Hoklo Americans

Last updated
Hokkien Americans
河洛美國儂, 福建美國儂
Hok ló bí kok lâng, Hok kiàn bí kok lâng
Total population
70,000–200,000 (Taiwanese) (2009)
Regions with significant populations
California, New York City
Languages
American English, Hokkien, Teochew, Mandarin
Religion
Buddhism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion, Christianity, Confucianism, Atheism
Related ethnic groups
Hoklo people, Chinese Americans, Taiwanese Americans
Andrew Yang, New York City mayoral candidate in 2021, of Taiwanese Hokkien descent Andrew Yang by Gage Skidmore.jpg
Andrew Yang, New York City mayoral candidate in 2021, of Taiwanese Hokkien descent

Hokkien, Hoklo (Holo), and Minnan people are found in the United States. The Hoklo people are a Han Chinese subgroup with ancestral roots in Southern Fujian and Eastern Guangdong, particularly around the modern prefecture-level cities of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen and Chaoshan area. They are also known by various endonyms (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-ló-lâng / Hō-ló-lâng / Ho̍h-ló-lâng / Hô-ló-lâng), or other related terms such as Hoklo people (河洛儂), Banlam (Minnan) people (閩南儂; Bân-lâm-lâng), Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng) or Teochew people (潮州人;Tiê-tsiu-lâng). These people usually also have roots in the Hokkien diaspora in Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, [2] Indonesia, Singapore, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

Contents

Groups

Taiwan

Although around 70% of Taiwanese people in Taiwan are Hoklo, there are slightly more Taiwanese Americans who are Waishengren (descended from those who came to Taiwan with the KMT) most of whom are not Hoklo. [3] [4] Furthermore, Hoklo and Hakka Han people who have roots in Taiwan from before 1945 (Benshengren) are more likely to identify as "Taiwanese". [5] American Community Survey program of the United States Census Bureau reported that 200,000 Americans identify as "Taiwanese Hoklo people" and 70,000 speak Taiwanese Hokkien at home.

Southeast Asia

The first Indonesians to move to Southern California were Indos (Indonesians of mixed pribumi and European descent). [6] However, the majority of Indonesians who came in the 1960s were of Chinese descent. [7] Unofficial estimates suggest that as many as 50% of the Indonesians in Southern California are of Chinese descent, and around 50% of the ethnic Chinese population in Indonesia is Hoklo. [8]

Chinese Filipinos are one of the largest overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. [9] Sangleys—Filipinos with at least some Chinese ancestry—comprise 18-27% of the Philippine population, totaling up to 30 million people. [10] [11] There are approximately 2 million Filipinos with pure Chinese ancestry, or around 2.5% of the population. [12] Minnan peoples are more popularly known as "Hokkienese", or "Southern Fujianese" in English, or Lan-nang, Lán-lâng, Bân-lâm, Minnan in Chinese. The Minnan form 98.7% of all unmixed ethnic Chinese in the Philippines. Of the Minnan peoples, about 75% are from Quanzhou prefecture (specifically, Jinjiang City), 23% are from Zhangzhou prefecture, and 2% are from Xiamen City. [13]

Teochew people and Hainanese people may occasionally be included as Minnan people. [14]

History

Some coolies and laborers in Hawaii during the 1800s were from southern Fukien. [15] There is a Hoklo cemetery in the Pauoa Valley in Honolulu.

Researchers have looked upon the patterns of immigration of Filipinos to the United States and have recognized four significant waves. The first was connected to the period when the Philippines was part of New Spain and later the Spanish East Indies; Filipinos, via the Manila galleons, would migrate to North America.

The second wave was during the period when the Philippines were a territory of the United States; as U.S. Nationals, Filipinos were unrestricted from immigrating to the US by the Immigration Act of 1917 that restricted other Asians. This wave of immigration has been referred to as the manong generation. [16] [17] [18] Filipinos of this wave came for different reasons, but the majority were laborers, predominantly Ilocano and Visayan. This wave of immigration was distinct from other Asian Americans, due to American influences, and education, in the Philippines; thefore they did not see themselves as aliens when they immigrated to the United States. [19] During the Great Depression, Filipino Americans were also affected, losing jobs, and being the target of race-based violence. [20] This wave of immigration ended due to the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, which restricted immigration to 50 persons a year.

Some Hokkien people in the Philippines adopted Spanish-style surnames, many of which ended with "-co" (Chinese: 哥; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko / koh), which means "older brother", a term used by Hokkien Filipinos to address each other. Some of these surnames were also brought to America. [21]

Hoklo Taiwanese people are about 70% of the population of Taiwan, but the first wave of Taiwanese immigrants to America were mostly Waishengren, most of whom were not Hoklo. Hoklo people started immigrating in larger numbers after the 1960s. [22]

Notable people

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Min</span> Branch of the Min Chinese languages

Southern Min, Minnan or Banlam, is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Chinese languages that form a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Fujian, most of Taiwan, Eastern Guangdong, Hainan, and Southern Zhejiang. Southern Min dialects are also spoken by descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora, most notably in Southeast Asia, such as Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Southern Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Southern and Central Vietnam, San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York City. Minnan is the most widely-spoken branch of Min, with approximately 48 million speakers as of 2017–2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Popiah</span> Chinese food often eaten at Ching Ming Festival

Popiah is a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. The dish is made by the people and diaspora of Fujian province of Mainland China, neighbouring Chaoshan district, and by the Teochew and Hoklo diaspora in various regions throughout Southeast Asia and in Taiwan, The origin of popiah dates back to the 17th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese Filipino</span> Ethnic group

Chinese Filipinos are Filipinos of Chinese descent with ancestry mainly from Fujian province, but are typically born and raised in the Philippines. Chinese Filipinos are one of the largest overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. Chinese immigration to the Philippines occurred mostly during the Spanish colonization of the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries, attracted by the lucrative trade of the Manila galleons; and subsequently during the 20th century, from American colonial times, through the post-independence era to Cold War, to the present. In 2013, according to older records held by the Senate of the Philippines, there were approximately 7.9 thousand ethnic Chinese within the Philippine population, while Filipinos with any Chinese descent comprised 22.8 thousand of the population. However, the actual current figures are not known since the Philippine census does not usually take into account questions about ethnicity. Accordingly, the oldest Chinatown in the world is located in Binondo, Manila founded on December 8, 1594.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hoklo people</span> Han Chinese subgroup

The Hokkien people are a Han Chinese subgroup who speak Hokkien, a Southern Min language, or trace their ancestry to Southeastern Fujian, China and known by various endonyms or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people or more commonly known in southeast asian countries as Hokkien people. The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in Mainland China (Fujian), Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar, the United States, Hong Kong, and Macau. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includes the Taiwanese Hokkien dialect, is the mainstream Southern Min (Minnan), which is partially mutually intelligible to the Teochew language, Hainanese, Luichew, Hailokhong.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine Hokkien</span> Dialect of Hokkien spoken in the Philippines

Philippine Hokkien is a dialect of the Hokkien language of the Southern Min branch of the Sinitic family, primarily spoken vernacularly by Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines, where it serves as the local Chinese lingua franca, primarily spoken as an oral language, within the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines and acts as the heritage language of a majority of Chinese Filipinos. The use of Hokkien in the Philippines is influenced by Philippine Spanish, Filipino (Tagalog) and Philippine English. As a lingua franca of the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines, the minority of Cantonese-/Taishanese-descended Chinese Filipinos also uses Philippine Hokkien for business purposes due to its status as "the Chinoy business language" [sic].

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cai (surname)</span> Surname list

Cài is a Chinese-language surname that derives from the name of the ancient Cai state. In 2019 it was the 38th most common surname in China, but the 9th most common in Taiwan, where it is usually romanized as "Tsai", "Tsay", or "Chai" and the 8th most common in Singapore, where it is usually romanized as "Chua", which is based on its Teochew and Hokkien pronunciation. Koreans use Chinese-derived family names and in Korean, Cai is 채 in Hangul, "Chae" in Revised Romanization, It is also a common name in Hong Kong where it is romanized as "Choy", "Choi" or "Tsoi". In Macau, it is spelled as "Choi". In Malaysia, it is romanized as "Choi" from the Cantonese pronunciation, and "Chua" or "Chuah" from the Hokkien or Teochew pronunciation. It is romanized in the Philippines as "Chua" or "Chuah", and in Thailand as "Chuo" (ฉั่ว). Moreover, it is also romanized in Cambodia as either "Chhay" or "Chhor" among people of full Chinese descent living in Cambodia and as “Tjhai”, "Tjoa" or "Chua" in Indonesia.

The term "Taiwanese people" has various interpretations. It may generally be considered the people living on the island of Taiwan who share a common culture, ancestry and speak Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, or indigenous Taiwanese languages as a mother tongue. Taiwanese people may also refer to the indigenous peoples of the areas under the control of the Government of the Republic of China since 1945, including Kinmen and Matsu Islands that collectively form its streamlined Fujian Province. However, the inhabitants of Kinmen and the Matsu Islands themselves may not consider the "Taiwanese" label to be accurate as they are a part of Fujian and not Taiwan. They have a distinctive identity from that of the Taiwanese; viewing themselves as Kinmenese or Matsunese, respectively, or as simply Chinese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Taiwan</span> Languages of the country and its peoples

The languages of Taiwan consist of several varieties of languages under the families of Austronesian languages and Sino-Tibetan languages. The Formosan languages, a geographically designated branch of Austronesian languages, have been spoken by the Taiwanese indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Owing to the wide internal variety of the Formosan languages, research on historical linguistics recognizes Taiwan as the Urheimat (homeland) of the whole Austronesian languages family. In the last 400 years, several waves of Han emigrations brought several different Sinitic languages into Taiwan. These languages include Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, and Mandarin, which have become the major languages spoken in present-day Taiwan.

Waishengren, sometimes called mainlanders, are a group of migrants who arrived in Taiwan from mainland China between the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945, and Kuomintang retreat and the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. They came from various regions of mainland China and spanned multiple social classes. The term is often seen in contrast with benshengren, which refers to Hoklo and Hakka people in Taiwan who arrived prior to 1945 who had lived under Japanese rule. The term excludes other ethnic Chinese immigrants and later immigrants from mainland China.

Taiwanese Australians are Australian citizens or permanent residents who carry full or partial ancestry from the East Asian island country of Taiwan or from preceding Taiwanese regimes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hokkien</span> Sinitic language spoken in East Asia

Hokkien is a variety of Chinese. It is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, in the southeastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is also referred to as Quanzhang, from the first characters of the urban centers of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.

Benshengren, are ethnic Hoklo or Hakka Taiwanese nationals who settled on the island prior to or during the Japanese colonization of Taiwan. Its usage is to differentiate the different culture, customs, and political sentiments within contemporary Taiwan between those who lived through World War II on the island and later migrants from Mainland China, who are known as Waishengren. Hoklo and Hakka people who migrated to Taiwan after 1945, especially those who migrated with the retreat of the Nationalist-Led Chinese Government to Taiwan in 1949 are not included in this term.

Hoklo Taiwanese or Holo people are a major ethnic group in Taiwan whose ancestry is wholly or partially Hoklo. Being Taiwanese of Han origin, their mother tongue is Taiwanese (Tâi-oân-ōe) (Tâi-gí), also known as Taiwanese Hokkien. Due to The Republic of China's national language policy, most are also fluent in Taiwanese Mandarin. Most descend from the Hoklo people of Quanzhou or Zhangzhou in Southern Fujian, China. The term, as commonly understood, signifies those whose ancestors immigrated to Taiwan before 1949. However, most Hoklo Taiwanese did not distance themselves from Taiwanese identity and prefer to call themselves Taiwanese only, since most of them didn't associate themselves with terms like Hokkien, Southern Min (Minnan) or Hoklo. Some Taiwanese optionally identified as Southern Min (Minnan) as well.

Han Taiwanese, Taiwanese Han, Taiwanese Han Chinese, or Han Chinese are Taiwanese people of full or partial ethnic Han descent. According to the Executive Yuan of Taiwan, they comprise 95 to 97 percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people. Major waves of Han immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945). Han Taiwanese mainly speak three languages of Chinese: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hokkien culture</span> Culture of China

Minnan culture or Hokkien/Hoklo culture, also considered as the Mainstream Southern Min Culture, refers to the culture of the Hoklo people, a group of Han Chinese people who have historically been the dominant demographic in the province of Fujian in Southern China, Taiwan, and certain overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, such as Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Myanmar, Southern Thailand, Cambodia, Southern Vietnam, etc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hokkien architecture</span>

Hokkien architecture, also called Hoklo architecture or Minnan architecture, refers to the architectural style of the Hoklo people, a Han Chinese sub-group who have historically been the dominant demographic of the Southern Chinese province of Fujian ,and Taiwan, Singapore. This style shares many similarities with those of surrounding Han Chinese groups. There are, however, several features that are unique or mostly unique to Hoklo-made buildings, making many traditional buildings in Hokkien and Taiwan visually distinctive from those outside the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fujian–Taiwan relationship</span> Relations between Taiwan and the mainland Chinese province of Fujian

The Fujian–Taiwan relations, also known as the Min–Tai relations, refers to the relationship between Fujian, which is located in mainland China, and Taiwan, which is across the Taiwan Strait. Since the average width of the Taiwan Strait is 180 kilometers, Fujian and Taiwan are adjacent, similar in both climate and environment. Although the relationship between Taiwan and Fujian has changed with the development of history, the two places have maintained close relations in terms of personnel, economy, military, culture and other aspects. At present, Taiwan residents are mostly descendants of immigrants from mainland China, of which the southern Fujian ethnic group is the main group, accounting for 73.5% of Taiwan's total population. In terms of culture, language, religion, and customs, Fujian and Taiwan also share similarities.

During the martial law period in Taiwan, a monolingual policy was implemented in Taiwan by the Kuomintang. The policy was formulated as a political goal to unite the island. However, the demotion of prior local languages into "dialects" across cultural and educational landscapes resulted in a pushback of the policy and eventually rescinded as Taiwan democratized.

References

  1. 1 2 Shahrigian, Shant. "Local Asian-American groups back Andrew Yang for NYC mayor". nydailynews.com.
  2. ↑ Simon J. Bronner, Cindy Dell Clark (ed.). Youth Cultures in America [2 volumes]. p. 652.
  3. ↑ Ng, Franklin (1998). The Taiwanese Americans. Greenwood.
  4. ↑ Linda Gail Arrigo. "Patterns of Personal and Political Life Among Taiwanese-Americans" (PDF). taiwaneseamericanhistory.org. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
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  6. ↑ Cunningham 2009, p. 97
  7. ↑ Yang 2001, p. 899
  8. ↑ 2009, p. 95
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  14. ↑ "China Expat - Chinese Cultural Observations From The Western Perspective -". China Expat - Chinese Cultural Observations From The Western Perspective.
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  16. ↑ "Filipino American History". Northern California Pilipino American Student Organization. California State University, Chico. January 29, 1998. Retrieved June 7, 2011. These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines.
  17. ↑ "Learn about our culture". Filipino Student Association. Saint Louis University. Retrieved June 7, 2011. These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines.
  18. ↑ Jackson, Yo (2006). Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. p. 216. ISBN   978-1-4129-0948-8. Retrieved June 7, 2011. Included in this group were Pensionados, Sakadas, Alaskeros, and Manongs primarily from the Illocos and Visayas regions. "
  19. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2009). Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950–1963. New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 450. ISBN   978-0-19-515377-4. Retrieved April 27, 2011. They were, however, officially under the protection of the United States, which governed the Philippines, and herein they took a distinctive characteristics. First of all, they had been inculcated in the Philippines, through the American-sponsored education system and through the general point of view of a colonial society strongly under American influence, in the belief that all men were created equal, in fact and under the law, and that included them. Second, they spoke English, excellently in many cases, thanks once again to the American sponsored educational system in the Philippines. Filipino migrant workers did not see themselves as aliens. "
  20. ↑ Austin, Joe; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of youth: youth cultures and history in twentieth-century America. New York: NYU Press. pp. 118–135. ISBN   978-0-8147-0646-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  21. ↑ Woo Louie, Emma. Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition. p. 41.
  22. ↑ Lai, Him Mark. Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. p. 243
  23. ↑ "Baiyu releases new EP - Asian American Press". aapress.com.
  24. ↑ "李远哲-人物". www.tongxianghuicn.com.
  25. ↑ "Protected Blog › Log in". nobilityofimperfection.wordpress.com.
  26. 1 2 Chua, Amy (2011). Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. Penguin Press. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-59420-284-1.
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  28. ↑ "My life: Janet Hsieh". M.scmp.com. March 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  29. 1 2 Chinese Americans: The History and Culture of a People

Bibliography

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