Collector of the Port of New York

Collector of the Port of New York

U.S. federal government appointment overview
Formed	1789
Dissolved	1966
Type	Collector of import duties on foreign goods
Jurisdiction	Port of New York
Headquarters	United States Custom House, New York City
Parent department	United States Department of the Treasury

The Collector of Customs at the Port of New York, most often referred to as Collector of the Port of New York, was a federal officer who was in charge of the collection of import duties on foreign goods that entered the United States by ship at the Port of New York.

In addition to its control of import duties, the office controlled and distributed a large number of lucrative federal jobs, making among the most important political patronage positions in the United States government. ^[1] Disputes over control of the office, particularly between the President and United States Senators from New York, who traditionally advised on political appointments within the state, were a key aspect of the national debate over civil service reform in the nineteenth century.

The best-known individual to hold the position was Chester A. Arthur, who served as collector from 1871 to 1878 and who later served as the 21st president of the United States.

History

The first Collector, John Lamb, was appointed by George Washington in 1789. He had previously served as Collector of Customs for the State of New York from 1784.

The office was described as "the prize plum of Federal patronage not only in this State but perhaps in the country, outside of positions in the Cabinet." ^[1] Customs collections at US ports were overseen by three political appointees—the Collector, Surveyor, and Naval Officer. ^{[2] [a]} Because they were originally paid based on a percentage system that factored in both customs collected and fines levied for those who attempted to evade payment, these appointments were very lucrative, especially those at the Port of New York, by far America's busiest port. ^[3] New York's Collector was the highest paid official of the federal government; as Collector from 1871 to 1878, Chester A. Arthur's compensation exceeded the modern equivalent of $1 million annually. The custom house staffs, especially at New York's Custom House were also political appointees, and were expected to contribute a portion of their salaries to the party to which they owed their appointments. ^[3]

Disputes over patronage at the Port of New York led to an ongoing feud from the 1860s to the 1880s between the party faction led by Roscoe Conkling and reformers who counted Rutherford B. Hayes and James A. Garfield among their number. ^[3] The attempts at reform that began in the 1870s led to the political appointees at each port being placed on salaries rather than the percentage system. The annual salary in 1920 was $12,000 (about $153,000 in 2019) plus about $8,000 in fees (about $102,000 in 2019). ^[4]

The position was abolished in 1966 when the structure of the United States Customs Service was changed. The last Collector, Joseph P. Kelly, was kept on temporarily as a consultant. ^[5]

List of collectors

Portrait	No.	Collector	Nominated by	Start date	End date	Comments
	1	John Lamb	George Washington	1789	1797	[6]
	2	Joshua Sands	John Adams	1797	1801	Confirmed May 19, 1797 [6]
	3	David Gelston	Thomas Jefferson	1801	1820	[6]
	4	Jonathan Thompson	James Monroe	1820	1829	[6]
	5	Samuel Swartwout	Andrew Jackson	1829	1838	Confirmed March 29, 1830. [6]
	6	Jesse Hoyt	Martin Van Buren	1838	1841	[6]
	7	John J. Morgan	Martin Van Buren	1841	1841	[6]
	8	Edward Curtis	William Henry Harrison	1841	1844	[6]
	N/A	Charles G. Ferris	John Tyler	-	-	Rejected by the U.S. Senate [6]
	9	Cornelius P. Van Ness	John Tyler	1844	1845	[6]
	10	Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence	James K. Polk	1845	1849	[6]
	11	Hugh Maxwell	Zachary Taylor	1849	1853	[6]
	N/A	Daniel S. Dickinson	Franklin Pierce	-	-	Declined nomination [6]
	12	Greene C. Bronson	Franklin Pierce	1853	1853	[6]
	13	Heman J. Redfield	Franklin Pierce	1853	1857	Resigned July 1, 1857 [6]
	14	Augustus Schell	James Buchanan	1857	1861	[6]
	15	Hiram Barney	Abraham Lincoln	1861	1864	Resigned [6]
	16	Simeon Draper	Abraham Lincoln	1864	1865	[6]
	17	Preston King	Andrew Johnson	1865	1865	Committed suicide [6]
	N/A	Charles P. Clinch	N/A	1865	1866	Acting [6]
	18	Henry A. Smythe	Andrew Johnson	1866	1869	[6]
	19	Moses H. Grinnell	Ulysses S. Grant	1869	1870	[6]
	20	Thomas Murphy	Ulysses S. Grant	1870	1871	[6]
	21	Chester A. Arthur	Ulysses S. Grant	1871	1878	[6]
	N/A	Theodore Roosevelt Sr.	Rutherford B. Hayes	-	-	Rejected by U.S. Senate
	22	Edwin Atkins Merritt	Rutherford B. Hayes	1878	1881
	23	William H. Robertson	James A. Garfield	1881	1885	Nominated March 24, 1881
	24	Edward L. Hedden	Grover Cleveland	1885	1886
	25	Daniel Magone	Grover Cleveland	1886	1889
	26	Joel Erhardt	Benjamin Harrison	1889	1891
	27	Jacob Sloat Fassett	Benjamin Harrison	1891	1891
	28	Francis Hendricks	Benjamin Harrison	1891	1893	[7] [8]
	29	James Truesdell Kilbreth	Grover Cleveland	1893	1897	Died in office [9] [b]
	30	George R. Bidwell	William McKinley	1897	1902	[10]
	31	Nevada Stranahan	Theodore Roosevelt	1902	1907	Resigned due to ill health
	N/A	Henry C. Stuart	N/A	1907	1907	Acting
	32	Edward S. Fowler	Theodore Roosevelt	1907	1909
	33	William Loeb Jr.	William Howard Taft	1909	1913
	34	John Purroy Mitchel	Woodrow Wilson	1913	1913	Elected Mayor of New York City [11] [12]
	35	Dudley Field Malone	Woodrow Wilson	1913	1917	[13]
	36	Byron Rufus Newton	Woodrow Wilson	1917	1921	[14]
	37	George W. Aldridge	Warren G. Harding	1921	1922	Died in office [1]
	N/A	Henry C. Stuart	N/A	1922	1923	Acting [15]
	38	Philip Elting	Calvin Coolidge	1923	1933	[16]
	39	Harry M. Durning	Franklin D. Roosevelt	1933	1953	[c]
	40	Robert Wharton Dill	Dwight D. Eisenhower	1953	1961
	41	Joseph P. Kelly	John F. Kennedy	1961	1966	[17]

See also

• Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
• Roscoe Conkling

Notes

1. The Naval Officer was a political appointee, not a military one. The position was called "naval" because the incumbent was expected to board and inspect ships to aid the Surveyor and Collector in estimating the duties owed.
2. A private act of the 58th United States Congress in March 1904, indemnified James T. Kilbreth (posthumously), George R. Bidwell, and Nevada N. Stranahan as collectors of customs for the district and port of New York for the losses through embezzlement by Byram W. Winters, a customs service clerk. Stranahan received a refund in the sum of $8,821.44 from the federal government, having personally settled the entire amount of the fraud.
3. Harry M. Durning was the defendant in the case of Dioguardi v. Durning, 139 F.2d 774 (2d Cir. 1944), which is frequently used in Civil Procedure courses as a starting point to teach pleadings under the modern approach of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

References

1. "George W. Aldridge Dies As He Golfs At Westchester Club – Collector of Port, 65, and Seemingly Hale, Stricken With Apoplexy – Sinks Without a Word – Charles D. Hilles and George Sweeny Near Rochester Leader as Death Comes – Ends Picturesque Career – Last Survivor of Big Three, Including Platt and Hendricks – Body to Be Taken Home Today" (PDF). The New York Times. June 14, 1922. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
2. US Congress (1875). Revised Statutes of the United States Passed at the First Session of the Forty-Third Congress. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 523.
3. Campbell, Ballard C. (2008). Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History . New York, NY: Facts on File. pp.  152–153. ISBN   978-1-4381-3012-5.
4. "Open Season Now For Job Hunters – Local Republican Leaders Preparing to Fill Offices Under New Administration – Many Fine Federal Plums – Scores of Places Under State Rule Will Also Fall to Faithful Party Workers" (PDF). The New York Times. November 9, 1920. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
5. Bamberger, Werner (June 19, 1966). "New Chief Cites Customs Aim Here – Stramiello Declares He Will Strive to Improve Service". The New York Times.
6. "New-York's Customs Officers: The Collectors, Naval Officers, and Surveyors Since the Foundation of the Government". The New York Times . July 20, 1878. Retrieved February 23, 2018– via TimesMachine.
7. "Collector Hendricks Now; Mr. Fassett's Successor Sworn In And In Charge. He Looks Through The Departments Intent On "Learning The Business" - Rumors Of Changes - Other Custom House Matters" (PDF). The New York Times. September 29, 1891.
8. "Francis Hendricks, Politician, Dies At 86 - Former Republican Leader of Central New York and ex-State Senator" (PDF). The New York Times. June 10, 1920. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
9. "New-York Offices Filled - James T. Kilbreth Collector , Walter H. Bunn Appraiser" (PDF). The New York Times. July 29, 1893. p. 1. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
10. "Appointments By Bidwell – New Collector of the Port Begins Work – Joseph J. Couch Is Special Deputy" (PDF). The New York Times. July 15, 1897.
11. "Monthly Bulletin – The Federal Service". Good Government. 30 (11): 99. November 1913. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
12. "Mitchel In Office As Port Collector Loeb, Retiring, Wishes Him Well – McAneny and Steers There as He Is Sworn In – Still in Mayoralty Fight – Politicians Say His Federal Appointment Can't Keep Him Out and Will Help Him". The New York Times. June 8, 1913. p. C4. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
13. "Malone Nominated As Port Collector – O'Gorman's Son-in-Law to Succeed Mitchel – Senator, Avoiding Comment, Tells a Story – Wilson's Personal Choice – Appointment Thought to Show Satisfaction at Tammany's Defeat – Splendid Selection, Says Mitchel" (PDF). The New York Times. November 11, 1913.
14. "Growth Of New York Port; Collector Newton Says This Is World's Greatest Commerce Centre" (PDF). The New York Times. June 28, 1918.
15. "Henry C. Stuart, Customs Aide – Assistant Collector of Port of New York for 15 Years Is Dead Here at 73 – In U.S. Service 47 Years – Considered Authority on Laws of His Department – Honored on Retirement in '37". The New York Times. May 14, 1938. p. 15. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
16. "Philip Elting, Once Collector of Port – Chairman of Ulster County Republicans Since 1904 Held Post Here, 1923 to 1933 – Dies in Kingston at 77 – Descendant of 9 Generations of Ulster County Residents – Leader at Conventions". The New York Times. July 21, 1941. p. 15. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
17. NEW IMPOST CHIEF; Kelly Sworn as Port's 41st Collector of Customs in The New York Times on July 6, 1961 (subscription required)

External links

• Department of the Treasury. Customs Service. Collection District of New York. Port of Entry, New York,. 7/31/1789-1927