New York City Council

Last updated

New York City Council
Seal of New York City (BW).svg
Flag of the New York City Council.svg
Type
Type
Leadership
Speaker
Adrienne Adams (D)
since January 5, 2022
Deputy Speaker
Diana Ayala (D)
since January 5, 2022
Majority Leader
Amanda Farías (D)
since January 3, 2024
Minority Leader
Joe Borelli (R)
since November 17, 2021
Majority Whip
Selvena Brooks-Powers (D)
since January 5, 2022
Minority Whip
Inna Vernikov (R)
since January 5, 2022
Structure
Seats51
New York City Council Composition, December 2022.svg
Political groups
  • Majority (45)
   Democratic (45)
  • Minority (6)
   Republican (6)
CommitteesSee standing committees
Elections
First-past-the-post (general elections)
Ranked-choice voting (primary and special elections)
Last election
 November 7, 2023
Next election
 November 4, 2025
Meeting place
City Hall Council Chamber pano.jpg
New York City Hall
Website
Official website

The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of New York City in the United States. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs.

Contents

The council serves as a check against the mayor in a mayor-council government model, the performance of city agencies' land use decisions, and legislating on a variety of other issues. It also has sole responsibility for approving the city budget. Members elected are limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after a four-year respite.

The head of the city council is called the speaker. The current speaker is Adrienne Adams, a Democrat from the 28th district in Queens. The speaker sets the agenda and presides at city council meetings, and all proposed legislation is submitted through the Speaker's Office. Majority Leader Amanda Farías leads the chamber's Democratic majority. Minority Leader Joe Borelli leads the six Republican council members.

As of 2022, the council has 38 standing committees and 4 subcommittees, with oversight of various functions of the city government. Each council member sits on at least three standing, select or subcommittees (listed below). [1] The standing committees meet at least once per month. The speaker of the council, the majority leader, and the minority leader are all ex officio members of every committee.

Council members are elected every four years. The exception is two consecutive two-year terms every twenty years to allow for redistricting after each national census (starting in 2001 and 2003 for the 2000 census and again in 2021 and 2023 for the 2020 census). [2]

Composition

An asterisk (*) next to the election year denotes a special election. A double asterisk (**) next to the election year means the member took office after certification to fill the remainder of an unexpired term.

DistrictMemberPartyResidenceBoroughElectedTerm limitedMap
1 Christopher Marte Democratic Lower East Side Manhattan 20212029
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2 Carlina Rivera Democratic Kips Bay Manhattan 20172025
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3 Erik Bottcher Democratic Chelsea Manhattan 20212029
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4 Keith Powers Democratic Murray Hill Manhattan 20172025
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5 Julie Menin Democratic Upper East Side Manhattan 20212029
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6 Gale Brewer Democratic Upper West Side Manhattan 20212029
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7 Shaun Abreu Democratic Manhattan Valley Manhattan 20212029
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8 Diana Ayala Democratic East Harlem The Bronx
Manhattan 		20172025
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9 Yusef Salaam Democratic Central Harlem Manhattan 20232033
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10 Carmen De La Rosa Democratic Inwood Manhattan 20212029
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11 Eric Dinowitz Democratic Riverdale The Bronx 2021*2029
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12 Kevin Riley Democratic Co-Op City The Bronx 2020*2029
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13 Kristy Marmorato Republican Morris Park The Bronx 20232033
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14 Pierina Sanchez Democratic Fordham Heights The Bronx 20212029
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15 Oswald Feliz Democratic Fordham The Bronx 2021*2029
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16 Althea Stevens Democratic Morrisania The Bronx 20212029
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17 Rafael Salamanca Democratic Longwood The Bronx 2016*2025
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18 Amanda Farías Democratic Soundview The Bronx 20212029
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19 Vickie Paladino Republican Whitestone Queens 20212029
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20 Sandra Ung Democratic Flushing Queens 20212029
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21 Francisco Moya Democratic Corona Queens 20172025
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22 Tiffany Cabán Democratic Woodside Queens
The Bronx 		2021**2029
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23 Linda Lee Democratic Oakland Gardens Queens 20212029
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24 James Gennaro Democratic Jamaica Estates Queens 2021*2029
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25 Shekar Krishnan Democratic Jackson Heights Queens 20212029
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26 Julie Won Democratic Sunnyside Queens 20212029
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27 Nantasha Williams Democratic Cambria Heights Queens 20212029
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28 Adrienne Adams Democratic Jamaica Queens 2017*2025
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29 Lynn Schulman Democratic Forest Hills Queens 20212029
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30 Robert Holden Democratic [a] Middle Village Queens 20172025
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31 Selvena Brooks-Powers Democratic Rockaway Beach Queens 2021*2029
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32 Joann Ariola Republican Howard Beach Queens 20212029
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33 Lincoln Restler Democratic Greenpoint Brooklyn 20212029
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34 Jennifer Gutiérrez Democratic Williamsburg Brooklyn
Queens 		20212029
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35 Crystal Hudson Democratic Prospect Heights Brooklyn 20212029
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36 Chi Ossé Democratic Crown Heights Brooklyn 20212029
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37 Sandy Nurse Democratic Cypress Hills Brooklyn 20212029
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38 Alexa Avilés Democratic Sunset Park Brooklyn 20212029
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39 Shahana Hanif Democratic Kensington Brooklyn 20212029
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40 Rita Joseph Democratic Flatbush Brooklyn 20212029
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41 Darlene Mealy Democratic Bedford Stuyvesant Brooklyn 20212029
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42 Chris Banks Democratic East New York Brooklyn 20232033
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43 Susan Zhuang Democratic Bensonhurst Brooklyn 20232033
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44 Kalman Yeger Democratic Borough Park Brooklyn 20172025
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45 Farah Louis Democratic Flatbush Brooklyn 2019*2029
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46 Mercedes Narcisse Democratic Canarsie Brooklyn 20212029
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47 Justin Brannan Democratic Coney Island Brooklyn 20172025
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48 Inna Vernikov Republican Sheepshead Bay Brooklyn 2021**2029
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49 Kamillah Hanks Democratic Stapleton Staten Island 20212029
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50 David Carr Republican Grasmere Staten Island
Brooklyn 		2021**2029
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51 Joe Borelli Republican Annadale Staten Island 2015*2025
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  1. ↑ Holden was elected in 2017 on the Republican line, but is a registered Democrat.
Map of Council districts New York City Council Districts.svg
Map of Council districts
Members
Borough
Population
(2017 est) [3] 		Total
Democratic
Republican
Brooklyn 2,648,77115141
Queens 2,358,58214122
Manhattan 1,664,72710100
The Bronx 1,471,160761
Staten Island 479,458312
Total8,008,27851456
    Council leaders
    PositionNamePartyBorough
    Speaker Adrienne Adams Democratic Queens
    Majority Leader Amanda Farías Democratic Bronx
    Deputy Speaker Diana Ayala Democratic Bronx
    Majority Whip Selvena Brooks-Powers Democratic Queens
    Minority Leader Joe Borelli Republican Staten Island
    Minority Whip Inna Vernikov Republican Brooklyn

    Salary

    Council Members currently receive $148,500 a year in base salary, which the council increased from $112,500 in early 2016. [4] The salary raise came with new ethics guidelines and restrictions; most outside income is prohibited, and members no longer receive additional compensation for serving on committees. [5]

    Law

    The New York City Charter is the fundamental law of the government of New York City including the council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the council and is composed of 29 titles. [6] [7] The regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. [8]

    A local law has a status equivalent with a law enacted by the legislature (subject to certain exceptions and restrictions), and is superior to the older forms of municipal legislation such as ordinances, resolutions, rules and regulations. [9] Each local government must designate a newspaper of notice to publish or describe its laws. [10] The secretary of state is responsible for publishing local laws as a supplement to the Laws of New York (the "session laws" of the state), but they have not done so in recent years. [10] The New York City Charter, the New York City Administrative Code, and the Rules of the City of New York are published online by the New York Legal Publishing Corp. under contract with the New York City Law Department. [11]

    History

    The history of the New York City Council can be traced to Dutch Colonial times when New York City was known as New Amsterdam. On February 2, 1653, the town of New Amsterdam, founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island in 1625, was incorporated as a city under a charter issued by the Dutch West India Company. A Council of Legislators sat as the local lawmaking body and as a court of inferior jurisdiction. During the 18th and 19th centuries the local legislature was called the Common Council and then the Board of Aldermen . In 1898 the amalgamation charter of the City of Greater New York renamed and revamped the council and added a New York City Board of Estimate with certain administrative and financial powers. After a number of changes through the ensuing years, the present Council was born in 1938 under a new charter which instituted the council as the sole legislative body and the New York City Board of Estimate as the chief administrative body. Certain functions of the council, however, remained subject to the approval of the board.

    In 1938, a system of proportional representation known as single transferable vote was adopted; a fixed quota of 75,000 votes was set, so that the size of the council fluctuated with voter turnout. [12] The term was extended to four years in 1945 to coincide with the term of the mayor. Proportional representation was abolished in 1947, largely from pressure from Democrats, who played on fears of Communist council members being elected (two already had). [13] It was replaced by a system of electing one Council Member from each New York State Senate district within the city. The Charter also provided for the election of two Council Members-at-large from each of the five boroughs. In June 1983, however, a federal court ruled that the 10 at-large seats violated the United States Constitution's one-person, one-vote mandate. [14]

    In 1989, the Supreme Court ruled that the Board of Estimate also violated the one-person, one-vote mandate. In response, the new Charter abolished the Board of Estimate and provided for the redrawing of the council district lines to increase minority representation on the council. It also increased the number of Council Members from 35 to 51. The council was then granted full power over the municipal budget, as well as authority over zoning, land use and franchises. In 1993 the New York City Council voted to rename the position of president of the city council to the Public Advocate. As the presiding officer, the Public Advocate was an ex officio member of all committees in the council, and in that capacity had the right to introduce and co-sponsor legislation. [15] However the city charter revision of 2002 transferred the duties of presiding officer from the Public Advocate to the Council Speaker; the Public Advocate remains a non-voting member of the council. [16]

    In 2022, the composition of first female majority City Council [17] included the first Muslim woman, the first South Asian members, and the first openly gay Black woman. [18]

    Term limits

    A two-term limit was imposed on city council members and citywide elected officials in a 1993 referendum. The movement to introduce term limits was led by Ronald Lauder, the heir to the Estée Lauder fortune. In 1996, voters turned down a council proposal to extend term limits. Lauder spent $4 million on the two referendums.

    However, in 2008, under pressure from Mayor Michael Bloomberg (who, like many Council members, was facing the end of his two-term limit at that time), the council voted 29–22 to extend the limit to three terms; the council also defeated (by a vote of 22–28, with one abstention) a proposal to submit the issue to public referendum. [19]

    Legal challenges to the extension of term limits failed in federal court. The original decision by Judge Charles Sifton of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Long Island, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island) was upheld by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Vermont, Connecticut and New York), and a proposal in the New York State Legislature to override the extension was not passed. [20] [21] [22]

    Voters voted to reinstate the two-term limit law in another referendum in 2010. [23] However, according to The New York Times, incumbent members of the city council who were elected prior to the 2010 referendum "will still be allowed to run for a third term. People in office before 2010 were eligible for three terms." [24]

    Presiding officers since 1898

    Through several changes in title and duties, this person has been, together with the Mayor and City Comptroller, one of the three municipal officers directly elected by all of the city's voters, and also the person who—when the elected mayor resigns, dies, or otherwise loses the ability to serve—becomes acting mayor until the next special or regular election. [25]

    Until 1989, these three officers, together with the five borough presidents, constituted the New York City Board of Estimate. Political campaigns have traditionally tried to balance their candidates for these three offices to appeal as wide a range of the city's political, geographical, social, ethnic and religious constituencies as possible (and, when possible, to both genders).

    NameStart and end dates as presiding officerPartyReason for end of term
    As president of the board of aldermen
    Randolph Guggenheimer [26] January 1, 1898 [27] [28] – December 31, 1901DemocraticDid not seek re-election [29]
    Charles V. Fornes [30] January 1, 1902 [31] – December 31, 1903Fusion (first term)Elected to two two-year terms [30]
    January 1, 1904 – December 27, 1905Democratic (second term)Did not seek re-election
    Patrick F. McGowan [32] December 27, 1905 [33] – December 31, 1909DemocraticDid not seek re-election, appointed to several Board of Education committees [34]
    John Purroy Mitchel [35] b, cJanuary 1, 1910 [36] – June 7, 1913 [37] FusionResigned to become Collector of the Port of New York
    Ardolph L. Kline [38] a, dJune 9, 1913 [39] – December 31, 1913RepublicanRe-elected to aldermanic seat but did not seek re-election as aldermanic president [40]
    George McAneny [41] January 1, 1914 [42] – February 1, 1916 [43] Fusion, DemocraticResigned to join the management of The New York Times [44]
    Frank L. Dowling [45] February 1, 1916 [43] [46] – December 31, 1917DemocraticBecame Manhattan Borough President [47]
    Alfred E. Smith [48] January 1, 1918 [49] – December 31, 1918DemocraticBecame Governor of New York [50]
    Robert L. Moran [51] January 1, 1919 [50] – December 31, 1919DemocraticLost re-election to La Guardia [52]
    Fiorello H. La Guardia [53] b, cJanuary 1, 1920 [54] – December 31, 1921RepublicanUnsuccessful run for mayor, lost in the primary [55]
    Murray Hulbert [56] January 2, 1922 [57] – January 8, 1925 [58] DemocraticOusted by court decision after accepting honorary position on the Finger Lakes Park Commission [58]
    William T. Collins [59] January 8, 1925 [58] – December 30, 1925 [60] DemocraticBecame acting mayor for one day, then became New York County Clerk [60]
    Joseph V. McKee [61] a, cJanuary 1, 1926 [62] – May 15, 1933 [63] DemocraticResigned to become president of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company [63]
    Dennis J. Mahon [64] (acting)May 16, 1933 [65] – December 31, 1933 [66] DemocraticLost re-election to Republican-Fusion candidate Morton Baum [67]
    Bernard S. Deutsch [68] January 1, 1934 [69] – November 21, 1935 [68] Republican, Fusion, Law Preservation [70] Died while in office [68]
    Timothy J. Sullivan [71] November 22, 1935 [68] – December 31, 1936DemocraticRe-elected to aldermanic seat but did not seek re-election as aldermanic president
    William F. Brunner [72] January 1, 1937 [73] – December 31, 1937DemocraticUnsuccessful run for Queens Borough President [74]
    As president of the city council
    Newbold Morris [75] cDecember 31, 1937 [76] – January 1, 1946RepublicanUnsuccessful run for mayor, lost in general election to William F. O'Dwyer [77]
    Vincent Impellitteri [78] a, bJanuary 1, 1946 [79] – August 31, 1950DemocraticBecame Mayor upon O'Dwyer's resignation
    Joseph T. Sharkey [80] (acting)September 2, 1950 [81] – November 14, 1951DemocraticActing president until Election Day results were certified [82]
    Rudolph Halley [83] cNovember 14, 1951 [82] – December 31, 1953Liberal, Fusion, Independent CitizensUnsuccessful run for mayor, lost in general election to Robert F. Wagner Jr. [84]
    Abe Stark [85] January 1, 1954 [86] – December 31, 1961DemocraticBecame Brooklyn Borough President [87]
    Paul R. Screvane [88] January 1, 1962 [89] – December 31, 1965Democratic, Liberal, Brotherhood [90] Unsuccessful run for mayor, lost in the primary to Abraham D. Beame [91]
    Frank D. O'Connor [92] January 1, 1966 [93] – January 3, 1969 [94] DemocraticResigned to become a New York Supreme Court justice
    Francis X. Smith January 8, 1969 [95] – December 31, 1969DemocraticRan for re-election, lost to Garelik [96]
    Sanford Garelik [97] January 1, 1970 [98] – December 31, 1973Republican, LiberalRan for re-election as a Democrat, lost in primary to O'Dwyer [99] [100]
    Paul O'Dwyer [101] January 1, 1974 [102] – December 31, 1977DemocraticRan for re-election, won Democratic primary, [103] then lost the run-off to Bellamy [104]
    Carol Bellamy cJanuary 1, 1978 [105] – December 31, 1985DemocraticUnsuccessful run for mayor, lost to Edward I. Koch [106]
    Andrew Stein January 1, 1986 [107] – December 31, 1993Democratic, LiberalRan for mayor and then Public Advocate, dropped out of both races [108]
    As Public Advocate
    Mark Green cJanuary 2, 1994 [109] – December 31, 2001DemocraticRan for mayor, lost general election to Michael Bloomberg [110]
    Betsy Gotbaum January 1, 2002 [111] – December 31, 2001DemocraticDid not seek re-election [112]
    Bill de Blasio January 1, 2010 [113] – December 31, 2013DemocraticDid not seek re-election, elected Mayor [114]
    Letitia James January 1, 2014 [115] – December 31, 2018DemocraticResigned to take office as Attorney General of New York [116]
    Corey Johnson (acting)January 1, 2019 [117] – March 18, 2019DemocraticDid not contest special election
    Jumaane Williams March 19, 2019 [118] – PresentDemocraticIncumbent
    As Speaker of the city council
    Peter Vallone Sr. January 8, 1992 [119] – December 31, 2001DemocraticTerm limits [120]
    Gifford Miller January 9, 2002 [121] – December 31, 2005DemocraticTerm limits, [122] ran for mayor and lost in the primary [123]
    Christine Quinn January 4, 2006 [124] – December 31, 2013DemocraticTerm limits, ran for mayor and lost in the primary [125]
    Melissa Mark-Viverito January 8, 2014 [126] – December 31, 2017DemocraticTerm limits
    Corey Johnson January 3, 2018 – December 31, 2021DemocraticTerm limits, ran for Comptroller and lost in the primary
    Adrienne Adams January 5, 2022 – PresentDemocraticIncumbent

    Notes

    a. Became acting mayor upon the death or resignation of the elected mayor.
    b. Later won election as mayor.
    c. Unsuccessful candidate for mayor in a subsequent general election.
    d. Not elected by citywide popular vote (Ardolph Kline had been elected deputy president by his fellow aldermen, and then succeeded as president upon Mitchel's resignation).

    Standing committees

    Caucuses

    See also

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    References

    1. ↑ "Committees". New York City Council. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
    2. ↑ "Charter of the City of New York, Chapter 2 §25(a)". nyccharter.readthedocs.io.
    3. ↑ "NYC Population: Current and Projected Populations". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
    4. ↑ Chayes, Matthew (February 5, 2016). "NYC Council votes 40-7 to raise members' pay to $148,500". Newsday . Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    5. ↑ Goodman, J. David (February 5, 2016). "New York City Council Votes to Raise Members' Pay". The New York Times . Retrieved September 26, 2024.
    6. ↑ Gibson, Ellen M.; Manz, William H. (2004). Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide (PDF) (3rd ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 450. ISBN   1-57588-728-2. LCCN   2004042477. OCLC   54455036.
    7. ↑ Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 458.
    8. ↑ Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 473.
    9. ↑ Adopting Local Laws in New York State (PDF). James A. Coon Local Government Technical Series. New York State Department of State. May 1998. pp. 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
    10. 1 2 Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 261.
    11. ↑ "About the Law Department". New York City Law Department. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013. The most important laws of the City of New York are now available on the web. The Law Department contracted with New York Legal Publishing Corp. for a site where you can browse and search the New York City Charter, the New York City Administrative Code, and the Rules of the City of New York.
    12. ↑ Proposed Charter for the City of New York at the HathiTrust Digital Library (Chapter 43 §1007:g)
    13. ↑ Amy, Douglas J. (1996). "A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States" . Retrieved April 30, 2014.
    14. ↑ Andrews v. Koch, 528 F.Supp. 246 (1981), aff’d sub nom., Giacobbe v. Andrews, 459 U.S. 801 (1982).
    15. ↑ "The Role of the Public Advocate". Office of NYC Public Advocate Bill de Blasio . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    16. ↑ Cardwell, Diane (December 2, 2002). "Betsy Gotbaum, the Advocate, Struggles to Reach Her Public". The New York Times . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    17. ↑ Rosner, Molly (2022). Making It Here: A Publication in Honor of the First Female Majority in New York City Government (PDF). Long Island City, New York: LaGuardia and Wagner Archives.
    18. ↑ Hogan, Gwynne; Cruz, David (July 7, 2021). "The Next City Council Set To Be Most Diverse, Progressive, And Hold First-Ever Female Majority". Gothamist. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
    19. ↑ Chan, Jonathan P.; Hicks, Sewell (October 23, 2008). "Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits". The New York Times . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    20. ↑ Santos, Fernanda (October 24, 2008). "The Future of Term Limits Is in Court". The New York Times . Retrieved April 28, 2020., p. A24
    21. ↑ Santos, Fernanda (January 14, 2009). "Judge Rejects Suit Over Term Limits". The New York Times . Retrieved April 28, 2020., p. A26
    22. ↑ Appeals Court Upholds Term Limits Revision, New York Times City Room Blog, April 28, 2009 (retrieved July 6, 2009).
    23. ↑ Fernandez, Javier C (November 3, 2010). "Once Again, City Voters Approve Term Limits". The New York Times . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    24. ↑ Hernandez, Javier (November 3, 2010). "Once Again, City Voters Approve Term Limits". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
    25. ↑ "New York City Charter, ch. 1, §10" (PDF). nyc.gov. City of New York. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    26. ↑ "Death of Mr. Guggenheimer". New York Times. September 13, 1907. p. 7. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    27. ↑ "Democrats Take All — The Tammany Ticket Makes Almost a Clean Sweep of the Greater City — Only Two Republicans in the Council — Van Wyck's Plurality Is 80,316 — Seth Low Ran Nearly 40,000 Ahead of His Ticket — The Republicans Lose 21 Assemblymen and Elect Only 11 Candidates to the Board of Aldermen". New York Times. November 4, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    28. ↑ "City Legislators Meet — The First Session of the Council in Its Chamber Held Amid a Profusion of Flowers — Address of the President — He Calls the Attention of the Members to Serious Questions Confronting Them and Urges the Necessity of Economy in Expenditures". New York Times. January 4, 1898. p. 5. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    29. ↑ "Mr. Guggenheimer". New York Times. January 1, 1902. p. 6. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    30. 1 2 "Charles V. Fornes Dies of Stroke at 82 — Twice President of New York City Board of Aldermen Succumbs in Buffalo — Was an Ex-Congressman — Long a Merchant Here and Active in Charities — Former President of Catholic Club". New York Times. May 23, 1929. p. 29. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    31. ↑ "Seth Low Takes The Mayor's Chair — Ex-Mayor Van Wyck Leaves the City Hall Alone — The New Executive Greeted With Courteous Words by His Predecessor Asks the People's Help in Redeeming His Solemn Pledges". New York Times. January 2, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    32. ↑ "Patrick F. M'Gowan Dead in Hospital — Operation for Spleen Growth Fails to Save Former President of Aldermen — Washington Irving High School His Monument — Came to City As a Poor Young Man". New York Times. April 7, 1913. p. 9. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    33. ↑ "Mayor McClellan Sworn In — McGowan, Metz, Hayes, and Gass Also Get Certificates and Follow Suit". New York Times. December 28, 1905. p. 5. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    34. ↑ "Kind to Metz and McGowan — Good Committees Picked for Them on Board of Education". New York Times. January 7, 1910. p. 6. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    35. ↑ "Belt Unfastened, Ex-Mayor Mitchel Falls To Death - His Scout Plane 500 Feet from Ground When the Accident Happened - Find Body In Marsh Grass - Other Airmen Believe He Was Trying to Make Landing When He Fell - Wife Not on the Grounds - Bears Shock Bravely and Will Bring Body from Louisiana Field to This City". New York Times . July 7, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
    36. ↑ "Mayor Gaynor Takes Office — But He Will Not Announce His Appointments Before To-morrow — Ridder For Park Board — Publisher May be Commissioner for Manhattan, But Asks Time to Consider — McAneny Is Sworn In — Mitchel, Prendergast and Other Officers of the New Administration Also Take Hold". New York Times. January 2, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    37. ↑ "Mitchel In Office As Port Collector Loeb, Retiring, Wishes Him Well — McAneny and Steers There as He Is Sworn In — Still in Mayoralty Fight — Politicians Say His Federal Appointment Can't Keep Him Out and Will Help Him" . New York Times. June 8, 1913. p. C4. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    38. ↑ "Ex-Mayor Kline Dies At Age Of 72 — City's Chief Executive A Few Months Upon Death Of Mayor Gaynor In 1913 — Once Head Of Aldermen — A Brigadier General in the National Guard — Was With U.S. Shipping Board At His Death — Joined National Guard In 1876 — Praised By Gaynor". The New York Times . October 14, 1930. p. 25. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    39. ↑ "Col. Kline For Economy — Successor of Mitchel As Aldermen's Head Will Follow His Lead". New York Times. June 10, 1913. p. 6. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    40. ↑ "Kline Elected Alderman — Mayor Gets All but Forty Votes In His Home District". New York Times. November 5, 1913. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    41. ↑ "George M'Aneny, 83, Dead in Princeton — Zoning and Transit Expert Was City Controller, President of Manhattan Borough — Banker, Reform Leader — Former Executive Manager of The Times Helped to Draft Code for Civil Service". New York Times. July 30, 1953. p. 23. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    42. ↑ "Mitchel's First Day As Mayor — Cautions Heads of Departments Against Talking Too Much — Insists on Co-operation — No Police Head Yet — Commissioner McKay May Remain If Mayor Cannot Get the Man He Wants for the Place". New York Times. January 2, 1914. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    43. 1 2 "McAneny Stays Till Feb. 1 — President of Aldermen Postpones His Resignation at Mayor's Request". New York Times. January 22, 1916. p. 9. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    44. ↑ "M'Aneny to Resign to Join The Times — President of the Board of Aldermen to Give Up Office in January Next — Will Finish Work in Hand — Regrets Leaving Associates, but Feels That He Will Still Be in the Public's Service". New York Times. October 20, 1915. p. 1. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    45. ↑ "Frank L. Dowling Dies of Pneumonia — President of Manhattan Borough Stricken After Attack of Gall Stones a Week Ago — Long Career in Politics — Former President of Board of Aldermen Served 18 Years in That Body — Mayor Pays Tribute". The New York Times . September 28, 1919. p. 22. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    46. ↑ "Frank L. Dowling Heads Aldermen; Vice Chairman of the Board Will Take President McAneny's Place — Democrats in Control — Dr. Thomas W. Martin Replaces Barry, Who Died In Bronx District — Committees Named". New York Times. January 4, 1916. p. 8. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    47. ↑ "A Tammany Sweep — Hylan Can Get Every Vote in the Board of Estimate — Carries Every Borough — His Vote Is 293,382, Mitchel's 148,060, and Hillquit's 138,793 — Lewis, Attorney General — Beaten in This City, but Had a Big Plurality Up-State — Hylan Promises Loyalty". New York Times. November 7, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
    48. ↑ "Alfred E. Smith Dies Here at 70 — 4 Times Governor — End Comes After a Sudden Relapse Following Earlier Turn for the Better — Ran For President in '28 — His Rise From Newsboy and Fishmonger Had No Exact Parallel in U.S. History". New York Times. October 4, 1944. p. 1. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    49. ↑ "Smith Fills Offices — Matthew T. Horgan Will Be Assistant President of Aldermen". New York Times. January 2, 1918. p. 3. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    50. 1 2 "Named By Smith To Military Staff — Governor-Elect Will Appoint 4 More Men Later Who Have Seen Active Service — Resigns From Aldermen — Will Use Governor's Room at City Hall to Meet Persons Here on Official Business". New York Times. December 24, 1918. p. 7. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    51. ↑ "R.L. Moran, Led City's Aldermen — Chief of Board Under Hylan Dies — Was Commissioner of Bronx Public Works". New York Times. August 19, 1954. p. 23. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    52. ↑ "La Guardia Wins By 1,530 — Beats Moran for President of Board of Aldermen in a Close Contest — Koenig Ordered Vigilance — Warned Republican Chairmen to Stay by the Ballot Boxes and Scrutinize Count — Curran Defeats Boyle — Five Republican Votes in Board of Estimate Assured — Clean Cut Result in Supreme Court". New York Times. November 5, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    53. ↑ "La Guardia is Dead; City Pays Homage to 3-Time Mayor — Body Lying in State at St. John the Divine, Where Services Will Be Held Tomorrow — Gilbert Will Officiate — Truman, O'Dwyer and General Assembly of U.N. Mourn 'Champion of Democracy'". New York Times. September 21, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    54. ↑ "Curran Sworn In, LaGuardia Also — Borough President and Head of Aldermen Silent on Public Issues — Two Resignations Asked — Curran Pays Tribute to the Late Frank L. Dowling — Says Fairer Man Never Lived". New York Times. January 2, 1920. p. 8. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    55. ↑ "Curran Defeats La Guardia by 60,000 — Haskell Third — Gilroy Wins — Hines Loses — Hines's Manager and a Candidate Shot — Fusion Wins All Over City — Wet Republican Runs 3 to 1 Behind — Bennett a Poor Fourth — Connolly Wins in Queens — Organization Leader Defeats Denis O'Leary, Insurgent Democrat, by 3 to 1 — Lockwood in Easy Victory — With 455 Districts Missing, Curran Has 83,425, LaGuardia 30,955, Bennett 3,777". New York Times. September 14, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    56. ↑ "Murray Hulbert, Jurist, 65, Dead — Member of the Federal Bench Since 1934 Formerly Headed Board of Aldermen Here". The New York Times . April 27, 1950. p. 19. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    57. ↑ "Hylan Reinstalled, Pledges Old Policy; Keeps His Old Staff — In Inaugural Address Continues His Criticism of Press, Legislature and Port Authority — Refers to His Large Vote — Says It Is Not a Personal Tribute, but It Imposes Grave Responsibility — For Higher Aldermanic Pay — Craig Appears With Draft of New Charter Providing $5,000 Salaries for Members". New York Times. January 3, 1922. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    58. 1 2 3 "Court Ousts Hulbert From City Office; Forfeited Post By Taking State Job; Hylan Hopes Smith Will Reappoint Him — Collins His Successor — His Eligibility to the Office Since Jan. 1 Is Questioned, However — Dispute Over The Law — Governor May Have Power to Appoint Hulbert to His Old Position — Comma Figures in Case". New York Times. January 9, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
    59. ↑ "William Collins, Ex-Justice, Dead — Surrogate Served on State Supreme Court, 1928–45". The New York Times . September 6, 1961. p. 37. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    60. 1 2 "Hylan And Enright Out With Pensions; Last-Hour Shifts In Police Department; Walker Fills Important City Posts — Collins Mayor for a Day — Leach is the Active Head of the Police Force for the Last Day of 1925 — Hylan to Get $4,205 A Year — Retirement Voted by Board of Estimate, He Quits to Assure Pension — Enright to Draw $5,000 — Approval of His Retirement as Commissioner One of Hylan's Last Official Acts". New York Times. December 31, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    61. ↑ "J.V. M'Kee is Dead; Served as Mayor — President of Old Aldermanic Board Replaced Walker in Wave of Reform — Known as 'Holy Joe' — Former Teacher Entered Politics 'by Accident' — Headed Trust Company". The New York Times . January 29, 1956. p. 93. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    62. ↑ "McKee Resigns as Judge". New York Times. December 31, 1925. p. 2. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
    63. 1 2 "M'Kee Reinstates Man The Man He Had Ousted — Just Before Quitting Office He Names McEneny, Dropped in School Site Inquiry — Now Finds Charges Fail — O'Brien Assures His Departing Associate He Will Always Be Welcome at City Hall". New York Times. May 16, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
    64. ↑ "Dennis J. Mahon, Tammany Aide, 71 — Acting Mayor in 30s Dies — Assisted De Sapio". The New York Times . June 14, 1965. p. 33. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    65. ↑ "City Charter Bill Voted — Aldermen Provide Referendum on Question of Revision". New York Times. May 17, 1933. p. 19. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
    66. ↑ "Rockway Subway Approved by City — Long Island Road's Route Held Best of 3 Proposed — Buying of Line Up to LaGuardia — Cost Put at $34,114,000 — Estimate Board Also Passes on Site of Staten Island Tube and Brooklyn Tunnel". New York Times. December 30, 1933. p. 15. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
    67. ↑ "Democrats Keep Aldermanic Rule — But the Republican-Fusionists Elect Seventeen, a Gain of Sixteen Seats — Majority Leader Loses — Mahon's Defeat Blow to Tammany — Kiernan Beaten in Brooklyn — Baldwin Winner". New York Times. November 8, 1933. p. 2. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    68. 1 2 3 4 "Bernard S. Deutsch Dies Unexpectedly At 51 In Bronx Home — President of Board of Aldermen Succumbs to Brief Illness Not Known to Be Serious — Strain of Office Blamed — Wife and Two Daughters at Bedside — Mayor Goes to Home on Learning News — He Was Leader in Fusion — Long Identified With Law Here — Rose in Politics After 1930 Ambulance Chasing Inquiry". New York Times. November 22, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    69. ↑ "LaGuardia Takes Office To Give City A New Deal; Sworn at Seabury Home — Ceremony At Midnight — Wife and Fusion Chiefs Are Present as McCook Administers Oath — His Day to Begin Early — Goes to Headquarters at 8:30 A.M. to Induct O'Ryan as Police Commissioner — Board to Hear His Plans — Mayor Faces Many Problems, a Hostile Tammany and Fight for His Program at Albany". New York Times. January 1, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    70. ↑ "List of Candidates Who Will Be on Ballots in Municipal Election Nov. 7". New York Times. November 5, 1933. p. N2. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    71. ↑ "T.J. Sullivan Dies; Once Acting Mayor — Former President of the Board of Aldermen and Midtown Democratic Leader". The New York Times . December 14, 1951. p. 31. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    72. ↑ "William Brunner ot Queens, 77, Last Alderman Board Head, Dies — Representative, 1928 to '35, Assemblyman and Sheriff — Headed Peninsula Hospital". The New York Times . April 24, 1965. p. 29. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
    73. ↑ "Brunner Sworn In To Head Aldermen — Hallinan Administers Oath in Presence of Family and a Few Close Friends — Induction on Monday — Former Sheriff of Queens is Expected to Outline Policies at Meeting of Board". New York Times. January 2, 1937. p. 4. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    74. ↑ "Tables Showing the Vote for City-Wide Officials and Borough and County Posts". New York Times. November 3, 1937. p. 14. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
    75. ↑ "Morris, An Athlete, Heads City Council — Amateur Skating Champion and College Oarsman a Descendant of Declaration Signer". New York Times. November 3, 1937. p. 13. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    76. ↑ "Morris Is Sworn As Council Head — Takes Oath Under Portrait of Great-Grandfather, Mayor of City 1851 to 1853 — 200 Attend Ceremonies — Lazarus is Selected as Head of Administrative Staff — 5 Other Aides Named". New York Times. January 1, 1938. p. 36. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    77. ↑ "O'Dwyer Elected Mayor in City Sweep; Carries Ticket With Him; Goldstein 2d; Molotov Rebukes US on Atomic Policy — Record Plurality — Margin Totals 685,175 — McGoldrick Out but Runs Ahead of Ticket — Blow to Dewey Seen — Beldock Defeated by Big Margin — Lynch Loses to Hall in Richmond". New York Times. November 7, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
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    80. ↑ Fowler, Glenn (January 3, 1991). "Joseph Sharkey, 97, Former Head Of New York City Council, Is Dead". The New York Times . Retrieved December 31, 2016.
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    82. 1 2 "Halley Induction Slated For Today — Board Certifies the Election of President of City Council by Plurality of 163,342 Votes" (PDF). New York Times. November 14, 1951. p. 25. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
    83. ↑ "Halley Dies at 43; Ex-Crime Counsel — Former Kefauver Committee Aide Served as President of City Council Here — Exposed Rackets on TV — Lawyer Suffered Reverses in Municipal Post — Lost in '53 Mayoralty Race". The New York Times . November 20, 1956. p. 37. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
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