Peruvian Americans

Last updated

Peruvian Americans
Peruanoestadounidenses
Americans with Peruvian Ancestry by state.svg
Peruvian Ancestry by state
Total population
720,626 (2021) [1] [2]
0.21% of the U.S. population (2018) [1]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups
Peruvians, Ecuadorian Americans, Colombian Americans, Bolivian Americans.

Peruvian Americans are Americans of Peruvian descent.

Contents

According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, as of 2021, 720,626 U.S. residents identify themselves as being of Peruvian origin. [1] Approximately 62% of Peruvian Americans were born in Peru, with a growing population of Peruvian Americans being born in the United States.

Peruvian Americans immigrated to the United States in four major waves. Small but significant waves of immigration occurred in San Francisco during the gold rush (along with Chilean miners beginning in 1848) and the Metro Detroit area in the 1950s. Another wave of immigration occurred again early in the twentieth century, due largely to the burgeoning textile industry in New York and New Jersey. In the 1950s, there were a reported approximate 100 Peruvian families that resided in Paterson, New Jersey. [3]

Factors that influenced Peruvian emigration was the decrease in employment, political persecution, public insecurity and violence, economic uncertainty, theft, and impunity. [4] Beginning in the 1970s another wave of Peruvians arrived in the United States, most of whom were fleeing Peru's militaristic government under the dictatorships of Juan Velasco Alvarado and Francisco Morales Bermúdez, both of which were marked by coups and socio-economic instability. The 1980s and 1990s saw the most significant influx of Peruvians to U.S. shores, this time in response to the hyperinflation crisis that plagued the Peruvian economy, internal unrest in Peru by terrorist groups, and an authoritarian government headed by Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori. [5]

Immigrants often come from urban areas of Peru, especially Lima, and the majority settle in the New York City metropolitan area—particularly in Paterson and Passaic in New Jersey and the New York City borough of Queens. Peruvian Americans are also clustered in the metropolitan areas of Miami; Los Angeles; Houston, Texas; Washington, D.C.; and Virginia. [5]

Recently, Peru has enjoyed economic growth and political stability since the start of the millennia. As a result, there has been a decline in the amount of Peruvian immigration to the United States unto 2019 under economic pretenses and instead for education.

Settlement in the United States

The states with the largest number of Peruvian Americans are Florida, California, New Jersey, and New York. Texas and Virginia are also home to significant communities of people of Peruvian descent.

Little is known about the earliest Peruvian immigrants who came to the United States during the California gold rush. Later Peruvian immigrants began arriving in the early twentieth century to work in textile mills in Paterson, New Jersey, which is now home to one of the largest Peruvian communities in the United States. Paterson has a significant number of businesses run by Peruvian Americans, as well as social and political organizations, and remains a destination for Peruvian immigrants of all social classes. [5]

Immigration

Undocumented Peruvian Americans make up less than 1% of the total undocumented immigrant population in the United States according to 2015 report from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. [5] [6] In Fiscal Year 2019, 10,049 Peruvians immigrated to the United States. [7]

Lifestyle and culture

The most famous and first aspect of Peruvian culture that deals with the United States is the book, "The Incas's Florida" La Florida del Inca written at the end of sixteenth century by the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Garcilaso's book details the travels of the explorer Hernando de Soto who had participated in the Forty-Years War between the Incas and the Spanish (1531–1571) and who later came to the lands that would become part of the United States and that the Spanish called "Florida."

The most popular dishes of Peruvian food in the U.S. include ceviche (raw fish "cooked" in lime juice), papa a la huancaína, and anticuchos y tamales. Peruvian cuisine is often recognized for being one of the most diverse and appreciated of the world's cuisines, with influences including Native American, European, and African. Since there is a sizable Chinese and Japanese minority in Peru, an Asian influence has also been deeply incorporated in Peruvian cuisine. There are Chifas , or Asian-style Peruvian restaurants that serve typical Chinese or Japanese food with a Peruvian culinary influence. Inca Kola, a soda that originated in Peru, is sold in many heavily concentrated Latin American areas.

The extended family commonly serves an economic function, too, with some new immigrants temporarily living with extended family already established in the United States, and in expensive urban centers, such arrangements sometimes are permanent. [8]

Socioeconomic status

Nearly half of Peruvians have resided in the United States for over 20 years, with 46% of foreign-born Peruvians reported to have lived in the United States for 20 years or more. [9]

Despite being a relatively recent ethnic group, the median household income for Peruvians meets the average American household income and 44% of Peruvians born in the United States over the age of 25 have college degrees, [10] exceeding the U.S. national average of 24%.

Around 90% of Peruvians lived above the poverty rate in 2017, with a poverty rate of 10% compared to the United States national average of 12.3% that same year.

Activism

The Peruvian American Coalition in Passaic, New Jersey [11] functions as an activist organization on behalf of the overall welfare of Peruvian Americans.

Demographics

Peruvians have settled throughout the United States, migrating particularly to Northern New Jersey and the New York City Metropolitan Area, the Miami metropolitan area, the Washington Metropolitan Area, and the Los Angeles metropolitan area. [12]

Notably, a rapidly growing number of Peruvian Americans, about 10,000 in 2018, [13] have established an increasingly prominent community in Paterson, New Jersey, [14] which is considered by many to be the capital of the Peruvian Diaspora in the United States, [15] partially owing to the presence of the Peruvian Consulate. Market Street, the Little Lima in downtown Paterson, is the largest Peruvian American enclave and is lined with Peruvian-owned restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, bodegas, travel agencies, and other businesses. The Peruvian American community has expanded into Paterson's neighboring areas of Fair Lawn, Elmwood Park, Clifton, and Passaic in Northern New Jersey as well, all within the New York City Metropolitan Area. The annual Peruvian Independence Day Parade is held in Paterson. [16] [17]

States with highest Peruvian population

Isabela Moner, actress. Isabela-Moner interview3.jpg
Isabela Moner, actress.

The 10 states with the largest Peruvian population were (Source: Census 2017): [18]

  1. Florida – 100,965 (0.5% of state population)
  2. California – 91,511 (0.2% of state population)
  3. New Jersey – 75,869 (0.9% of state population)
  4. New York – 66,318 (0.3% of state population)
  5. Virginia – 29,096 (0.4% of state population)
  6. Texas – 22,605 (0.1% of state population)
  7. Maryland – 18,229 (0.3% of state population)
  8. Connecticut – 16,424 (0.5% of state population)
  9. Georgia – 10,570 (0.1% of state population)
  10. Illinois – 10,213 (0.2% of state population)

The U.S. state with the smallest Peruvian population (as of 2010) was North Dakota with 78 Peruvians (less than 0.1% of state population).

Metro Areas

The top 5 U.S. metropolitan areas with the largest Peruvian population were:

  1. New Jersey-New York Greater Area – 182,672
  2. Miami Metropolitan Area – 81,729
  3. Washington, D.C. – 53,961
  4. Los Angeles metropolitan area – 48,380
  5. San Francisco Bay Area – 26,969

Notable people

Artists

Entertainment

Politics

As of 2020, four Presidents of Peru are or were Peruvian-Americans.

Pamela Silva Conde, journalist and news anchor Pamela Silva Conde by Gage Skidmore.jpg
Pamela Silva Conde, journalist and news anchor

Sciences

Journalism

Other

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexican Americans</span> Americans of Mexican ancestry

The number of Mexican immigrants in the United States has sharply risen in recent decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominican Americans</span> Americans of Dominican (Dominican Republic) birth or descent

Dominican Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to the Dominican Republic. The word may refer to someone born in the United States of Dominican descent or to someone who has migrated to the United States from the Dominican Republic. As of 2021, there were approximately 2.4 million people of Dominican descent in the United States, including both native and foreign-born. They are the second largest Hispanic group in the Northeastern region of the United States after Puerto Ricans, and the fifth-largest Hispanic/Latino group nationwide.

Brazilian Americans are Americans who are of full or partial Brazilian ancestry. The Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates the Brazilian American population to be 1,905,000, the largest of any Brazilian diaspora. The largest wave of Brazilian migration to the United States occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a response to hyperinflation in Brazil. Even after inflation stabilized in 1994, Brazilian immigration continued as Brazilians left in search of higher wages in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colombian Americans</span> Americans of Colombian birth or descent

Colombian Americans, are Americans who trace their ancestry to Colombia. The word may refer to someone born in the United States of full or partial Colombian descent or to someone who has immigrated to the United States from Colombia. Colombian Americans are the sixth-largest Latin American group and the largest South American Hispanic group in the United States.

Honduran Americans are Americans of full or partial Honduran descent. Hondurans are the eighth largest Latino group in the United States and the third largest Central American population, after Salvadorans and Guatemalans. Hondurans are concentrated in Texas, Florida and California, and are now the largest immigrant group in Louisiana

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Lima</span> Populated place in Passaic County, New Jersey, US

Little Lima is a Peruvian enclave in Downtown Paterson, New Jersey, United States, and the largest Peruvian enclave outside of South America, home to approximately 10,000 Peruvian immigrants, by U.S. Census Bureau estimates. New Jersey's Peruvian population continues to grow in its urban areas, especially in Paterson, which is considered by many to be the capital of the Peruvian Diaspora in the United States. Meanwhile, East Newark, a smaller borough, in Hudson County, New Jersey, has the largest Peruvian percentage in the U.S. per capita, and New Jersey is home to the largest per capita Peruvian American population of any U.S. state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of New York (state)</span>

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2023, New York was the fourth largest state in population after California, Texas, and Florida, with a population of 19,571,216, a decrease of over 600,000 people, or −3.1%, since the 2020 census. The population change between 2000–2006 includes a natural increase of 601,779 people and a decrease due to net migration of 422,481 people out of the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 820,388 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of about 800,213.

In the United States, a Hispanic or Latino is an individual who is of full or partial Hispanic or Latino descent. Although not differentiated in the U.S. census definition, White Latino Americans may also be defined to include those who identify as white and either originate from or have descent from not only Spanish speaking countries in Latin America but also other Romance languages other than Spanish, such as Brazil, Haiti, and French Guiana.

Argentine Americans are Americans whose full or partial origin hails from Argentina.

A Nicaraguan American is an American of Nicaraguan descent. They are also referred to as "nica" or "nicoya".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecuadorian Americans</span> Americans of Ecuadorian birth or descent

Ecuadorian Americans are Americans of full or partial Ecuadorian ancestry. Ecuadorian Americans are the 9th largest Latin American group in the United States. Ecuadorian Americans are usually of Mestizo, Amerindian or Afro-Ecuadorian background.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venezuelan Americans</span> Americans of Venezuelan birth or descent

Venezuelan Americans are Americans who trace their heritage, or part of their heritage, to the nation of Venezuela. The word may refer to someone born in the U.S. of Venezuelan descent or to someone who has immigrated to the U.S. from Venezuela.

Guatemalan Americans are Americans of full or partial Guatemalan descent. The Guatemalan American population at the 2010 Census was 1,044,209. Guatemalans are the sixth largest Hispanic group in the United States and the second largest Central American population after Salvadorans. Half of the Guatemalan population is situated in two parts of the country, the Northeast and Southern California.

Costa Rican Americans are Americans of at least partial Costa Rican descent.

Panamanian Americans are Americans of Panamanian descent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraguayan Americans</span> Americans of Paraguayan birth or descent

Paraguayan Americans are Americans of Paraguayan descent.

Uruguayan Americans are Americans of Uruguayan ancestry or birth. The American Community Survey of 2006 estimated the Uruguayan American population to number 50,538, a figure that notably increased a decade later.

The U.S. state of New Jersey is home to significant and growing numbers of people of Hispanic and Latino descent, who in 2018 represented a Census-estimated 20.4% of the state's total population. New Jersey's Latino population comprises substantial concentrations of Dominican Americans, Puerto Rican Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, Central Americans, Peruvian Americans, Colombian Americans, and Ecuadorian Americans. New Jersey is also home to a large Brazilian American and Portuguese-speaking population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Hispanics and Latinos in Baltimore</span>

The history of Hispanics and Latinos in Baltimore dates back to the mid-20th century. The Hispanic and Latino community of Baltimore is the fastest growing ethnic group in the city. There is a significant Hispanic/Latino presence in many Southeast Baltimore neighborhoods, particularly Highlandtown, Upper Fell's Point, and Greektown. Overall Baltimore has a small but growing Hispanic population, primarily in the Southeast portion of the area from Fells Point to Dundalk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish Americans</span> Americans of Spanish birth or descent

Spanish Americans are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly from Spain. They are the longest-established European American group in the modern United States, with a very small group descending from those explorations leaving from Spain and the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and starting in the early 1500s, of 42 of the future U.S. states from California to Florida; and beginning a continuous presence in Florida since 1565 and New Mexico since 1598. In the 2020 United States census, 978,978 self-identified with "Spaniard" origins representing (0.4%) of the white alone or in combination population who responded to the question. Other results include 866,356 (0.4%) identifying as "Spanish" and 50,966 who identified with "Spanish American".

References

  1. 1 2 3 "B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  2. ↑ "b-3001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - UNITED STATES - 2021 AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY 1 YEAR ESTIMATES TABLED RESPONSE". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  3. ↑ Baía, Larissa Ruiz (1999). "Rethinking Transnationalism: Reconstructing National Identities among Peruvian Catholics in New Jersey". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 41 (4): 93–109. doi:10.2307/166193. ISSN   0022-1937. JSTOR   166193.
  4. ↑ Durand, Jorge, and Mariana Ortega Breña. "The Peruvian Diaspora: Portrait of a Migratory Process." Latin American Perspectives, vol. 37, no. 5, 2010, pp. 12-28. JSTOR, www.jstor.org.lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750407.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 3rd Edition – Gale – 978-1414438061". cengage.com. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Population Estimates: Illegal Alien Population Residing in the United States" (PDF). US Department of Homeland Security.gov. n.d.
  7. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2019". Department of Homeland Security.
  8. ↑ Packel, J. (2014). Peruvian Americans. In Gale (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of multicultural America (3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale.
  9. ↑ "Facts on Latinos of Peruvian origin in the U.S." Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
  10. ↑ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder – Results". factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  11. ↑ Lindy Washburn (August 25, 2014). "A new playbook for hospitals: How investors pursue a financial turnaround" . Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  13. ↑ Rodrigo Torrejon (June 16, 2018). "In Paterson, boisterous cheers for Peru's return to the World Cup after 36 years". NorthJersey.com – part of the USA TODAY network. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  14. ↑ Karen Sudol (July 27, 2013). "North Jersey Peruvians celebrate Peru's independence with a flag raising in Paterson" . Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  15. ↑ "A Brief History of Peruvian Immigration to the United States". yumimmigrantcity.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Photos: Annual Peruvian Day Parade in Passaic County. The parade makes its way down Market Street in Paterson". July 27, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Photos: Parade celebrates Peruvian heritage". July 26, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  18. ↑ "American FactFinder – QT-P10: Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  19. ↑ "Miguel Arteta:Overview". MSN. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
  20. ↑ "While Critics Cry, He Wins", Lakeland Ledger, 23 August 1959, page 19.
  21. ↑ Pitts, Michael R. Western Movies: A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films. McFarland, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Scientist at Work: Anthony Atala". Annparson.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.