Chinatowns in Queens | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Chinese | 皇后區唐人街 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 皇后区唐人街 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
There are multiple Chinatowns in the borough of Queens in New York City. The original Queens Chinatown emerged in Flushing,initially as a satellite of the original Manhattan Chinatown,before evolving its own identity,surpassing in scale the original Manhattan Chinatown, [1] and subsequently,in turn,spawning its own satellite Chinatowns in Elmhurst,Corona,and eastern Queens. As of 2023,illegal Chinese immigration to New York has accelerated,and its Flushing neighborhood has become the present-day global epicenter receiving Chinese immigration as well as the international control center directing such migration. [2] As of 2024,a significant new wave of Chinese Muslims is fleeing religious persecution in northwestern China’s Xinjiang Province and seeking religious freedom in New York, [3] and concentrating in Queens.
The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside Asia,comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017, [4] including at least 12 Chinatowns - six [5] (or nine,including the emerging Chinatowns in Corona and Whitestone,Queens, [6] and East Harlem,Manhattan) in New York City proper,and one each in Nassau County,Long Island;Cherry Hill,Edison,New Jersey; [6] and Parsippany-Troy Hills,New Jersey,not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area. Chinese Americans,as a whole,have had a significant tenure in New York City. The first Chinese immigrants came to Lower Manhattan around 1870,looking for the "golden" opportunities America had to offer. [7] By 1880,the enclave around Five Points was estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members. [7]
However,the Chinese Exclusion Act,which went into effect in 1882,caused an abrupt decline in the number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States. [7] Later,in 1943,the Chinese were given a small quota,and the community's population gradually increased until 1968,when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed. [7] In the past few years,the Cantonese dialect that has dominated the Chinatowns for decades is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin Chinese,the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants. [8]
As the city proper with the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia by a wide margin, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017, [9] and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants, [10] New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs, which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens, adjacently located on Long Island, leading the fastest growth. [11] [12] After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States.
Borough | Chinese Americans residents | |
---|---|---|
number | percent | |
Queens [13] | 237,484 | 10.2 |
Brooklyn [14] | 205,753 | 7.9 |
Manhattan [15] | 107,609 | 6.6 |
Staten Island [ citation needed ] | 13,620 | 2.9 |
The Bronx [ citation needed ] | 6,891 | 0.5 |
New York City [16] | 573,388 | 1,881.1 |
Flushing Chinatown | |
---|---|
Country | United States |
State | New York |
City | New York City |
Borough | Queens |
Region | Long Island |
Area codes | 718, 347, 929, and 917 |
Chinatown, Flushing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Chinese | 法拉盛華埠 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 法拉盛华埠 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠),or Mandarin Town Flushing (國語埠法拉盛) [18] in Flushing,is one of the largest and fastest-growing ethnic Chinese enclaves outside Asia,as well as within New York City itself. Flushing Chinatown is in Main Street and the area to its west,particularly along Roosevelt Avenue,has become the primary nexus of Flushing Chinatown. However,Chinatown continues to expand southeastward along Kissena Boulevard and northward beyond Northern Boulevard. The Flushing–Main Street station is the busiest New York City Subway station outside Manhattan. The Flushing Chinatown houses over 30,000 individuals born in China alone,the largest Chinatown by this metric outside Asia and one of the largest and fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world. [1] Flushing is undergoing rapid gentrification by Chinese transnational entities. [19]
In 1645,Flushing was established by Dutch settlers on the eastern bank of Flushing Creek under charter of the Dutch West India Company and was part of the New Netherland colony. The settlement was named after the city of Vlissingen,in the southwestern Netherlands,the main port of the company;Flushing is the historic anglicization of the Dutch name of that town.
In 1664,the English took control of New Amsterdam,ending Dutch control of the colony,and renamed it the Province of New York. When Queens County was established in 1683,the "Town of Flushing" was one of the original five towns which comprised the county. [20] Many historical references to Flushing are to this town,bounded from Newtown on the west by Flushing Creek (now often called the Flushing River),from Jamaica on the south by the "hills"—that is,the terminal moraine left by the last glacier,and from Hempstead on the east by what later became the Nassau County line. The town was dissolved in 1898 when Queens became a borough of New York City,and the term "Flushing" today usually refers to a much smaller area,including the former Village of Flushing and the areas immediately to the east and south. It was later settled by multiple ethnicities,including people of European,Hispanic,South-West Asian,African,and eventually East Asian ancestry.
In the 1970s,a Chinese community established a foothold in Flushing,whose demographic constituency had been predominantly white,interspersed with a small Japanese community. This wave of immigrants from Taiwan were the first to arrive and developed Flushing's Chinatown. It was known as Little Taipei (小台北) or Little Taiwan (小台灣). Many who arrived were the descendants of former soldiers and political supporters of Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Nationalist Party,which had lost the war against the Chinese Communist Party,and established themselves in Taiwan. Along with immigrants from Taiwan at this time,a large South Korean population has also called Flushing home.
Before the 1970s,Cantonese immigrants had vastly dominated Chinese immigration to New York City;however,during the 1970s,the Taiwanese immigrants were the first wave of Chinese immigrants who spoke Mandarin rather than Cantonese to arrive in New York City. Due to the dominance of Cantonese-speaking immigrants,who were largely working-class in Manhattan's Chinatown (Chinese :紐約華埠; Jyutping :Nau2 Joek3 Waa4 Fau6),as well as the language barrier and poor housing conditions there,Taiwanese immigrants,who were more likely to have attained higher educational standards and socioeconomic status,could not relate to Manhattan's Chinatown,and chose to settle in Flushing instead. As the Taiwanese population grew,a Flushing Chinatown was created with a higher standard of living and better housing conditions.
Over the years,many new non-Cantonese ethnic Chinese immigrants from different regions and provinces of China started to arrive in New York City and settled in Flushing through word of mouth. This led to the creation of a more Mandarin-speaking Chinatown or Mandarin Town that gradually replaced Little Taipei. This wave of immigrants spoke Mandarin and various regional/provincial dialects. The early 1990s into the 2000s brought a wave of Fuzhounese Americans and Wenzhounese immigrants. Like the Taiwanese,they faced cultural and communication problems in Manhattan's predominantly Cantonese-speaking Chinatown and settled in Flushing as well as Elmhurst,Queens,which also has a significant Mandarin-speaking population. Flushing's Chinese population became very diverse over the next few decades as people from different provinces started to arrive,infusing their varied languages and cultures into this new "Chinatown." [21] [22] [23] [24] Due to the increased opening of Mainland China,there has also been a growing Northern Chinese population in Flushing.
Flushing and its Chinatown abuts the rapidly growing Long Island Koreatown (롱아일랜드코리아타운) as well. [25]
The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue,in the heart of the Chinatown neighborhood,hosts a large concentration of Chinese businesses,including Chinese restaurants. Chinese-owned businesses in particular dominate the area along Main Street and the blocks west of it,while Korean businesses are found in a substantial number east of Main Street and east of the Flushing Chinatown,on Union Street. The majority of signs and advertisements of stores in the area have become Chinese. Ethnic Chinese constitute an increasingly dominant proportion of the Asian population and as well as of the overall population in Flushing. Consequently,Flushing's Chinatown has grown rapidly enough to become the largest Chinatown outside Asia. The Flushing Chinatown has surpassed the original Manhattan Chinatown in size. [1] As of 2023,illegal Chinese immigration to New York,and especially to Queens and it's Flushing Chinatown,has accelerated. [2] Flushing has become the present-day global epicenter receiving Chinese immigration as well as the international control center directing such migration. [2]
A 1986 estimate by the Flushing Chinese Business Association approximated 60,000 Chinese in Flushing alone. [26] By 1990,Asians constituted 41% of the population of the core area of Flushing,with Chinese in turn representing 41% of the Asian population. [21] However,ethnic Chinese are constituting an increasingly dominant proportion of the Asian population as well as of the overall population in Flushing and its Chinatown. High rates of both legal [27] [28] and illegal [29] immigration from Mainland China continue to spur the ongoing rise of the ethnic Chinese population in Flushing,as in all of New York City's Chinatowns.
Flushing's Chinatown ranks as New York City's largest Chinese community with 33,526 Chinese,up from 17,363,a 93% increase. The Brooklyn Chinatown is the second-largest Chinatown of NYC with 34,218 Chinese residents,up from 19,963 in 2000,a 71% increase. As for Manhattan's Chinatown,its Chinese population declined by 17%,from 34,554 to 28,681 since 2000,to become the third-largest. [30]
Of all the Chinatowns of New York City,the Flushing Chinatown is also the most diverse,with large populations of Chinese groups from various regions of Mainland China and Taiwan. The Northeastern Chinese immigrants are increasingly becoming the largest Chinese group in Flushing. [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
Flushing Chinatown now rivals Manhattan's Chinatown as a center of Chinese culture [40] and has been called the "Chinese Times Square" or the "Chinese Manhattan". [2] [41] [42] The Lunar New Year Parade has become a growing annual celebration of Chinese New Year. More and larger Chinese supermarkets are locating and selling a diverse and uniquely vast array of Chinese food and ingredient selections in Flushing,the largest of which include Hong Kong Supermarket and New York Supermarket,which also happen to be rapidly growing Chinese American chain supermarkets. [43] [44] [45] The segment of Main Street between Roosevelt Avenue and Kissena Boulevard represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown. Flushing's rise as the largest epicenter of Chinese culture outside Asia has been attributed to the remarkable diversity of regional Chinese demographics represented. The growth of the business activity at the core of Downtown Flushing,dominated by the Flushing Chinatown,has continued to flourish despite the COVID-19 pandemic. [46]
Many languages are spoken in Flushing Chinatown. English can be heard alongside many Sinitic languages,such as various Mandarin (Northeastern Mandarin,Beijing dialect), [47] Min (Fuzhounese,Hokkien),Wu (Shanghainese,Suzhounese,Hangzhounese,Wenzhounese) and Cantonese,while Hakka varieties and Mongolian are now emerging.
The popular styles of Chinese cuisine are ubiquitously accessible in Flushing, [48] including Korean-Chinese cuisine,Hakka,Taiwanese,Shanghainese,Hunanese,Sichuanese,Cantonese,Fujianese,Xinjiang,and Zhejiang cuisine. Even the relatively obscure Dongbei style of cuisine indigenous to Northeast China is now available in Flushing, [49] as well as Mongolian cuisine and Uyghur cuisine. [42] These diverse Chinese immigrant populations have brought with them their own regional food cuisines which have led to Flushing being considered the "food mecca" for Chinese regional cuisine outside of Asia. [50] [51]
The World Journal ,one of the largest Chinese-language newspapers outside China,is headquartered in adjacent Whitestone,Queens,with offices in Flushing as well. [52] Numerous other Chinese newspapers such as the China Press , Sing Tao Daily , The Epoch Times ,as well as other English-language publications,are available in the Flushing Chinatown.
SinoVision,one of the largest Chinese-speaking media networks in North America,also has headquarters in Flushing.
In accompaniment with its rapid growth,Flushing in particular has witnessed the proliferation of highly competitive businesses touted as educational centers [53] as well as non-profit organizations declaring the intent to educate the community. Some entities offer education in Mandarin, [54] the lingua franca of Mainland China;others profess to provide students with intensive training in computer and technological proficiency;while still others entice high school students with rigorous preparatory classes for college entrance examinations in mathematics,science,and English literacy (see:cram school and buxiban).
The largest of the Flushing branches of the Queens Borough Public Library is located at the intersection of Kissena Boulevard and Main Street. [55] This library houses an auditorium for public events.
New York Hospital Queens,a member of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System,is a major medical center providing Flushing as well as surrounding communities with comprehensive medical care services. [56] Numerous tertiary medical clinics also serve the residents of Flushing.
A diverse array of social services geared toward assisting recent as well as established Chinese immigrants is readily available in Flushing. [57]
The New York City Subway's 7 and <7> trains has its terminus at Flushing –Main Street;the intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue,at the heart of Flushing Chinatown,is the third busiest intersection in New York City,behind only Times Square and Herald Square in Manhattan. It is the busiest subway station in Queens and the 12th busiest station overall As of 2016 [update] . [58] Numerous other public bus and rail connections also serve Chinatown at the Main Street/Roosevelt Avenue intersection,including 22 bus routes as well as the Port Washington Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. [59] Flushing Chinatown is also readily accessible by automobile from several major highways,namely the Grand Central Parkway and the Whitestone Expressway/Van Wyck Expressway. There are also multiple dollar van services shuttling passengers between Flushing Chinatown and the other Chinatowns in New York City and Long Island.
The political stature of Flushing Chinatown appears to be increasing significantly. Taiwan-born John Liu,former New York City Council member representing District 20,which includes Flushing Chinatown and other northern Queens neighborhoods,was elected New York City Comptroller in November 2009. Concomitantly,Peter Koo,born in Shanghai,China was elected to succeed Liu to assume this council membership seat.
In March 2019,The New York Times reported that the Flushing Chinatown has also become the epicenter of organized prostitution in the United States,importing women from China,Korea,Thailand,and Eastern Europe to sustain the underground North American sex trade. [60]
Elmhurst's rapidly growing Chinatown [61] is the second in Queens,in addition to the Flushing Chinatown. Previously a small area with Chinese shops on Broadway between 81st Street and Cornish Avenue,this newly evolved second Chinatown in Queens has now expanded to 45th Avenue and Whitney Avenue and is developing as a satellite of the Flushing Chinatown. In Chinese translation,Elmhurst is named 艾浒(Àihǔin Standard Chinese). There are also many other Southeast Asian businesses and shops in the area,including Malaysian Chinese,Singaporean Chinese,Indonesian,Thai,and Vietnamese. Hong Kong Supermarket and New York Supermarket serve as the largest Chinese supermarkets selling different food varieties to this Elmhurst Chinatown. [62] [63] Financial institutions have emerged along Broadway to serve the various Chinese communities of Elmhurst. Like Flushing's Chinatown,it is also very highly populated by Mandarin speakers,although many also speak other languages like Hakka.
An annexation of the Elmhurst Chinatown is the neighborhood of Corona,emerging as a Chinatown geographically connecting the larger Chinatowns in Flushing and Elmhurst. [64]
Since 2000,thousands of Chinese Americans have migrated into Whitestone,given the sizeable presence of the neighboring Flushing Chinatown,and have continued their expansion eastward in Queens and into neighboring,highly educated Nassau County on Long Island,which has become the leading suburban destination in the U.S. for Chinese. [65] [66] [67] The World Journal ,the largest Chinese-language newspaper in the United States [65] and one of the largest Chinese-language newspapers outside China,with a daily circulation of 350,000,is headquartered in Whitestone. [52] The New York office of Hong Kong-based Lee Kum Kee International Holdings Ltd. is also located in Whitestone. [68]
Chinatowns:
Koreatowns:
American Chinese cuisine is a cuisine derived from Chinese cuisine that was developed by Chinese Americans. The dishes served in many North American Chinese restaurants are adapted to American tastes and often differ significantly from those found in China.
Chinatown is the catch-all name for an ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside Greater China, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as "Chinatown" exist throughout the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas.
Manhattan's Chinatown is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City, bordering the Lower East Side to its east, Little Italy to its north, Civic Center to its south, and Tribeca to its west. With an estimated population of 90,000 to 100,000 people, Chinatown is home to the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere. Manhattan's Chinatown is also one of the oldest Chinese ethnic enclaves. The Manhattan Chinatown is one of nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City, as well as one of twelve in the New York metropolitan area, which contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.
Taiwanese Americans are an ethnic group in the United States consisting of Americans with full or partial ancestry from Taiwan, including American-born citizens descended from Taiwanese migrants.
Flushing is a neighborhood in the north-central portion of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is the fourth-largest central business district in New York City. Downtown Flushing is a major commercial and retail area, and the intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue at its core is the third-busiest in New York City, behind Times Square and Herald Square.
Elmhurst is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City. It is bounded by Roosevelt Avenue on the north; the Long Island Expressway on the south; Junction Boulevard on the east; and the New York Connecting Railroad on the west.
A Koreatown (Korean: 코리아타운), also known as a Little Korea or Little Seoul, is a Korean-dominated ethnic enclave within a city or metropolitan area outside the Korean Peninsula.
This article discusses Chinatowns in the Americas, urban areas with a large population of people of Chinese descent. The regions include: Canada, the United States, and Latin America.
Little Fuzhou is a neighborhood in the Two Bridges and Lower East Side areas of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Little Fuzhou constitutes a portion of the greater Manhattan Chinatown, home to the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere. Manhattan's Chinatown is also one of the oldest Chinese ethnic enclaves.
Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam, New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves, neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity. Freed African American slaves also moved to New York City in the Great Migration and the later Second Great Migration and formed ethnic enclaves. These neighborhoods are set apart from the main city by differences such as food, goods for sale, or even language. Ethnic enclaves provide inhabitants security in work and social opportunities, but limit economic opportunities, do not encourage the development of English speaking, and keep immigrants in their own culture.
Avenue U is a commercial street located in Brooklyn, New York City. This avenue is a main thoroughfare throughout its length. Avenue U begins at Stillwell Avenue in Gravesend and ends at Bergen Avenue in Bergen Beach, while serving the other Brooklyn neighborhoods of Gravesend, Homecrest, Sheepshead Bay, Marine Park, and Mill Basin along its route.
The first Brooklyn Chinatown, was originally established in the Sunset Park area of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia, as well as within New York City itself. Because this Chinatown is rapidly evolving into an enclave predominantly of Fuzhou immigrants from Fujian Province in China, it is now increasingly common to refer to it as the Little Fuzhou or Fuzhou Town of the Western Hemisphere; as well as the largest Fuzhou enclave of New York City.
Chinatowns are enclaves of Chinese people outside of China. The first Chinatown in the United States was San Francisco's Chinatown in 1848, and many other Chinatowns were established in the 19th century by the Chinese diaspora on the West Coast. By 1875, Chinatowns had emerged in eastern cities such as New York City, Boston, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred Chinese immigration to the United States, but the Magnuson Act of 1943 repealed it, and the population of Chinatowns began to rise again.
Elizabeth Street is a street in Manhattan, New York City, which runs north-south parallel to and west of the Bowery. The street is a popular shopping strip in Lower Manhattan's Nolita neighborhood.
Koreatown, Queens, in the New York City borough of Queens, is one of the largest and fastest-growing ethnic Korean enclaves outside Korea. It is largely oriented around Northern Boulevard.
The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest and most prominent ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, hosting Chinese populations representing all 34 provincial-level administrative units of China. The Chinese American population of the New York City metropolitan area was an estimated 893,697 as of 2017, constituting the largest and most prominent metropolitan Asian national diaspora outside Asia. New York City itself contains by far the highest ethnic Chinese population of any individual city outside Asia, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017.
As of the 2011 American Community Survey, New York City is home to 100,000 ethnic Koreans, with two-thirds living in the borough of Queens. The overall Greater New York combined statistical area enumerated 218,764 Korean American residents as of the 2010 United States Census, the second-largest population of Koreans outside of Korea and the most prominent.
Fuzhounese Americans, also known as Hokchew Americans or Fuzhou Americans or imprecisely Fujianese, are Chinese American people of Fuzhou descent, in particular from the Changle district. Many Chinese restaurant workers in the United States are from Fuzhou. There are also a number of undocumented Fuzhounese immigrants in the United States who are smuggled in by groups such as snakeheads.
New York City is home to the second-largest Taiwanese American population, after the Los Angeles metropolitan area, California, enumerating an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 individuals as of 2020.
Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan..."New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community," said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.
The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to Flushing, which is 69% Asian. 'They've been here, they live here, they work here, they've invested here,' said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February...Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m...The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese.