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Houston has large populations of immigrants from Asia. In addition, the city has the largest Vietnamese American population in Texas and third-largest in the United States as of 2004. [1] [2] Houston also has one of the largest Chinese American, [3] Pakistani American, [4] [5] and Filipino American [6] [7] populations in the United States.
The 1877 Houston City Directory listed three ethnic Chinese who worked in laundries, and the 1880 United States Census listed seven Chinese living in the city. [8] In 1910 30 Asians lived in Houston. 20 were Japanese and 10 were Chinese. [9]
In the era of de jure racial segregation in the United States, authorities in Texas classified people of Asian origins as "White." This allowed people of Asian ancestry to get superior educational opportunities. [10]
The Chinese were the only ethnic group with a significant settlement pattern in Houston until the 1970s. The lack of Asian immigration in Greater Houston was due to historical restrictions on Asian Americans. According to the 1980 U.S. census, 484 Chinese immigrants currently living in the area had lived there prior to 1950; of twelve Asian nationalities other than Chinese listed by the census for the Houston area, there were fewer than 100 immigrants who had settled before 1950. The 1965 Immigration Act, which had ended the restrictions, allowed an increase in Chinese Americans. The number increased to 121 by the start of World War II. During the war, many Chinese from southern states migrated to take advantage of the economy and the population increased by more than twice its size. [11]
Albert Gee, the head of the Houston Restaurant Association and an Asian American, helped African-American community leaders negotiate a voluntary desegregation during the Civil Rights Movement. [12]
In the 1970s, large-scale Asian immigration to Houston began. In 1980, 48,000 Asians lived in Greater Houston. The amount of Asian immigration increased in the 1980s. [13] Edward C. M. Chen and Debbie Harwell, authors of "Asian Americans: Expanding Our Horizons," wrote that prior U.S. Censuses lacked the ability to accurately track Asian American populations and that only the 1980 and subsequent ones accurately did so. [8]
In 1990, 90,000 Asian immigrants lived in Harris County, and 48,000 Asians lived in Greater Houston. [13] As of 1990 the largest two Asian immigrant groups to Houston were the Chinese and the Vietnamese, [14] making up 46% of all Asian immigrants, [15] with 15,568 Vietnamese and 10,817 of Chinese from China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. The others were 7,044 Indians, 4,807 Filipinos, 3,249 Koreans, 2,419 Iranians, 2,411 Pakistanis, 1,950 Japanese and 1,146 Cambodians. [13] In the 1990s the Asian immigration rates exceeded those of Hispanics. A U.S. Census survey conducted in 1997 stated that in Harris County and Fort Bend County, there were 202,685 Asians combined. [13] In 1998 Betty Ann Bowser, a reporter for PBS Newshour, said that many Southeast Asians came to Houston because "its hot humid climate reminded them of home." [16] Houston does have a similar climate to that of Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Philippines. [16]
According to a 2002 survey of 500 Asian Americans in Harris County overseen by Stephen Klineberg, a professor at Rice University, Asian immigrants have substantially lower household income than Anglo residents and other immigrant groups, while they have higher levels of education. [17]
In 2007 Houston had 16,000 Asian American businesses. A 2006 U.S. Census Bureau report stated that the annual revenues of those businesses totaled to $5.5 billion ($8312644437.11 in today's money). [18]
By 2010 the number of Asian-Americans in Greater Houston was over 417,000. [19] In 2010 John B. Strait and Gang Gong, authors of the article "Ethnic Diversity in Houston, Texas: The Evolution of Residential Segregation in the Bayou City, 1990–2000," stated that Asians were "only modestly segregated from" non-Hispanic whites. [20]
In 2010, Harris County had 80,000 Vietnamese (2% of county) and Vietnamese Americans, making it the second largest Vietnamese American community in the United States after that of San Jose, California. [21]
There were three main waves of Vietnamese immigration to Houston. The first came following the end of the Vietnam War in April 1975 with the fall of Saigon. Vietnamese immigrants arriving during this time were highly educated with direct ties to the United States military and were well educated on the city they were settling in. [22] The next wave of immigrants were "boat people", a population of Chinese Vietnamese refugees who braved the open waters in small boats to flee Vietnam after the Vietnam War between 1978 and 1982. This wave of immigrants were not as highly educated and of high social standing as the first wave, but the number of immigrants arriving to Houston was significantly greater. The third wave of Vietnamese refugees arrived through the 1980s and 1990s. They were fewer than the previous waves and consisted of political prisoners and families of U.S. servicemen. [23]
According to the American Community Survey, as of 2013, Greater Houston (Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown metropolitan area) has 72,320 residents of Chinese origin. [24]
Chinese immigrants were the first significant settlement of Asian immigrants in Houston. The first 250 male Chinese immigrants came to work on constructing the Houston and Texas Central Railroad in 1870. Even though the population was increasing steadily, following start of Worl War II the population of Chinese immigrants doubled as people were seeking out the new economic opportunities.
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, if the Indian American and Pakistani American populations are combined, there are 50,045 of them in Harris County, together making up 17.9% of the Asians in Harris County and being the second largest Asian ethnic group in Harris County. The combined group was the largest Asian ethnic group in Fort Bend County, making up 31% of the Asians there, and the largest Asian ethnic group in Montgomery County. [25]
South Asian populations became larger around the 1980s. [26] In 1983 Allison Cook of the Texas Monthly stated that "Some estimates put the number of Indians and Pakistanis in Houston as high as 25,000." [27] In 1990 there were a combined 21,191 Indian and Pakistani descent people in Harris County, making up 19.3% of the county's Asians and at the time being the third largest Asian ethnic group. In 2000 there were 35,971 members of the combined group in Harris County, making up 18.6% of the county's Asians and now being the second largest Asian ethnic group in the county. From 2000 to 2010 the combined group in Harris County increased by 39%. [25] In Fort Bend County in 2000 there were 13,000 people of Indian and Pakistani ancestry. [28]
Half a dozen Indian American and Pakistani American newspapers are offered in stores and restaurants. The publications include India Herald and the Voice of Asia . The city has Masala Radio, a South Asian radio station. Indian singers often make tour stops in Houston. The Bollywood 6 movie theater on Texas State Highway 6 plays Indian films. The Houston area has Indian dance schools, including the Abhinaya School of Performing Arts and the Shri Natraj School of Dance. [29]
As of 2000, of the Zoroastrian groups in Houston, Parsi were one of the two main Zoroastrian groups. As of that year the total number of Iranians of all religions in Houston is, on a 10 to 1 basis, larger than the total Parsi population. [30] As of 2000 the Zoroastrian Association of Houston (ZAH) is majority Parsi. Rustomji wrote that because of that and the historic tensions between the Parsi and Iranian groups, the Iranians in Houston did not become full members of the ZAH. Rustomji stated that Iranian Zoroastrians "attend religious functions sporadically and remain tentative about their ability to fully integrate, culturally and religiously, with Parsis." [30]
As of the 2010 census there were about 82,575 people in the Houston area of Indian origins. [26]
Following the 1965 Immigration Act there was a significant influx of Indian immigrants to the United States of America and consequently to Houston. The passing of this act brought educated immigrants seeking higher education and opportunities in the U.S. [31]
The 1980 U.S. Census stated that 6,610 persons originating from India were in the Houston area. [32] Harris County had almost 36,000 Indian Americans as of the 2000 Census. The population had a $53,000 ($93771.59 in today's money) median yearly household income, $11,000 ($19462.03 in today's money) more than the county average. Almost 65% of the Indian Americans in Harris County had university and college degrees, compared to 18% of all of the Harris County population. Indian Americans in Fort Bend County, as of the same census, numbered at almost 13,000 and had a median annual income of $84,000 ($148619.13 in today's money). 62% of Indian Americans in Fort Bend County had university and college degrees, compared to 25% of all residents of Fort Bend County. An estimate from the 2009 American Community Survey stated that Harris County had 46,125 Indian Americans and that Fort Bend County had 25,104 Indian Americans. Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said that the high education and income levels of Indian Americans caused businesses in the Mahatma Gandhi District, an Indian American ethnic enclave in Houston, to thrive. [33]
In 1999 the Houston area had about 500 Indian Catholics. There were no particular Indian Catholic churches. [34]
As of 2007, the median income of Indians in Houston was $50,250. [35]
As of 2012 the majority of the city's Sikhs originate from the portion of Punjab in India. [36]
As of 2007, there were over 24 Indian-American-oriented publications. As of that year, most Indian-American newspapers in Houston are in English. Some smaller newspapers are in Indian languages such as Hindi and Gujarati. [35] The Indo-American News, a newspaper owned by K.L. Sindwani, is distributed to fifty locations in Southwest Houston and has a 5,000 copy-per-week print rate. As of 2007, each issue has 44 pages. Sindwani established it in 1982; at the time he was the only employee and each issue had eight pages. [35]
The Indian Culture Center, catering to South Asian groups, opened in 1973, and the Gujarati Samaj, catering to Gujarati people in particular, opened in 1979; the latter group has Holi and Navatri events. An Indian Student Association is at the University of Houston. [32]
The self-published novel An Indian in Cowboy Country was written by Indian immigrant Pradeep Anand, who works as an engineer and lives in Sugar Land. [37]
In 2019 Indian Americans make up almost 50% of the Asian Americans in Fort Bend County. In 2021 the county had about 24 Indian Christian churches. [38]
In 2007 the Pakistani-American Association of Greater Houston (PAGH) stated that about 60,000 people of Pakistani origin lived in Greater Houston and that many of them lived in Southwest Houston. [39] As of 2000, over 70% of the Muslims in Houston are Indian or Pakistani. [40]
Similar to Indian immigrants, Pakistani immigrants came to Houston during the Cold War. The passing of the 1965 Immigration Act brought highly educated immigrants and opportunistic hopefuls. [31]
The Bangladesh Association, Houston (BAH, Bengali : বাংলাদেশ এসোসিয়েশন, হিউস্টন [41] ), [42] Bangladesh Students Association at the University of Houston, and Bangladesh Society of Greater Houston are the Bangladeshi groups in the city.
The initial immigration of Bangladeshis to the United States was kickstarted after the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, though it is important to note that there is not a large populationf of Bangladeshi-Americans in Houston.
In 1971 the Bangladeshi American community in Greater Houston consisted of about 10 university students; 1971 was the year when Bangladesh, previously East Pakistan, seceded from Pakistan. As of 2011 the Bangladeshi American population of Greater Houston includes over 10,000 people. The Bangladesh Association bought 4 acres (1.6 ha) of land in southwestern unincorporated Harris County in 2001. By 2011 the association announced plans to develop the $2.5 million ($3386094.67 in today's money) facility Bangladeshi American Center, which will include auditoriums, classrooms, a playground, and an outdoor sports complex. [43] The first donor conference was held at the Stafford Civic Center in Stafford. In 2012, the Bangladeshi Students Association at the University of Houston was resurrected after a ten-year hiatus. This organization was first formed in the 70s soon after the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. UH BSA serves as the link between the 2nd generation of Bangladeshis and the older generation. [44]
As of the 2010 U.S. Census there were 22,575 ethnic Filipinos in Harris County, making up 8.1% of the county's Asian population, the third largest Asian American group in the Houston area. [25]
Relatively few persons of Filipino origin had come to Houston by 1960, [45] and around 1970 the entire State of Texas had about 50,000 people of Filipino origin. [26] The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 allowed for more immigration from Asia, and Filipino immigration increased by the 1980s. [45] Many ethnic Filipinos began working in the Texas Medical Center around that time as Filipino medical professionals gained employment in the U.S. due to their English proficiency. [46] In 1990 there were 10,502 ethnic Filipinos in Harris County, making up 9.6% of the county's Asian population. In 2000 this had increased to 15,576, making up 8.1% of the county's Asian population. The Filipino population increased by 45% from 2000 to 2010. [25]
In 1980 the Philippine Nurses Association of Metropolitan Houston was established. [47]
In 1999 the Houston area had about 40,000 Filipino Catholics. There were no particular Filipino Catholic churches. [34] Some Filipinos in the area are Protestants and attend Baptist and Methodist churches. [47]
A Jollibee is located near NRG Park, [47] which opened in 2013. [48] It was placed proximity to the Texas Medical Center, where Filipino nurses work, and was the first location in the State of Texas. [49] Next to it is a Filipino Asian market and restaurant called Cherry Foodarama. [47] The area is currently being developed into a Little Manila and the area surrounding NRG Park has the highest percentage of Filipino Americans within Houston's city limits. Other areas in the Greater Houston area with significant Filipino populations are Alief, Brays Oaks, Fort Bend County, and Pearland.
As of the 2010 U.S. Census there were 11,813 ethnic Koreans in Harris County, making up 4.2% of the county's Asian population. [25] In 2015 Haejin E. Koh, author of "Korean Americans in Houston: Building Bridges across Cultures and Generations," wrote in regards to the census figure that "community leaders believe the number is twice as large." [50]
In 1970 the official census figure for people of Korean origins in the entire state was 2,090. Bruce Glasrud, a historian, stated that the real figure may be higher as some previous Korean immigrants were counted as Japanese, as Korea was then under the Empire of Japan. [26] As of 1983 there were about 10,000 ethnic Korean people in Houston. [51] In 1990 there were 6,571 ethnic Koreans, making up 6% of the county's Asian population. In 2000 this figure had increased to 8,764, making up 4.5% of the county's Asian population. The number of Koreans increased by 35% from 2000 to 2010. [25] Houston's Korean American population is mostly concentrated in Spring Branch with a sizable portion in Greater Katy.
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 3,566 people of Japanese descent in Harris County, making up 1.3% of the Asians in the county. In 1990 there were 3,425 ethnic Japanese in the county, making up 3.1% of the county's Asians, and in 2000 there were 3,574 ethnic Japanese in the county, making up 1.9% of the county's Asians. [25]
The immigration of Japanese people to Houston was initiated by the efforts of two Japanese men, Sadatsuchi Uchida and Seito Saibara. Their idea and venture ultimately led to the first rice plantation in Texas that attracted Japanese men and their wives. [52]
The first Cambodians arrived in Houston while fleeing the Cambodian genocide. Agencies used Houston's climate as a reason to place Cambodian refugees there. A 23-house complex called "Khmer Village" was established off of Interstate 10 (Eastex Freeway) in the east side of the city. [53]
A woman named Yani Rose Keo became a community leader and was involved in the affairs of Cambodians who settled in Houston. In 2000 Yani Keo stated that 80,000 people of Cambodian origins lived in Houston while Greater Houston had a total of 82,000 people of Cambodian origins. [54] Many Cambodians in Houston operate doughnut shops; according to Samoeurn Phan, a Cambodian man quoted by food writer Robb Walsh in The Washington Post , about 90% of the doughnut shops in Houston were owned by Cambodians in 2017. [55]
In 1985 Keo established a farm in an area called "Little Cambodia," [56] in Brazoria County, near Rosharon. Terrence McCoy of the Houston Press stated that there were "perhaps" 90 families of Cambodian origin living there. [57] In the 2000s (decade) the farmers got into a dispute with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) over the farming of water spinach, which the TPWD classified as “Harmful or Potentially Harmful Exotic Fish, Shellfish and Aquatic Plants.” [58] Ultimately the TPWD allowed the farming of water spinach with proper mandated state regulations. "Little Cambodia" sustained damage during Hurricane Ike in 2008, [57] and in Hurricane Harvey in 2017. [56]
As of 2015 [update] , 77583, the ZIP code of Rosharon, Texas, has the highest concentration of Cambodian Americans in the Greater Houston area. [59]
Circa the 1980s there was the Cambodian/Khmer School of Houston. [60]
In addition Houston has populations of Asians from other countries in Southeast Asia and East Asia. This includes Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia, and Thailand. In 2010 there were 40,684 Asians from Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Thailand living in Harris County, making up 14.5% of the Asians there. [25]
By 2023, Houston Buddhist Vihara became the gathering hub of Houston's Sri Lankan community. [53]
In 1990 there were 12,114 Asians from other countries in Harris County, making up 11% of the county's Asian population. In 2000 the number had increased to 20,579, making up 10.7% of the county's Asian population. The other Asian population of Harris County increased by almost 100% from 2000 to 2010. [25]
As of 1983 the Consulate-General of Indonesia, Houston estimated that 300 Indonesian persons were in Houston. [61] As of 2004 Houston had the fifth largest Indonesian population in the United States; this helps sustain the consulate. [62]
Over the three years leading to 2009, Houston took about 2,200 Burmese. [63]
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The Asian American population of Greater Katy was about 40,000 in 2019, and from 2000 to 2010 that population increased 300%. There is a development called Katy Asia Town, which is 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) large. [64] It includes an H Mart. [65]
By 2020 large numbers of Asian Americans settled suburbs in the Houston area, and Asian Americans were the racial group with the highest growth rates in multiple Houston area counties. [38]
In 2010, the Houston Asian American Archives (HAAA), a part of the Chao Center for Asian Studies, Rice University opened. [66]
In 2002, Asian Americans received about one quarter of loans given in the Houston area by the Small Business Administration. [67]
By 2020 ethnic Asian bakeries opened in Houston, including those of Taiwanese and Vietnamese backgrounds. [68]
Chen and Harwell wrote circa 2015 that the amount of Asian Americans could "swing an election" even though they were not "a large voting bloc", arguing that Lee P. Brown's efforts to make campaign material via telephone and in writing in Asian languages helped secure his victory in the 2001 city elections. [69]
The Houston 80-20 Asian American Political Action Committee, created in 1999, was set up to represent minorities of Asian origin and to support candidates perceived as supporting them; this PAC does not support any particular political party. [69]
Beverley Clark, of mixed Chinese and African-American origins, was elected to the Houston City Council in 1989, being the first city council member of Asian origins. Martha Wong, elected to the council in 1993, was the first person of majority Asian origins to be elected to the council. [26] The first person of an at-large position on the council of Asian origins was Gordon Quan, elected in 1999. The first Muslim on the council, M. J. Khan, an ethnic Pakistani elected in 2003, was also classified as Asian. [69]
In 1987 Hannah Chow was elected as the No. 5 official of the Harris County Criminal Court of Law, making her the first elected official of the Harris County government of Asian origins. [69]
Asian Americans are Americans with ancestry from the continent of Asia. Although this term had historically been used for all the indigenous peoples of the continent of Asia, the usage of the term "Asian" by the United States Census Bureau is a race group that only includes people with origins or ancestry from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and select parts of Central Asia and excludes people with ethnic origins in certain parts of Asia, including West Asia, who will be categorized as Middle Eastern Americans starting from the 2030 census. Some Central Asian ancestries, including Afghan, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek, were previously recognized as "White" but have been designated as Asian as of 2023. The "Asian" census category includes people who indicate their race(s) on the census as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Chinese, Indian, Bangladeshi, Filipino, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Korean, Japanese, Pakistani, Malaysian, and Other Asian". In 2020, Americans who identified as Asian alone (19,886,049) or in combination with other races (4,114,949) made up 7.2% of the US population.
Chinatown is a community in Southwest Houston, Texas, United States.
In non-Asian countries, an Asian supermarket largely describes a category of grocery stores that focuses and stocks items and products imported from countries located in the Far East.
The demographics of Toronto, Ontario, Canada make Toronto one of the most multicultural and multiracial cities in the world. In 2021, 57.0 percent of the residents of the metropolitan area belonged to a visible minority group, compared with 51.4 percent in 2016, and 13.6 percent in 1981. Toronto also has established ethnic neighbourhoods such as the multiple Chinatowns, Corso Italia, Little Italy, Little India, Greektown, Koreatown, Little Tokyo, Little Jamaica, Little Portugal, Little Malta, Roncesvalles (Polish), and Bloor West Village (Ukrainian), all of which celebrate the city's multiculturalism. Data from the suburban municipalities are also included for some metrics as most of these municipalities are part of the Toronto CMA.
California is the most populous US state, with an estimated population of 38.9 million as of 2023. It has people from a wide variety of ethnic, racial, national, and religious backgrounds.
In the U.S. state of Texas, Houston is the largest city by both population and area. With a 1850 United States census population of 2,396—and 596,163 a century later, in 1950—Houston's population has experienced positive growth trends. In 2000, the city had a population of 1,953,631 people in 717,945 households and 457,330 families, increasing to 2,304,580 at the 2020 census.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2023, Texas was the second largest state in population after California, with a population of 30,503,301, an increase of more than 1.3 million people, or 4.7%, since the 29,145,505 of the 2020 census. Its apportioned population in 2020 was 29,183,290. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the state of Texas has experienced strong population growth. Texas has many major cities and metropolitan areas, along with many towns and rural areas. Much of the population is concentrated in the major cities of Dallas–Fort Worth, Austin, San Antonio, Houston, McAllen, and El Paso and their corresponding metropolitan areas. The first four aforementioned main urban centers are also referred to as the Texas Triangle megaregion.
Asian Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Asia. Canadians with Asian ancestry comprise both the largest and fastest growing group in Canada, after European Canadians, forming approximately 20.2 percent of the Canadian population as of 2021, making up the majority of Canada’s visible minority population. Most Asian Canadians are concentrated in the urban areas of Southern Ontario, Southwestern British Columbia, Central Alberta, and other large Canadian cities.
The demographics of Asian Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to one or more Asian countries.
Asian people are the people of the continent of Asia. The term may also refer to their descendants.
This article discusses the various cuisines in Houston, Texas.
Vietnamese immigration has occurred in Greater Houston, including Fort Bend County and Harris County, since 1975, after the Vietnam War ended and refugees began coming to the United States.
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Asian Californians are residents of the state of California who are of Asian ancestry. California has the largest Asian American population in the United States, and second highest proportion of Asian American residents, after Hawaii. As of the 2020 US census, there were over 6 million Asian Americans in California; 15.5% of the state's population. If including those with partial Asian ancestry, this figure is around 17%. This is a jump from 13.8% recorded in 2010.
The Houston area population includes a large number of people with Chinese ancestral backgrounds. According to the American Community Survey, as of 2013, Greater Houston has 72,320 residents of Chinese origin.
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The Hispanic population in Houston is increasing as more immigrants from Latin American countries come to work in the area. As of 2006 the city has the third-largest Hispanic population in the United States. As of 2011, the city is 44% Hispanic. As of 2011, of the city's U.S. citizens that are Hispanic, half are age 18 or older, and are therefore at the age range eligible to vote. As of 2011 many Hispanics in Houston are not U.S. citizens, especially those living in Gulfton and Spring Branch, and are therefore ineligible to vote in elections. As a result, Hispanics have proportionally less representation in the municipal government than other ethnic groups. As of April 2011 two of the Houston City Council members are Hispanic, making up 18% of the council.
As of the 2010 U.S. Census there were 11,813 ethnic Koreans in Harris County, Texas, in the Houston area, making up 4.2% of the county's Asian population. In 2015 Haejin E. Koh, author of "Korean Americans in Houston: Building Bridges across Cultures and Generations," wrote in regards to the census figure that "community leaders believe the number is twice as large."
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