White Hispanic and Latino Americans

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White Hispanic and Latino Americans
Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos blancos
Total population
12,579,626 (white alone)
20.3% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans and 3.8% of the U.S. population
31,521,221 (white alone or in combination)
50.8% of all Latino Americans and 9.6% of the U.S. population [1] [2] (2020)
Regions with significant populations
Nationwide, concentrated in Southwest
Flag of Texas.svg  Texas 3,024,768
26.4% of Hispanics and Latinos
10.4% of total population [3]
Flag of California.svg  California 2,581,535
16.6% of Hispanics and Latinos
6.5% of total population [4]
Flag of Florida.svg  Florida 1,322,458
23.2% of Hispanics and Latinos
6.1% of total population [5]
Flag of New Mexico.svg  New Mexico 305,985
30.3% of Hispanics and Latinos
14.5% of total population [6]
Languages
English, Spanish, Portuguese, Spanglish, Porglish [ citation needed ]
Religion
Roman Catholicism, sizeable Protestantism
 •Minority: Judaism [ citation needed ]
Related ethnic groups
White Latin Americans, White Americans, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Spanish Americans, Portuguese Americans, Italian Americans, French Americans, Romanian Americans

White Hispanic and Latino Americans, also called Euro-Hispanics, [7] Euro-Latinos, [8] White Hispanics, [9] or White Latinos, [10] are Americans of white ancestry and ancestry from Latin America. It also refers to people of European ancestry from Latin America that speak Spanish or Portuguese natively and immigrated to the United States. [11] [12] [13]

Contents

Based on the definitions created by the Office of Management and Budget and the US Census Bureau, the concepts of race and ethnicity are mutually independent. For the Census Bureau, ethnicity distinguishes between those who report ancestral or cultural origins in Spain or Latin America (Hispanic and Latino Americans), and those who do not (non-Hispanic Americans). [12] [13] [14] From 1850 to 1920, Mexicans in the United States were generally classified as white by the U.S. census. [15] In 1930, "Mexican" was officially added as a racial category on the United States census but was soon after removed due to political pressure from the Mexican consul general in New York, the Mexican ambassador in Washington, the Mexican government itself, Mexican Americans, and the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) who protested the exclusion of mixed-race Latinos in comparison to White Latinos or Euro-Latinos from whiteness. [15] In 1970, a 5 percent sample of the census was asked if their "origin or descent" was Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or Other Spanish. [15] In 1980, the full population was asked about "Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent" identifying three nationalities ("Mexican, Mexican-American, Chicano"). [15] Thereafter "Latino" was classified solely as an ethnicity separate from race. [16] In 2000, the US Census Bureau allowed persons to check multiple race identifiers. [17]

As of 2020, 62 million or 18.7% of residents of the United States of America identified as Hispanic or Latino of which 12.5 million or 20.3% self-identified as white alone [18] down from the 2019 American Community Survey when 38.3 million, or 65.5% of Latinos self-identified as white. [19]

History

Some Euro-Latinos/White Latinos in the United States of America today are descended from original Spanish colonists who settled the so-called "internal provinces" and Louisiana of New Spain. As the United States expanded westward, it annexed lands with a long-established population of Spanish-speaking settlers, who were sometimes overwhelmingly or exclusively of white Spanish ancestry (cf. White Mexican). [20] This group became known as Hispanos. Prior to incorporation into the United States of America (and briefly, into Independent Texas), Hispanos that were fully Spanish, (criollos) had enjoyed a privileged status in the society of New Spain and later in post-colonial Mexico. The vast majority of Hispanos however, were racially mestizo, and thus weren't always seen as white by U.S standards.

Racial identity

Concepts of multiracial identity have existed in Latin America since the colonial era, originating in a Spanish caste system. During the 20th century, the concept of mestizaje , or 'blending', was adopted as a national identity by a number of Latin American countries in order to reduce racial conflict. [21]

A 2014 Pew Research Center survey found that one-third of US Latinos identify as "mestizo", "mulatto", or another multiracial identity. [21] Such identities often conflict with standard racial classifications in the United States: among Latino American adults surveyed by Pew Research who identified as multiracial, about 40% reported their race as "white" on standard race question as used on the US Census; 13% reported belonging to more than one race or "mixed race"; while about 20% chose "Latino" as their race. [21]

Demographics

White Hispanics as a population pyramid in 2020 Hispanic Whites population pyramid in 2020.svg
White Hispanics as a population pyramid in 2020

The top 10 U.S. states with the largest White alone population.

White alone Hispanics by state (2020) [22]
StatePopulation% of state% of all Hispanics
Texas 3,024,768-26.4
California 2,581,535-16.6
Florida 1,322,458-23.2
New York 544,442-13.8
Arizona 505,790-23.1
Illinois 395,476-16.9
Colorado 322,264-25.5
New Mexico 305,985-30.3
New Jersey 295,899-14.8
Nevada 162,511-18.3

White Hispanics are widespread, with California and Texas being two states with some of the highest populations of Hispanics self identifying as white. [23] West Virginia has the highest percentage of the overall population identifying as White Hispanic with 34.2%. The commonwealth of Puerto Rico had a White population of 536,044 or 16.5% of all Hispanics with an additional 24,548 people who were white alone (but not Hispanic or Latino) representing 66.7% of all non-Hispanics. [24]

White alone Hispanics by percent (2020) [25]
StatePopulation % of all Hispanics
West Virginia 11,91534.2
Montana 15,20633.6
Maine 8,77733.0
Wyoming 18,71031.7
New Mexico 305,98530.3
Vermont 4,55029.3
North Dakota 9,77829.3
Alaska 13,63427.4
Michigan 149,32326.5
Texas 3,024,76826.4

In the 2000 census, the responses that contained a race specified by the Office of Management and Budget and a race not specified by OMB, were reclassified to match the races that OMB had considered. In this way, 44.24% of the Hispanic population that had marked as white and another race not specified by the OMB was recategorized as only white. [26]

Hispanics and Latinos who are native-born and those who are immigrant identify as white in nearly identical percentages: 53.9 and 53.7, respectively, per figures from 2007. The overall Hispanic or Latino ratio was 53.8%. [27]

In 2017, the Pew Research Center reported that high intermarriage rates and declining Latin American immigration has led to 11% of US adults with Hispanic ancestry (5.0 million people) to no longer identify as Hispanic. [28] First generation immigrants from Spain & Latin America identify as Hispanic at very high rates (97%) which reduces in each succeeding generation, second generation (92%), third generation (77%), and fourth generation (50%). [28]

Population by national origin

2010 census [29]
National originSelf-identified
white pop.		 % who self-identified as white
Caribbean 4,400,07156.2%
Puerto Rican 2,455,53453
Cuban 1,525,52185.4
Dominican 419,01629.6
Central American 18,491,77751.7%
Mexican 16,794,11153
Salvadoran 663,22447
Guatemalan 401,76336.8
South American 1,825,468 65.9
All other Hispanic 2,018,39750
Totals26,735,71353

Some Hispanic or Latino American groups that have white majorities or pluralities originate in countries that do not. For example, Mexico's white only population is 9% to 17%, [30] [31] while Mexico is majoritarily mestizo, meaning that they have mixed European and Native American ancestry, while 52.8% of Mexican Americans are white, or identify themselves as white in the Census (See the table). The differences in racial perceptions that exist in both countries are considered: the concept of race in Mexico is subtle not only including physical clues such as skin color but also cultural dispositions, morality, economic, and intellectual status. It is not static or well defined but rather is defined and redefined by the situation. This makes racial distinctions different from those in other countries such as the United States. [32] [33]

Other important differences lay in the criteria and formats used for the censuses in each country: In Mexico, the only ethnic census including categories other than Amerindian (dated back to 1921) performed by the government offered the following options in the questionnaire: [34]

The census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due cultural influence. [35] On the other hand, while only 2.9% of the population of the United States identifies as mixed race [36] there is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but historical and cultural reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture they were raised in. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally. [37]

Representation in the media

Judith Ortiz Cofer noted that appellation varies according to geographical location, observing that in Puerto Rico she was considered white, but in the United States she was considered a "brown person." [38]

Myrtle Gonzalez was one such American actress in the silent film era; she starred in at least 78 motion pictures from 1913 to 1917. [39] Anita Page was an American actress of Spanish descent who reached stardom in 1928, during the last years of the silent film. [40] Page was referred to as "a blond, blue-eyed Latin". [41] [42] Hilary Swank an American actress and film producer recipient of numerous awards, including two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. Her maternal grandmother, Frances Martha Clough (née Dominguez), was born in El Centro, California, and was of Mexican descent. [43]

Telenovelas (soap operas) have been criticized for not fully reflecting the racial diversity of Hispanic and Latin Americans, and for underrepresenting non-white Hispanic and Latin Americans, in favor of those that are of lighter complexion, blonde-haired and blue/green-eyed rather than the typical Hispanic and Latin Americans. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]

White Hispanic/white Latino literature originating from the San Joaquin Valley revolves around the lives and stories of farmworkers. [53] : 45  Meanwhile, the autobiographies of white stateside Puerto Ricans and the poetry of the Nuyorican Movement are most often about their socioeconomic concerns. [53] : page 

A total of 27% of Hispanics marry outside their ethnicity. Non-Hispanic white/Hispanic intermarriage is the most common intermarriage in the United States representing 42% of interethnic marriages compared to white/black at 11%. Intermarriage rates between whites and Hispanics do not differ significantly among the genders (with Hispanic females slightly more likely to marry whites). [54]

Genetics

Genetic research has found that the average non-European admixture is present in both white-Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites with different degrees according to different areas of the United States. Average European admixture among self-identified white Hispanic Americans who took a commercial DNA test from 23andMe is 73% (the average for Hispanic Americans regardless of race is 49.5%), contrasting to that of non-Hispanic European Americans, whose European ancestry totals 98.6% on average. [55] "Average admixture," however, can be a misleading measure, as it conflates vastly different population groups and ignores marked differences within individual Latino groups. Each Latin American country has a unique demographic history. Mexican Americans and Central Americans may frequently be of mestizo descent for instance, but Mexico has one of the largest total white populations in Latin America, and over 65% of Costa Rica's population identifies as white. [56] [57] [58] Many other Latin American countries with relatively high proportions of white Latin Americans are Paraguay and Chile. In Uruguay, over 85% of the population identifies as white. [59] The genetic profile of American Latinos varies from group to group and is a result of unique immigration histories. [60] For instance, the Cuban exiles "fleeing the Castro regime in the 1960s and '70s were almost entirely white, educated and middle or upper class." [61]

Employment

Farmworkers in the country are disproportionately white Hispanic/white Latino. [62] This is especially true in some areas, for example Southern Arizona. [63] Many are producers, in other words they are farm operators. [64] White Hispanics/white Latinos are a larger part of the Southern Arizona population than in the rest of the country, and are a large part of the area's agricultural workforce. [63] However, racial classification in the United States usually requires tribal enrollment to identify one's race as Native or Indigenous. "Brown" Latinos are often automatically recorded as white if they aren't enrolled in a Native tribe and if they don't have Black ancestry. This paints a false picture of the workforce in a state that has had a history of racial profiling, such as Arizona SB 1070, and which continues to harbor widespread, racial-based anti-immigrant sentiment.

See also

Related Research Articles

The masculine term Latino, along with its feminine form Latina, is a noun and adjective, often used in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, that most commonly refers to United States inhabitants who have cultural ties to Latin America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the United States</span>

The United States had an official estimated resident population of 335,893,238 on Jan 1, 2024, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. This figure includes the 50 states and Washington, D.C. but excludes the population of five unincorporated U.S. territories as well as several minor island possessions. The United States is the third most populous country in the world, and the most populous in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere. The Census Bureau showed a population increase of 0.4% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2022, below the world average annual rate of 0.9%. The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2022 is 1.665 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. By several metrics, including racial and ethnic background, religious affiliation, and percentage of rural and urban divide, Illinois is the most representative of the larger demography of the United States.

Miscegenation is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races. The word, now usually considered pejorative, is derived from a combination of the Latin terms miscere and genus. The word first appeared in Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro, an anti-abolitionist pamphlet David Goodman Croly and others published anonymously in advance of the 1864 presidential election in the United States. The term came to be associated with laws that banned interracial marriage and sex, which were known as anti-miscegenation laws. These laws were overruled federally in 1967, and by the year 2000, all states had removed them from their laws, with Alabama being the last to do so on November 7, 2000. In the 21st century, newer scientific data shows that human populations are actually genetically quite similar. Studies show that races are more of an arbitrary social construct, and do not actually have a major genetic delineation.

<i>Mestizo</i> Spanish term to indicate mixed ancestry

Mestizo is a person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though their ancestors were Indigenous. The term was used as an ethno-racial exonym for mixed-race castas that evolved during the Spanish Empire. It was a formal label for individuals in official documents, such as censuses, parish registers, Inquisition trials, and others. Priests and royal officials might have classified persons as mestizos, but individuals also used the term in self-identification. With the Bourbon reforms and the independence of the Americas, the caste system disappeared and terms like "mestizo" fell in popularity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexican Americans</span> Americans of Mexican ancestry

Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican heritage. In 2022, Mexican Americans comprised 11.2% of the US population and 58.9% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans. In 2019, 71% of Mexican Americans were born in the United States. Mexicans born outside the US make up 53% of the total population of foreign-born Hispanic Americans and 25% of the total foreign-born population. Chicano is a term used by some to describe the unique identity held by Mexican-Americans. The United States is home to the second-largest Mexican community in the world, behind only Mexico.

The terms multiracial people refer to people who are of multiple races, and the terms multi-ethnic people refer to people who are of more than one ethnicities. A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for multiracial people in a variety of contexts, including multiethnic, polyethnic, occasionally bi-ethnic, Métis, Muwallad, Melezi, Coloured, Dougla, half-caste, ʻafakasi, mestizo, mutt, Melungeon, quadroon, octoroon, sambo/zambo, Eurasian, hapa, hāfu, Garifuna, pardo, and Gurans. A number of these once-acceptable terms are now considered offensive, in addition to those that were initially coined for pejorative use.

In the United States census, the US Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define a set of self-identified categories of race and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin in a separate question.

Afro–Latin Americans or Black Latin Americans are Latin Americans of sub-Saharan African heritage. African heritage is common throughout Latin America.

Latin Americans are the citizens of Latin American countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Majority minority in the United States</span> Places with less than 50% non-Hispanic white population

In the United States of America, majority-minority area or minority-majority area is a term describing a U.S. state or jurisdiction whose population is composed of less than 50% non-Hispanic whites. It is defined as a population with a collective majority of nationwide minorities, meaning a grouping of racial and ethnic groups that composes over 50% of the territorial population, regardless if one of those minority groups already attains a majority on its own. No single minority is yet the majority in any state, with the closest to that end being Hispanics in New Mexico. As such, all majority-minority states do not have a single ethnic or racial group as the outright majority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White Americans</span> White people of the United States

White Americans are Americans who identify as white people. In a more official sense, the United States Census Bureau, which collects demographic data on Americans, defines "white" as "[a] person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa". This group constitutes the majority of the people in the United States. According to the 2020 census, 71%, or 235,411,507 people, were White alone or in combination, and 61.6%, or 204,277,273 people, were White alone. This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% white alone share of the US population in 2010.

The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately. The most recent United States census recognized five racial categories, as well as people who belong to two or more of the racial categories. The United States also recognizes the broader notion of ethnicity. The 2000 census and 2010 American Community Survey inquired about the "ancestry" of residents, while the 2020 census allowed people to enter their "origins". The Census Bureau also classified respondents as either Hispanic or Latino, identifying as an ethnicity, which comprises the minority group in the nation.

The legal and social strictures that define White Americans, and distinguish them from persons who are not considered white by the government and society, have varied throughout the history of the United States. Race is defined as a social and political category within society based on hierarchy.

Black Hispanic and Latino Americans, also called Afro-Hispanics, Afro-Latinos, Black Hispanics, or Black Latinos, are classified by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget, and other U.S. government agencies as Black people living in the United States with ancestry in Latin America or Spain and/or who speak Spanish and/or Portuguese as either their first language or second language.

Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans, also called Asian Hispanics or Asian Latinos, are Americans of Asian ancestry and ancestry from Latin America. It also refers to Asians from Latin America that speak the Spanish or Portuguese natively and immigrated to the United States. This includes Hispanic and Latino Americans who identify themselves as Asian Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state)</span>

Georgia is a South Atlantic U.S. state with a population of 10,711,908 according to the 2020 United States census, or just over 3% of the U.S. population. The majority of the state's population is concentrated within Metro Atlanta, although other highly populated regions include: West Central and East Central Georgia; West, Central, and East Georgia; and Coastal Georgia; and their Athens, Columbus, Macon and Warner Robins, Augusta, Savannah, Hinesville, and Brunswick metropolitan statistical areas.

Hispanic and Latino are ethnonyms used to refer collectively to the inhabitants of the United States who are of Spanish or Latin American ancestry. While many use the terms interchangeably, for example, the United States Census Bureau, others maintain a distinction: Hispanic refers to people from Spanish-speaking countries, while Latino refers people from Latin American countries. Spain is included in the Hispanic category, and Brazil is included in the Latino category; Portugal is excluded from both categories. Every Latin American country is included in both categories, excluding Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-Hispanic whites</span> White Americans who are not Hispanic

Non-Hispanic Whites or Non-Latino Whites are White Americans classified by the United States census as "white" and not Hispanic. According to the United States Census Bureau yearly estimates, as of July 1, 2023, Non-Hispanic whites make up about 58.4% of the U.S. population. The United States Census Bureau defines white to include European Americans, Middle Eastern Americans, and North African Americans. Americans of European ancestry are divided into various ethnic groups. More than half of the white population are German, Irish, English, Italian, French and Polish Americans. Many Americans are also the product of other European groups that migrated to parts of the US in the 19th and 20th centuries, as the bulk of immigrants from various countries in Northern, Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Caucasus region, migrated to the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Race and ethnicity in Latin America</span>

There is no single system of races or ethnicities that covers all modern Latin America, and usage of labels may vary substantially.

The Latin American diaspora refers to the dispersion of Latin Americans out of their homelands in Latin America and the communities subsequently established by them across the world.

References

  1. ↑ "Table 4. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race: 2010 and 2020". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  2. ↑ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census" . Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  3. ↑ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census" . Retrieved October 19, 2021.
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  6. ↑ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census" . Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  7. ↑ Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1995). World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy. Simon & Schuster. p. 316. Some Cubans divide Hispanics into groups not only by country, but also by skin tone—Euro-Hispanics, Afro-Hispanics, and Indo-Hispanics. The black community is similarly split.
  8. ↑ Various (2001). "Introduction". In Agustín Laó-Montes and Arlene Dávila (ed.). Mambo Montage: The Latinization of New York City. Columbia University Press. p. 10. For instance, in the global chain of otherness, upper-class Euro-Latinos can be located...
  9. ↑ Elizabeth M. Grieco (2010). White Population: 2000: Census 2000 Brief. DIANE Publishing Company. p. 8. Among White Hispanics who reported more than one race, the majority indicated they were "White and Some other race" (80 percent), followed by "White and American Indian and Alaska Native" (6 percent)...
  10. ↑ Wendy D. Roth (2012). Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race. Stanford University Press. p. 7. While some assimilated White Latinos will join the privileged White group, most light-skinned Latinos will remain in an "honorary White" middle tier...
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  47. ↑ Latinas Not Reflected on Spanish TV. Vidadeoro.com (October 25, 2010).
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  50. ↑ Skin tone consciousness in Asian and Latin American populations. Boston.com (August 19, 2004).
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  52. ↑ Soap Operas on Latin TV are Lily White Archived May 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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  56. ↑ "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7, CONAPRED, Mexico, 21 March. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.
  57. ↑ "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico", "CONAPRED", Mexico DF, June 2011. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.
  58. ↑ "Listado de Temáticas". INEC (in Spanish). Retrieved June 29, 2024.
  59. ↑ "Uruguay", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, June 26, 2024, retrieved June 29, 2024
  60. ↑ "Reports for Caribbean and Latin American Customers". May 15, 2019.
  61. ↑ Bardach, Ann Louise (January 29, 2015). "Why Are Cubans So Special?". The New York Times.
  62. ↑ "Farm Worker Health and Hygiene" (PDF). Pew Charitable Trusts Stakeholders' Discussion Series.
  63. 1 2 City of Tucson. "City of Tucson". U.S. Economic Development Administration. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  64. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA NASS) (October 2019). "2017 Census - Hispanic Producers" . Retrieved September 23, 2022.
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