of U.S. adults identify as transgender. As of 2022, estimates for the total percentage of U.S. adults that are transgender or nonbinary range from 0.5% to 1.6%. Additionally, a Pew Research survey from 2022 found that approximately 5% of young adults in the U.S. say their gender is different from their sex assigned at birth.
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