The Rockaway Peninsula, commonly referred to as The Rockaways or Rockaway, is a peninsula at the southern edge of the New York Cityborough of Queens on Long Island, New York. Relatively isolated from Manhattan and other more urban parts of the city, Rockaway became a popular summer retreat in the 1830s. It has since become a mixture of lower, middle, and upper-class neighborhoods. In the 2010s, it became one of the city's most quickly gentrifying areas.
The name "Rockaway" may have meant "place of sands" in the Munsee language of the Native American Lenape who occupied this area at the time of European contact in the early 17th century. Other spellings include Requarkie, Rechouwakie, Rechaweygh, Rechquaakie and Reckowacky, transliterated in Dutch and English by early colonists.[note 1] The indigenous inhabitants of the Rockaways were the Canarsie Native Americans, a band of Lenape, whose name was associated with the geography. The name Reckowacky was used to distinguish the Rockaway village from other Mohegan villages; "Reckowacky" means "lonely place", or "place of waters bright". This area was mistakenly documented as occupied by a band of Mohawk people in a 1934 source; this Iroquoian-speaking tribe primarily occupied the Mohawk River valley in central New York, north and west of the Hudson River and Long Island.[6]
Other interpretations of the peninsula's indigenous name have also been proposed. One possible interpretation is "Reckonwacky", which translates to "the place of our own people", while another is "Reckanawahaha", which translates to "the place of laughing waters". Other phrases, such as "lekau" (sand) "lechauwaak" (fork or branch), also referred to the area's geography.[7]
Aerial view of the Rockaway Peninsula (looking west)
By 1639, the Mohegan tribe sold most of the Rockaways to the Dutch West India Company.[10] In 1664, the English defeated the Dutch colony and took over their lands in present-day New York.[note 2][11] In 1685, the band chief, Tackapoucha, and the English governor of the province agreed to sell the Rockaways to a Captain Palmer for 31 pounds sterling.[8][12] The Rockaway Peninsula was originally designated as part of the Town of Hempstead, then a part of Queens County. Palmer and the Town of Hempstead disputed over who owned Rockaway, so in 1687 he sold the land to Richard Cornell, an iron master from Flushing.[8][13] Cornell and his family lived on a homestead on what is now Central Avenue, near the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. At his death, Cornell was buried in a small family cemetery, Cornell Cemetery.[8]
19th century
The Cornell property was split into 46 lots in 1808 following a partition lawsuit.[7][14]:20 Several wealthy New Yorkers created the Rockaway Association, which brought many of the lots and started developing resorts in the area in 1833.[7][14]:83–84 Rockaway became a popular area for seaside hotels starting in the 1830s, with the first resort being founded at Far Rockaway in 1835.[15]
In 1878, the eastern community of Bayswater was laid out. One of Bayswater's early developers was William Trist Bailey, who had purchased the property.[17] In 1893, much of Hog Island, a small sandbar island off the coast of Far Rockaway washed away in a hurricane.[18] The remainder of the island eroded by 1902. Plates, along with older artifacts, still wash up along the shore of Rockaway Beach.[19][20]
The Rockaway Peninsula was originally part of the Town of Hempstead, then a part of Queens County. In 1897, the central peninsular towns of Hammels (named after a local landowner, Louis Hammels)[16] and Hollands merged, and were incorporated as the Village of Rockaway Beach. Rockaway split from the Town of Hempstead and along with the three western Queens townships of Jamaica, Flushing and Newtown plus Long Island City, formed the new borough of Queens, which was consolidated into Greater New York City in 1898 [21] (the remainder of Hempstead Town, plus the two other eastern Queens townships of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay did not become part of the borough and ultimately split from Queens with the formation of neighboring Nassau County in 1899). The village of Rockaway Park became incorporated into the City of Greater New York on January 1, 1898.
Early 20th century
Broad Channel, Queens in 1915
In the early 1900s, a new railroad station opened up the community and the rest of the peninsula to a broad range of the population. The wealthy no longer had a monopoly on the peninsula, and various amusement parks, stores, and resort hotels attracted people from all over the city to spend a day or a whole summer there. Much of the area was developed by James S. Remsen and William Wainwright. In this era, it became known as "New York's Playground". Around this time, Breezy Point in the Rockaways began as a neighborhood of summer beach bungalows; this kind of house became the most popular type of housing during the summer months. Even today, some of these remain, converted to provide modern amenities, although the vast majority were razed in urban renewal during the 1960s.[22]
In 1900, a New York State judge ordered that the land west of Rockaway Park be put up for auction. Belle Harbor and adjacent Neponsit were bought by Edward P. Hatch, who sold it to the West Rockaway Land Company in 1907.[23] Residential lots in Belle Harbor were auctioned off in 1915.[24] Belle Harbor was named by the president of the West Rockaway Land Company, Frederick J. Lancaster, who had earlier developed the Rockaway neighborhood of Edgemere.[25] In 1905, before Lancaster acquired the land, a group of men wishing to form a yacht club entered into a grant agreement with the West Rockaway Land Company. The group, which had named itself the Belle Harbor Yacht Club, bought property from the company for $4,000. The agreement included 200 square feet of land and thirty plots of upland. That same year, the group received corporation status from the State of New York and by 1908 began participating in its first interclub ocean races with some of the city's other yacht clubs.[26] A new street system, based on numbered streets with the prefix "Beach", was laid out for the Rockaways in 1912 to help development.[27]
The central-peninsula neighborhood of Hammels, along with the eastern communities of Arverne and Far Rockaway, tried to secede from the city several times, complaining that consolidation had brought high taxes and poor services.[28] In 1915 and 1917, a bill approving the secession passed in the legislature but was vetoed by then-Mayor John Purroy Mitchel.[29]
Rockaway's famous amusement park, Rockaways' Playland, was built in 1901 and quickly became a major attraction for people around the region. With its growing popularity, concern over swimming etiquette became a problem and early in 1904, the Captain of the NYPD, Louis Kreuscher, issued rules for those using the beach, censoring the bathing suits to be worn, where photographs could be taken, and specifying that women in bathing suits were not allowed to leave the beachfront.[30] The park was grand for its time. One of its most popular attractions, the Atom Smasher roller coaster, would be featured at the beginning of This is Cinerama, a pre-IMAX type movie, in 1952.[31] An Olympic-size swimming pool and a million-dollar midway also were built within the amusement park; they would serve the community for more than 80 years.[32] It was a popular place for New York families until 1985, when insurance costs and competition from major regional parks made it impossible to continue operations.[13]
Arverne became well known as a beachfront community with inexpensive summer bungalows, and hotels of varying levels of expense and luxury as well as amusements and boardwalk concessions, and it also attracted a year-round residential community. One grandiose plan for the community included a canal running through the neighborhood, reminiscent of the Amstel canal in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The canal was never built; its right-of-way became Amstel Boulevard, which, except for a stub west of Beach 71st Street, was later incorporated into Beach Channel Drive.
In the 1930s, Robert Moses came to power as New York City's Parks Commissioner and his extensive road and transportation projects were both a benefit and a disaster for the neighborhood. As commissioner, Moses ordered the construction of the Marine Parkway Bridge and the Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge. The bridges were completed in 1937 and 1939 respectively. The Marine Parkway Bridge was built farther west on the peninsula between Jacob Riis Park and Breezy Point linking the isolated communities to Brooklyn. The Cross Bay Bridge landed in the middle of the neighborhood of Rockaway Beach.[34][35] The construction of the two bridges started to transform the neighborhood and the rest of the peninsula into a more year-round residential area or commuter town, as people had a more convenient way to travel to and from work. The conversion of the Rockaway Beach LIRR branch to the Rockaway subway line also brought an increase to Rockaway's permanent residents.[citation needed]Robert Caro, who wrote The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York, stated "Why did the Rockaways end up with so much government-financed housing? Largely because Robert Moses wanted it there."[36]
Although the bridges were intended to improve the Rockaways, Moses' other projects both directly and indirectly hurt the community. One such failed project was the planned construction of the Shore Front Parkway in the 1950s and 1960s. Wanting to connect Staten Island to the Hamptons, Moses focused on making a highway through the Rockaway Peninsula. His idea was to connect the Marine Parkway Bridge with the Atlantic Beach Bridge, which connected the Rockaway Peninsula to Nassau County. The plan would also provide an extension midway through to include the Cross Bay Bridge. Many feared that such an extensive project would do more harm to the peninsula than good and pointed to the community displacement that had happened in the South Bronx because of Moses' roadway construction[37] Even though Moses never got to make his highway, he did leave his mark. A piece of the planned parkway that ran west to east in the Rockaway Park and Rockaway Beach neighborhoods was constructed and opened in 1939. Houses were cut in half to build the four-lane street. Some of these houses are still standing today. The existing, still unfinished street is locally known as the "road from nowhere to nowhere" because it does not have any relevant connections to any other area or highway.[38]
Robert Moses' construction of other recreational areas and facilities, such as the New York Aquarium and Jones Beach State Park, indirectly affected the neighborhood as well. These more modern recreational facilities lured tourists and beachgoers away from the peninsula. With fewer customers, businesses and hotels closed, and by the 1950s, the area had fallen into economic decline. The transition from a summer vacationing area to a full-time residential neighborhood had taken its toll.[39]
Late 20th century
The Hammel Houses in Rockaway BeachWomen veterans memorial
After World War II, several large public housing projects were built in the region as part of Moses' overall citywide neighborhood redevelopment plans, but these eventually became hotbeds of crime and related social pathologies.[citation needed] This provoked a backlash from some of the peninsula's more established residents (many of whom are of Irish Catholic heritage). A strong Jewish community (most of whose members are Ashkenazi Jews) also exists in and around Far Rockaway. For example, the city constructed the Hammel Houses in Rockaway Beach, one of the many urban renewal efforts that dominated the community and much of its eastern neighbors in the last half of the 20th century. The New York City Housing Authority purchased the land in 1952 on the north side of the elevated track. In 1964, the Authority decided to demolish and rebuild the entire area and turn it into a park.[39]
With the advent of inexpensive travel, air-conditioning, John F. Kennedy International Airport, and the Interstate Highway system, Rockaway lost its luster as a recreation area, and development transformed much of it into residential communities.[40][41]
In 1960, Breezy Point was sold to the Atlantic Improvement State Corporation for $17 million; the residents of the 3,500-home community purchased half of the land for about $11 million and formed the Breezy Point Cooperative.[42] The construction of apartment buildings commenced in the late 1960s and was halted by City ordinance.[43] At the same time, much of the housing in the area was converted into year-round housing for low-income residents, and some of the bungalows were used as public housing.[44][45] In Arverne, the New York City Planning Commission approved the designation of a 302-acre (122ha) Arverne renewal area in 1964.[46] However, for thirty years, the area went mostly undeveloped.[47]
In 1998, Broad Channel's Labor Day parade included a float that parodied the racially motivated dragging death of an African American man, James Byrd Jr. Entitled "Black to the Future - Broad Channel in 2098", the float carried white men wearing blackface and Afro wigs, including two city firefighters and a city police officer who were fired from their jobs after their participation came to light.[48] They sued the city for wrongful termination, and their claims were upheld in federal district court in 2003. Residents expressed support for and relief at the ruling, hoping that an end to the court battle would help to rehabilitate the image of the town.[49] The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed the ruling in 2006, holding that the firings could stand.[50]
After decades of grand redevelopment plans that fell through — for casinos, sports arenas, and other projects — planning began in 2002 for a large vacant section between Rockaway Beach and Arverne. By 2004,[51] people were moving into the first completed buildings of the Arverne-By-the-Sea[52] development. By 2012, the development included some 2,300 homes.[53] That sparked nearby retail development.[54][55] Far Rockaway Shopping Center, in downtown Far Rockaway between the Far Rockaway subway station, and the Far Rockaway LIRR station, got its first new store in decades.[56] Phase I of construction was completed in 2011; Phase II was begun in 2006.[57]
Elsewhere, along the beach, zoning laws written decades ago for the hotel trade have allowed developers to build high-rises alongside the smaller old and new houses. In response, some communities have approved rezoning plans for their neighborhoods to stop "out of character" development.[58]
Opponents also contend that due to the rapidly growing population,[59] the current infrastructure is inadequate and that there are environmental issues to consider. Those in favor of the development, however, contend that the development will help spur economic development and that the infrastructure cannot be upgraded until the population has reached a more noticeable level. Furthermore, some developers have questioned the legality of "down zoning".[60] On August 14, 2008, however, a rezoning plan that limits the size of some buildings was approved by the New York City Council for five communities on the peninsula covering 280 blocks. The communities that were included are Rockaway Park, Rockaway Beach, Somerville, Edgemere, and Far Rockaway.[61]
With more and more people moving to the city, the Rockaways become a destination for adventurous day trippers. The area appears in New York Magazine's 2007 spring travel issue as a place for "male bonding" and to "scuba dive for sunken ships" via Sheepshead Bay's Jeanne II docks at Pier Five.[62] Today, the area still draws crowds during the summer with well-tended beaches. Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden are situated towards the western end of the peninsula, and are part of the Gateway National Recreational Area, which was created in 1972 as one of the first urban national parks. The 5.5 miles (8.9km) long Rockaway Boardwalk and 170 acres (0.69km2) of sandy beaches, fully accessible by the subway, make this a popular summer day trip for New York City residents. Toward the western end of the boardwalk, several portions of the beach are fenced off to preserve the nesting habitat for several species of terns and plovers, making for a unique urban birdwatching locale.
After 2010, there was a major resurgence in the Rockaways' popularity. Various media began reporting on artists such as Andrew VanWyngarden, co-founder of popular psychedelic rock band MGMT, purchasing homes on the beach.[63] The peninsula was dubbed "Williamsburg on the Rockaways" because some surfers from there began to spend whole summers out in the Rockaways. A number of businesses that cater to them have become popular among these down for the day tourists.[64] There is even a summer shuttle bus which transports people from Williamsburg to the Rockaways.[65]
In February 2016, the Rockaway Peninsula was one of four neighborhoods featured in an article in The New York Times about "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods".[66]
Storms and fires damaged many of the attractions on the Rockaway Peninsula in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. On August 24, 1893, an intense storm, later classified as a hurricane, destroyed Hog Island, a mile-long island off the Rockaway coast that supported bath houses, restaurants and other leisure-time venues.[20] On January 3, 1914, a violent storm devastated the peninsula, and swept the 1,200-seat Arverne Pier Theater away to sea.[67] On June 15, 1922, much of Arverne was leveled by a fire that left about 10,000 people homeless, although the neighborhood was quick to rebuild.[68]
On June 6, 1993, a ship called the Golden Venture beached near Fort Tilden on the western half of the Rockaway Peninsula. The ship contained 296 Chinese illegal immigrants, including 13 crew members. Ten people drowned trying to reach shore.[69]
2001 disasters
Over 70 Rockaway residents were killed in the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, including people who worked there and New York City Fire Department firefighters and EMS personnel dispatched to the location. The city later opened Tribute Park on Jamaica Bay north of the Beach 116th Street shopping area in Rockaway Park, dedicating it to their memory. In the center of the park is a piece of twisted steel from the ruins of the trade center's Twin Towers. Solemn ceremonies are held at the park every September 11, including a reading of the names of all the locals who perished on that day.[70]
Almost exactly two months after 9/11, on November 12, 2001, American Airlines Flight 587 crashed in Belle Harbor, killing 265 people: 260 aboard the aircraft and five on the ground. Many of the passengers on the plane were from the Dominican community in Washington Heights, Manhattan.[71] A temporary memorial was developed at the actual site of the disaster, on Newport Avenue. But after consultation with the families in the Belle Harbor and Washington Heights communities, a public memorial was erected at the south end of Beach 116th Street, a major shopping district and transportation hub in the area. Ceremonies commemorating the disaster are held at the memorial every November 12, including a reading of the names of all of those killed in the crash. In 2001, a resident told The Guardian: "It's impossible to understand unless you live here ... Father Michael Geraghty, a priest quoted in the same article, said that it was common for people to live in the houses that their parents lived in and that many families lived in the same houses for generations. The neighborhood suffered heavy losses from the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks."[72] The impact of the 9/11 attacks and Flight 587 on the community was the subject of the book Braving the Waves: Rockaway Rises, and Rises Again by Kevin Boyle.[note 3] The book contained many personal accounts of Rockaway residents and is interspersed with descriptions of other disasters in the Rockaways.
Hurricane Sandy
In October 2012, Rockaway was devastated by Hurricane Sandy.[73][74] Many homes, especially in Breezy Point, were damaged or destroyed by high water, or by fires that raged beyond the capability of first responders to contain them. Residents lost everything in their basements, and hundreds of vehicles were ruined. One car caught fire when someone tried to start their vehicle, but residents put the fire out before official help arrived.[75] On August 4, 2013, Senator Charles Schumer announced that the first phase of reconstruction on the beach, completed, would lay the groundwork for a second contract awarded later during the summer of 2013, totally paid for by the federal government through the Hurricane Sandy relief bill.[76]
Breezy Point
During the storm, a fire spread between the closely spaced houses of Breezy Point, while firefighters' access to the area was greatly hampered by flooding. It destroyed 126 homes and damaged 22 more. Thousands of other houses were damaged by the flooding. Fires also wreaked havoc along several blocks of Beach 130th Street in Belle Harbor, and among storefronts along Rockaway Beach Blvd. near Beach 114th Street in Rockaway Park. Large portions of the Rockaway Boardwalk were swept away by the floodwaters, leaving only its supporting piers.[77][78][79][80][81] The FDNY found 130 homes burned to the ground.[82][83] Nearby, another 50 homes were damaged by the fire.[75] According to an official report in December, rising seawater caused the fire by contacting a house's electrical wires.[84] "Whalemina," a large, brightly colored statue of a smiling whale that had been a beloved iconic symbol of Rockaway since the 1990s, disappeared from Beach 94th Street near the Boardwalk and was presumed to have been swept out to sea.[85]
Edgemere – between Beach 32nd Street and Beach 56th Street
Far Rockaway – between Nassau County line and Beach 32nd Street
Hammels – along Beach 84th Street; also extends to Beach 79th Street
Neponsit – between Beach 142nd Street and Beach 149th Street
Rockaway Beach – between Beach 73rd Street and Beach 108th Street
Rockaway Park – between Beach 105th Street and Beach 126th Street
Roxbury – west of Marine Parkway Bridge, on the north side of Beach Channel Drive/State Road
Seaside – between Beach 84th Street and Beach 105th Street
Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of the Rockaways, including Broad Channel, was 114,961, a change of 8,261 (7.2%) from the 106,700 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 4,758.96 acres (1,925.88ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 24.2 inhabitants per acre (15,500/sqmi; 6,000/km2).[86]
The entirety of Community Board 14, which comprises the Rockaways and Broad Channel, had 114,390 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.5 years.[88]:2,20 This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[89]:53 (PDF p. 84)[90] Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 26% are between the ages of 0–17, 25% between 25–44, and 26% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 8% and 14% respectively.[88]:2
As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 14 was $54,012.[91] In 2018, an estimated 18% of Rockaway residents lived impoverished, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 53% in Rockaway, slightly higher than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018[update], Rockaway is considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.[88]:7
Police and crime
Rockaway is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD.[92] The 101st Precinct is located at 16-12 Mott Avenue and serves Far Rockaway,[4] while the 100th Precinct is located at 92-24 Rockaway Beach Boulevard and serves the rest of the peninsula.[3] The 100th and 101st Precincts collectively ranked 10th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. However, the low-income and densely populated 101st Precinct has significantly more crime than the 100th Precinct, which is high-income and more insular.[93]As of 2018[update], with a non-fatal assault rate of 71 per 100,000 people, Rockaway's rate of violent crimes per capita is greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 824 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.[88]:8
The 100th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 74.5% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 5 rapes, 38 robberies, 93 felony assaults, 59 burglaries, 161 grand larcenies, and 17 grand larcenies' auto in 2018.[94] The 101st Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 74.6% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 26 rapes, 151 robberies, 301 felony assaults, 98 burglaries, 250 grand larcenies, and 31 grand larcenies' auto in 2018.[95]
Engine Company 268/Ladder Company 137 – 257 Beach 116th Street[98]
Engine Company 266 – 92-20 Rockaway Beach Boulevard[99]
Engine Company 265/Ladder Company 121/Battalion 47/EMS Station 47 – 303 Beach 49th Street[100]
Engine Companies 264 and 328/Ladder Company 134 – 16-15 Central Avenue[101]
Health
As of 2018[update], preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Rockaway than in other places citywide. In Rockaway, there were 113 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 20.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[88]:11 Rockaway has a relatively average population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, which is slightly lower than the citywide rate of 12%.[88]:14
The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Rockaway is 0.006 milligrams per cubic metre (6.0×10−9oz/cuft), the lowest of any neighborhood in the city.[88]:9 Sixteen percent of Rockaway residents are smokers, which is slightly higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[88]:13 In Rockaway, 32% of residents are obese, 15% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 20%, 14%, and 24% respectively.[88]:16 In addition, 23% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[88]:12
Eighty-nine percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 75% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", slightly lower than the city's average of 78%.[88]:13 For every supermarket in Rockaway, there are 8 bodegas.[88]:10
Rockaway is covered by multiple ZIP Codes. From west to east, they are 11697 (Breezy Point), 11694 (Rockaway Park), 11693 (Broad Channel), 11692 (Arverne), and 11691 (Far Rockaway).[103] The United States Post Office operates four locations in Rockaway:
Rockaway Station – 113-25 Beach Channel Drive[106]
Rockaway Beach Station – 90-14 Rockaway Beach Blvd[107]
Parks and recreation
The western portion of the Rockaway Peninsula is located within the Gateway National Recreation Area.[108] The National Park Service operates three sites as part of the area.[109]Jacob Riis Park is located near the western end of the peninsula, covering approximately 262 acres (106ha) west of Beach 149th Street in Neponsit.[110][111][112]Fort Tilden, a group of historic military installations, is located west of Jacob Riis Park.[113] The final part, Breezy Point Tip, is a 200-acre (0.81km2) beach that is also a wildlife breeding area.[114]
NYC Parks operates city-owned parks along the peninsula.[108]Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk, extending nearly seven miles from Beach 9th to Beach 149th Streets on the Atlantic Ocean.[115][116] Park attractions along the beach and boardwalk include numerous play areas, restrooms, sporting fields, concession stands, and other facilities. Rockaway Beach is New York City's only open-ocean surfing beach, with designated 365-day surfing areas at Beach 69, Beach 90, and Beach 110 Streets; surf lessons are offered at Beach 69th Street. There are also three wildlife sanctuaries: the Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary,[117][118] Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary,[119] and Vernam Barbadoes Preserve.[120] Other parks from west to east include Beach Channel Park,[121] Tribune Park (a 9/11 memorial),[122]Rockaway Community Park,[123] and Bayswater Park.[124] In Arverne, an empty lot is being proposed for conversion into Thursby Basin Park.[125]
Rockaway generally has a lower ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018[update]. While 35% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 22% have less than a high school education and 43% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[88]:6 The percentage of Rockaway students excelling in math rose from 32% in 2000 to 58% in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 35% to 48% during the same time period.[127]
Rockaway's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is greater than the rest of New York City. In Rockaway, 29% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%.[89]:24 (PDF p. 55)[88]:6 Additionally, 71% of high school students in Rockaway graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.[88]:6
Public elementary and middle schools
P.S./M.S. 42 Robert Vernam
P.S./M.S. 43 The School by the Sea
P.S. 47 Chris Galas
P.S. 104 The Bayswater School
P.S. 105 The Bay School
P.S. 106 Light House Elementary School
P.S./M.S. 114 The Belle Harbor School
P.S./M.S. 183 Dr. Richard Green
P.S. 197 The Ocean School
P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott (closed in 2015)
P.S. 225 (closed in 2008)
P.S. 253 The Randolph Holder School for Social Justice
The site of Beach Channel High School (closed in 2014), now the site of Channel View School for Research, Rockaway Park High School for Environmental Sustainability, Rockaway Collegiate High School, and the P256Q@Gateway Academy of Special education
Nikitas Language Abroad Schools, a series of language schools
St. Virgilius School, a Roman Catholic School that was part of the Diocese of Brooklyn, closed in 2006, as part of Bishop Nicholas DiMarzio's effort to close, en masse, Catholic schools with low enrollment.
The Far Rockaway branch at 1003 Beach 20th Street (temporary location).[130] The old library at Central Avenue is being replaced with a new structure, and construction started in November 2018.[131]
The Peninsula branch at 92-25 Rockaway Beach Boulevard[132]
The Seaside branch at 116-15 Rockaway Beach Boulevard[133]
Transportation
Rockaway is served by multiple transportation services.
The Far Rockaway terminal station for the LIRR's Far Rockaway Branch is located in Far Rockaway. The branch had originally been part of a loop that traveled along the existing route, continuing through the Rockaway Peninsula and heading on a trestle across Jamaica Bay through Queens where it reconnected with other branches. Frequent fires and maintenance problems led the LIRR to abandon the Queens portion of the route, which was acquired by the city to become the IND Rockaway Line.[135]
Buses
MTA Regional Bus Operations routes include local Q22, Q35, Q52/Q53 SBS, Q113, Q114 and Manhattan express buses QM16 and QM17.[136] Also, Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) routes include n31, n32 and n33 in Far Rockaway only.[136] Unlike other NICE routes in Queens, these buses operate open-door in Far Rockaway, meaning customers can ride these buses wholly within the neighborhood without necessarily going to Nassau County. NYC Beach Bus, a privately operated shuttle bus between downtown Brooklyn or Williamsburg and the area around Beach 84th Street and Jacob Riis Park, also runs in the area. One can also take a converted former school bus named Rockabus from Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[137]
Ferry
After Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 destroyed much of the IND Rockaway Line, ferry operator SeaStreak began running a city-subsidized ferry service between a makeshift ferry slip at Beach 108th Street and Beach Channel Drive in Rockaway Park and Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattan's Financial District, then continuing on to the East 34th Street Ferry Landing. In August 2013, a stop was added at Brooklyn Army Terminal.[138] The service was extended multiple times.[139] finally ending on October 31, 2014.[140] On May 1, 2017, NYC Ferry's Rockaway route started operations between Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattan's Financial District and Beach 108th Street in Rockaway Park, with a stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal.[141][142]
Culture
The Rockaway Arts Council provides a wide range of events throughout the year. Two art groups in Rockaway, the Rockaway Theater Company and the Rockaway Artists' Alliance, hold most of their productions in Fort Tilden.
Boardwalk Empire, a popular HBO series (2010-2014), was partially filmed at Fort Tilden and the Boardwalk, standing in for Atlantic City in the 1920s.
Jill Eisenstadt's classic novel From Rockaway is set within the world of Rockaway's lifeguard culture during the 1980s. Her 2017 novel, Swell, brings back some of the same characters over one eventful weekend in June 2002.[143][144]
In the early 1980s, Christine Lavin, a New York-based folk singer, wrote the poignant song "Rockaway" about her family home.
Patricia Reilly Giff's 1998 Newbery Award-winning novel Lily's Crossing is set in the Rockaways. The story, about a girl's friendship with a Hungarian refugee, was inspired by the author's own childhood memories of Rockaway Beach during World War II.[146] A companion book, Willow Run, features Rockaway as the home of Margaret Dillon, a child whose family moves in 1944 to Willow Run, Michigan (now between Ypsilanti, Michigan and Belleville, Michigan) to work at Henry Ford's Willow Run B-24 Liberator bomber plant as part of the United States civilian war effort.
Naomi Ragen's 2002 semi-autobiographical novel Chains Around the Grass is set in a public housing project in Rockaway, reflecting Ragen's own upbringing there.[147]
The 2010 documentary film Our Hawaii, by Kryssa Schemmerling, explores the surf culture that sprang up at Rockaway starting in the late 1960s.[148]
The Rockaways' distance from the heart of the city and seeming status as a sleepy, isolated, career-killing backwater far from the big-city hustle and bustle and professional challenge of police work in fast-track Manhattan was noted in a Season 8 episode of NYPD Blue ("Thumb Enchanted Evening"); dismayed by the news that detective squad leader Arthur Fancy has been promoted to captain and will soon leave the 15th Squad, Andy Sipowicz warns him that "when you're out in Far Rockaway, working some serial purse-snatcher, don't say nobody warned you."[citation needed]
The Ramones' song "Rockaway Beach", on their 1977 album Rocket to Russia, became the American punk rock group's highest-charting single, peaking at number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100. Written in the surf rock style of the Beach Boys and other similar bands, the song was composed by the group's bassist, Dee Dee Ramone, who liked to spend time on the beach there.[149][150] In 2013, the 36-year-old song was revived in a radio ad campaign aimed at promoting Rockaways' beaches as part of the peninsula's post-Hurricane Sandy recovery effort.[151]
Mary Gordon (born 1949), writer of novels, memoirs, and literary criticism, and professor at Barnard College; born in Far Rockaway and lived there for several years[177]
Margo Guryan (1937–2021), singer-songwriter, musician and lyricist who is remembered for her 1968 album "Take A Picture"[178]
Bernard Madoff (1938–2021), former American stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier who was convicted of fraud; went to Far Rockaway High School, where he met his wife, Ruth Alpern[186]
Steve Madden (born 1958), shoe designer and former CEO of Steve Madden Ltd; born in Far Rockaway[187]
Cliff Mass (born 1952/53), atmospheric sciences professor and weather and climate blogger; born in Far Rockaway[188]
Alice Nielsen (1872–1943), Broadway performer and operatic soprano; owned a house in Far Rockaway in the 1920s[189]
↑ Boyle was also the publisher of the peninsula's newest newspaper, The Rockaway Times. Boyle was the former editor of The Wave, one of Rockaway's local newspapers and the oldest weekly newspaper in New York City.
Related Research Articles
Far Rockaway is a neighborhood on the eastern part of the Rockaway peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It is the easternmost section of the Rockaways. The neighborhood extends from Beach 32nd Street east to the Nassau County line. Its southern boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; it is one of the neighborhoods along Rockaway Beach.
Rockaway Beach is a neighborhood on the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is bounded by Arverne to the east and Rockaway Park to the west. It is named for the Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk, which is the largest urban beach in the United States, stretching from Beach 3rd to Beach 153rd Streets on the Atlantic Ocean. The neighborhood, with 13,000 residents as of 2010, is also known as the "Irish Riviera" because of its large Irish American population.
Breezy Point is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens, located on the western end of the Rockaway peninsula, between Rockaway Inlet and Jamaica Bay to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south. The community is run by the Breezy Point Cooperative, in which all residents pay the maintenance, security, and community-oriented costs involved with keeping the community private. The cooperative owns the entire 500-acre (2 km2) community; residents own their homes and hold shares in the cooperative.
Belle Harbor is a small residential neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens, located on the western half of the Rockaway Peninsula, the southernmost area of the borough. Belle Harbor commonly refers to the area from Beach 126th to Beach 141st Streets.
Bayswater is a small neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens, on the eastern end of the Rockaway Peninsula. The community is located to the northwest of Far Rockaway, along the southeastern shore of Jamaica Bay.
Neponsit is a small affluent neighborhood located on the western half of the Rockaway Peninsula, the southernmost area of the New York City borough of Queens. The area starts at Beach 142nd Street and ends at Beach 149th Street. It borders the neighborhood of Belle Harbor to the east and Jacob Riis Park on the west. Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean are the northern and southern borders. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 14. As of January 1, 2007, the neighborhood's population reached just over 2,000, making it one of the smallest communities on the peninsula and in the entire borough of Queens.
Edgemere is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens, extending from Beach 32nd to Beach 52nd Street on the Rockaway Peninsula. It contains Rockaway Community Park. Arverne is to the west, and Far Rockaway to the east. Edgemere was founded in 1892 by Frederick J. Lancaster, who originally called it New Venice.
Arverne is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens, on the Rockaway Peninsula. It was initially developed by Remington Vernam, whose signature "R. Vernam" inspired the name of the neighborhood. Arverne extends from Beach 54th Street to Beach 79th Street, along its main thoroughfare Beach Channel Drive, alternatively known as Rev. Joseph H. May Drive.
The Beach 67th Street station is a station on the IND Rockaway Line of the New York City Subway. Located at Beach 67th Street and Rockaway Freeway in Arverne, Queens, it is served by the A train at all times. The station is adjacent to Kohlreiter Square, a public green space on the north side of the station.
Rockaway Park is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The area is on the Rockaway Peninsula, nestled between Jamaica Bay to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The neighborhood of Rockaway Beach lies on its eastern border while the community of Belle Harbor is situated on its western side. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 14.
Green Bus Lines, also referred to as Green Lines, was a private bus company in New York City. It operated local service in Queens and express service to Manhattan until January 9, 2006, when the city-operated MTA Bus Company took over its routes. It was managed most recently by Jerome Cooper (1928–2015).
Hammels is an area within Rockaway Beach on the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It is located west of Arverne and east of Seaside, and is centered on Beach 84th Street. Its main thoroughfare is Beach Channel Drive. The New York City Subway's A train travels through the neighborhood on the IND Rockaway Line. The Hammel Houses, a public housing project built in 1955, is located in the neighborhood.
Shore Front Parkway is a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) beachfront road paralleling the Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk in the New York City borough of Queens, running between Beach 73rd Street and Beach 108th Street.
Rockaway Beach Boulevard, opened in 1886, was the first major east-west thoroughfare on the Rockaway Peninsula in the Borough of Queens in New York City. Much of its route parallels the Rockaway Freeway and the IND Rockaway Line above the Freeway. The boulevard first forks off at its eastern end from Beach Channel Drive at Beach 35th Street in Edgemere and merges once again with Beach Channel Drive by Jacob Riis Park shortly before the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge.
The Queens Community Board 14 is a local government in the New York City borough of Queens, encompassing the neighborhoods of Breezy Point, Belle Harbor, Neponsit, Arverne, Bayswater, Edgemere, Rockaway Park, Rockaway and Far Rockaway. It is bounded to the north by Brooklyn and Jamaica Bay, on the east by the Nassau County border, and to the south by the Atlantic Ocean.
The Q11, Q21, Q52, and Q53 bus routes constitute a public transit corridor running along Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards in Queens, New York City. The corridor extends primarily along the length of the two boulevards through "mainland" Queens, a distance of 6 miles (9.7 km) between Elmhurst and the Jamaica Bay shore in Howard Beach. The Q52 and Q53 buses, which provide Select Bus Service along the corridor, continue south across Jamaica Bay to the Rockaway peninsula, one of the few public transit options between the peninsula and the rest of the city.
Kohlreiter Square is an 8.6-acre public green space located in the Arverne neighborhood on Rockaway Peninsula in Queens, New York. It located along the north side of Rockaway Freeway between Beach 67th and Beach 69th Streets. The park honors two generations of civic activists, Nathan A. Kohlreiter (1880–1961) and his son Fred Kohlreiter (1913–1990) who contributed to the political and social fabric of the neighborhood.
Edgemere Landfill is a former municipal landfill located in Edgemere on the Rockaway peninsula in Queens, New York City. It is located on a man-made peninsula on the Jamaica Bay shoreline, at the eastern end of the Rockaway peninsula. A portion of the site is open to the public as Rockaway Community Park. The entire site is owned by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
The Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk is a public park in Rockaway, Queens, New York, composed of the 170-acre (69 ha) Rockaway Beach and the adjacent 5.5-mile (8.9 km) Rockaway Boardwalk. The beach runs from Beach 9th Street in Far Rockaway to Beach 149th Street in Neponsit, a distance of 7 miles (11 km). The boardwalk, a concrete deck, runs from Beach 9th Street to Beach 126th Street in Rockaway Park, at the edge of Belle Harbor. There are also numerous recreational facilities within the park, parallel to the beach and boardwalk.
References
1 2 "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
↑ Lucev, Emil (2007). The Rockaways. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN978-0-7385-4990-3.
↑ Henry L. Schoolcraft, "The Capture of New Amsterdam", English Historical Review (1907). Vol. 22 #88, pp 674–693 in JSTORArchived August 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
↑ The RockawaysArchived January 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Accessed October 2, 2007. "The Bayswater section was laid out about 1878 by William Trist Bailey, who purchased the property from J.B. and W. W. Cornell. The first Rockaway hunt with hounds started from this spot and the first yacht club was erected there."
↑ The Big OneArchived October 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , New York Press, Retrieved October 18, 2008. "In the years after the Civil War, developers built saloons and bathhouses, and Hog Island became a sort of 1890s version of the Hamptons. During the summers, the city's Democratic bosses used Hog Island as a kind of outdoor annex of Tammany Hall."
↑ The Big OneArchived October 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , New York Press, Retrieved October 18, 2008. "In the dredged-up sand, Coch's students found hundreds of artifacts—plates, whiskey bottles, teapots, beer mugs, lumps of coal and, what proved to be the most telling clue of all, an old hurricane lamp."
↑ "Before the Five-Borough City: Queens". Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2011. This map shows the boundaries of the former towns and the former city within the present Borough of Queens.
↑ "Beach Bungalow Historic District"(PDF). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. 2013. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
↑ Harris, Elizabeth A. "A Radio Days House Survives the Hurricane"Archived August 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, November 26, 2012. Accessed August 22, 2017. "That house, said Lee Quinby, a co-owner, played the role of the family home in the Woody Allen movie Radio Days, a 1987 tribute to the glory days of radio and the delights of familial bickering, as well as a love song to the Rockaways of around the early 1940s."
↑ "Chains Around the GrassArchived August 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , Publishers Weekly. Accessed August 22, 2017. "Based on novelist Ragen's own experiences growing up in an ethnically mixed low-income housing project in the Rockaways, this novel opens a window into the bittersweet world of the Markowitz family as they struggle to make ends meet in 1950s New York City."
↑ "Harry J. Donnelly, 68, Ex-Justice in New York", The New York Times, May 21, 1989. Accessed October 11, 2021. "Harry J. Donnelly a retired acting justice of the New York Supreme Court and a former New York City Highway Commissioner, died of cancer yesterday at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan. He was 66 years old and lived in Breezy Point, Queens."
↑ Kovaleski, Serge F. "A Baseball Lover, Key to Tarnishing a Yankee Era", The New York Times, December 15, 2007. Accessed February 19, 2008. "Mr. McNamee was raised in the Breezy Point section of Queens, on the westward end of the Rockaway Peninsula, an area with many police officers, like his father."
↑ Jimmy Ring, Society for American Baseball Research. Accessed October 11, 2021. "James Joseph Ring died of a heart attack at his summer home on Breezy Point, Queens, on July 6, 1965, at the age of 70."
↑ Kaplan, Thomas. "Lawmaker Takes Office and Learns Some Rules", The New York Times, September 15, 2011. Accessed October 11, 2021. "'I felt a certain awe,' Mr. Turner, 70, a retired cable television executive who lives in Breezy Point, Queens, said in an interview."
↑ "About Bob". Bob Turner for Congress. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
↑ "Nisson Alpert, 58, a Scholar At Rabbi Elchanan Seminary", The New York Times, May 29, 1986. Accessed March 7, 2024. "Prof. Nisson Alpert, a noted rabbinical scholar at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, an affiliate of Yeshiva University, died of cancer Monday at his daughter's home in Queens. He was 58 years old and lived in Far Rockaway, Queens."
↑ Costello, Brian. "Jets land Far Rockaway native in sixth round", New York Post, April 28, 2018. Accessed October 9, 2018. "Gang Green picked defensive lineman Folorunso “Foley” Fatukasi in the sixth round, the 180th-overall pick. Fatukasi grew up in Far Rockaway and played at Beach Channel High School."
↑ Markus, Don. "Gaithers 29 spark FDU win"Archived November 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine , The Record, December 22, 1983. Accessed November 19, 2020. "Marcus Gaither recently became Fairleigh Dickinson's all-time leading scorer, but the achievement was overshadowed by the confusion the 6-foot-5, 200-pound guard was going through.... A shift to point guard, because of an injury to teammate Freddie Collins, made things even more unsettling for the senior from Far Rockaway, N.Y."
↑ Ginsburg, Elisabeth. "A Well-Traveled Ecologist", The New York Times, November 10, 2002. Accessed March 7, 2024. "As an urban ecologist, Steven N. Handel has traveled from a former landfill near Thoreau's Walden Pond to West Virginia strip mines, but he always returns to the Garden State.... Mr. Handel, who grew up in Far Rockaway, was a 'nature-loving kid,' he says."
↑ Oral history interview with Barbara Novak,, Smithsonian Archives of American Art, October 8-17, 2013. Accessed May 26, 2022. "And then I found out that I could have lessons, art lessons, in one of the big old houses. I remember there was a big white house on [Beach] Ninth Street in Far Rockaway, where I was growing up."
↑ Tomasson, Robert E. "Phil Ochs a Suicide at 35; Singer of Peace Movement"Archived February 7, 2024, at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, April 10, 1976. Accessed March 19, 2021. "Mr. Ochs was born in El Paso. His father, a doctor, moved the family to upstate New York when Phil was a few years old. When he was a teen‐ager, the family moved to Far Rockaway."
↑ Goff, Steven. "George Mason basketball: Ryan Pearson is scarred but not slowed by childhood accident", The Washington Post, February 4, 2011. Accessed February 12, 2023. "'It's a challenge for him every day,' George Mason Coach Jim Larranaga said. 'Whatever obstacles he has had to overcome, he has done it. He has found a way.' The obstacles formed in Far Rockaway, N.Y., a rough area of Queens pinched between John F. Kennedy International Airport, Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean."
↑ Musleah, Rahel. "Star in the Making Doesn't Live Like One"Archived October 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, September 12, 1999. Accessed March 19, 2021. "Born in Jamaica, Queens, and reared in the Edgemere Projects in Far Rockaway, Ms. Price grew up in a strict Pentecostal home."
↑ Crease, Robert P.; and Mann, Charles C. "In Search Of The Z Particle"Archived March 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, October 26, 1986. Accessed March 19, 2021. "Burton Richter was born in Brooklyn 55 years ago, but grew up in Far Rockaway, Queens."
↑ Brenson, Michael. "An Idiosyncratic Expert Redraws Rembrandt"Archived May 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, February 28, 1987. Accessed May 5, 2022. "Gary Schwartz was born in Brooklyn in 1940. His mother was Hungarian; his father, who worked in and eventually took over his father's sweater factory, was of Polish origin. The family moved to Far Rockaway when he was 12."
↑ Jackson, Brian Keith (October 24, 2007). "Ice, Ice Babies". NYMag.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2015. I grew up in Far Rockaway, and you'd always see shoes on the line.
↑ "Smullyan biography". University of St Andrews School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2015. Raymond Smullyan, known as Ray, was brought up in Far Rockaway in New York City.
↑ "Herbert Sturhahn". National Football Foundation. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
↑ "Conrad Thibault Dies; An Ex-Radio Vocalist", The New York Times, August 4, 1987. Accessed March 7, 2024. "Conrad Thibault, a popular baritone from the heyday of radio, died Saturday at St. John's Hospital in Far Rockaway, Queens. He was 83 years old and lived in Far Rockaway."
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