Taiwanese people

Last updated
Taiwanese people [upper-roman 1]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 23,596,266 [1]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 373,943 [2] –964,000 [3]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Mainland China 404,000 [4]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 210,000 [3]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 69,550 [5] –173,000 [3]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 145,000 [3]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 52,768 [6]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 38,000 [3]
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 72,000 [3]
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 30,000 [7]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 44,000 [7]
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 38,000 [7]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 34,000 [3]
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 30,985 [8]
Flag of France.svg  France 12,000 [3]
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 11,000 [7]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 9,000 [3]
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 9,000 [3]
Flag of Costa Rica (state).svg  Costa Rica 8,000 [7]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 8,000 [3]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 7,050 [9]
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 4,000 [7]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1,538 [10]
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups

Taiwanese national identity is often posed as either an exclusive Taiwanese identity separate from Chinese national identity, or a Taiwanese identity within a pan-Chinese national identity. Since democratization, there has been an increase in those identifying exclusively as Taiwanese, with those identifying as Taiwanese and Chinese nationals have fallen and those exclusively identifying as Chinese nationals have almost vanished.

National Chengchi University has conducted annual polls on national identity since 1991. In 1991, 17.6% of respondents identified as Taiwanese (臺灣人) only, 25.5% as Chinese (中國人) only, 46.4% as both, and 10.5% declining to state. In 2000, the numbers were 36.9% Taiwanese, 12.5% Chinese, 44.1% both and 6.5% declining. In 2008, 48.4% identified as Taiwanese, 4.0% as Chinese, 43.1% as both, and 4.5% declining. By 2016, 58.2% identified as Taiwanese, 3.4% as Chinese, 34.3% as both, and 4.1% declining. In 2020, 64.3% identified as Taiwanese, 2.6% as Chinese, 29.9% as both, and 3.2% declining. [27]

Likewise, in a 2002 poll by the Democratic Progressive Party, over 50% of the respondents considered themselves "Taiwanese" only, up from less than 20% in 1991 ( Dreyer 2003 ). Polls conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in 2001 found that 70% of Taiwanese would support a name change of the country to Taiwan if the island could no longer be referred to as the Republic of China. [28]

The discrepancy in identity becomes larger when polls only give the two options of "Taiwanese" versus "Chinese". In June 2008, a TVBS poll found that 68% of the respondents identify themselves as "Taiwanese" while 18% would call themselves "Chinese". [29] In 2015, a poll conducted by the Taiwan Braintrust showed that about 90 percent of the population would identify themselves as Taiwanese rather than Chinese. [30]

In 2006, Wu Nai-teh of Academia Sinica said that "many Taiwanese are still confused about identity, and are easily affected by political, social, and economic circumstances." [31] However, since then the sense of a collective Taiwanese identity has continued to increase despite fluctuations in support for pro-independence political parties. This has been cited as evidence that the concept of Taiwanese identity is not the product of local political manipulation, but an actual phenomenon of ethnic and sociopolitical identities (Corcuff 2002 :137–149, 207; Hsiau 2005 :157–170).

Major socio-cultural subgroups

"Beauty of Taiwan" per caption, circa 1900 Beauty of the island Formosa.jpg
"Beauty of Taiwan" per caption, circa 1900

According to governmental statistics, over 95% of Taiwan's 23.4 million people are Han Chinese, [32] of which the majority includes descendants of early Hoklo immigrants who arrived from Fujian in large numbers starting in the 17th century. [33] A significant minority of the Han group are the Hakka people, who comprise about 15% of the total population. The Hakkas emigrated chiefly from eastern Guangdong, speak Hakka Chinese, and originally took up residence in hilly areas. [34] The so-called waishengren (lit. extra-provincial person, sometimes translated "mainlander") Han subgroup includes and descends from the 1.2 million people who migrated to Taiwan from China between the Surrender of Japan in 1945 to the Nationalist retreat to Taiwan following the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The non-Han Austronesian population of Taiwanese aborigines comprises about 2.3% of the population and have inhabited the island for millennia. [35]

Migration to Taiwan from southern Asia began approximately 12,000 BC, but large-scale migration to Taiwan did not occur until the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century as a result of political and economic chaos in mainland China. [36] [37] [38] The first large scale migration occurred as a result of the Manchu invasion and conquest of China, overthrowing the Ming dynasty and establishing the Qing dynasty, which was established in 1644 and remained until 1911.

In 1624, the Dutch East India Company established an outpost in modern-day Anping, Tainan in southern Taiwan after expelling the Spanish. The Dutch soon realized Taiwan's potential as a colony for trading deer hide, venison, rice, and sugar. However, Aborigines were not interested in developing the land and transporting settlers from Europe would be too costly. Due to the resulting labor shortage, the Dutch hired Han farmers from across the Taiwan Strait who fled the Manchu invasion of Ming dynasty China. [39]

Koxinga brought along many more Chinese settlers during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in which he expelled the Dutch. Migration of male laborers from Fujian, steadily increased into the 18th and 19th century. In time, this migration and the gradual removal of ethnic markers (coupled with the acculturation, intermarriage and assimilation of plains Aborigines with the Han) resulted in the widespread adoption of Han patterns of behavior making Taiwanese Han the ethnic majority.

It was not until the Japanese arrival in 1895 that Taiwanese first developed a collective Taiwanese identity in contrast to that of the colonizing Japanese. [40] When the Chinese Civil War broke out between Kuomintang nationalists and the Chinese communists in 1945, there was another mass migration of people from mainland China to Taiwan fleeing the communists. These migrants are known as the mainland Chinese.

Indigenous peoples

A group of Taiwanese indigenous children Taiwan aborigine lona children.jpg
A group of Taiwanese indigenous children

Taiwanese indigenous peoples are the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. They speak languages that belongs to the Austronesian language family, and are culturally, genetically and linguistically closely related to the ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania. Their ancestors are believed to have been living on the islands for approximately 8,000 years before major Han Chinese immigration began in the 17th century ( Blust 1999 ). Taiwan's Austronesian speakers were traditionally distributed over much of the island's rugged central mountain range and concentrated in villages along the alluvial plains. Today, the bulk of the contemporary Taiwanese indigenous population reside in the mountains and the major cities. The total population of recognized indigenous peoples on Taiwan is approximately 533,600, or approximately 2.28% of Taiwan's population. [35] The cities of Yilan, Hualien, and Taitung are known for their communities. In the 1990s, Taiwanese indigenous peoples, which had traditionally viewed themselves as separate groups, united under the singular ethnonym '原住民' or 'Indigenous peoples' ( Stainton 1999 ).

Hoklo

The Hoklo people of Taiwan and Penghu speak Taiwanese Hokkien and mostly originated from Fujian (specifically Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen and Kinmen). The Hoklos account for about 70% of the total population today. During Qing rule, some Hoklo men took aboriginal brides. [34] Some of the plains aboriginals also adopted Chinese customs and language so as to be indistinguishable from the Han. [41] Thus, many who categorize themselves as Hoklo have some degree of indigenous ancestry.

It is possible to find families where the older members still identify themselves as lowland aborigine, while the rest of the family may identify as Hoklo. Among the Hoklo, the common idiom, "has Tangshan father, no Tangshan mother" (Chinese :有唐山公、無唐山媽; Pe̍h-ōe-jī :Ū Tn̂g-soaⁿ kong, bô Tn̂g-soaⁿ má) [42] [43] refers how the Han people crossing the Taiwan Strait were mostly male, whereas their offspring would be through marriage with female Taiwanese aborigines.

Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan. [44] Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian Melissa J. Brown between "short-route" and "long-route". [45] The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them. [46] The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains Aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh. [47] Hoklo Taiwanese has replaced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction. [48] Aboriginal status has been requested by Plains Aboriginals. [49]

The term "Chinese Formosans" has been used to imply Hoklo descendants, [50] though this term has also been used to denote the Taiwanese people (whether of pure or mixed origin) in contrast to the Japanese and mountain aborigines. [51]

The deep-rooted hostility between Taiwanese aborigines and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities' effective KMT networks contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the Aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT. [52]

Hakka

Taiwan's Hakka people descend largely from Hakka who migrated from southern and northern Guangdong to Taiwan around the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty (ca. 1644). [53]

The Taiwanese Hakka communities, although arriving to Taiwan from mountains of eastern Guangdong and western Fujian, have also likely mixed through intermarriage with lowland Aborigines as well. Hakka family trees are known for identifying the male ancestors by their ethnic Hakka heritage while leaving out information on the identity of the female ancestors. Also, during the process of intermarriage and assimilation, many of the lowland Aborigines and their families adopted Hoklo and Hakka family names. Much of this happened in Taiwan prior to the Japanese colonization of Taiwan, so that by the time of the Japanese colonization, most of the population that the Japanese classified as "Chinese" Hoklo and "Chinese" Hakka were in truth already of mixed ancestry. Physical features of both Taiwanese aborigine and Chinese can be found amongst the Taiwanese mainstream today.

Mainlander

"Mainlanders" or waishengren refer to the post-war immigrants (and sometimes also their descendants) who followed the KMT to Taiwan between 1945 and 1950. The descendants of mainlanders settled first within the heart of large urban centers in Taiwan such as Taipei, Taichung, or Kaohsiung. [54] High numbers of government officials and civil servants who followed the KMT to Taiwan and occupied the positions of the colonial government moved into the official dormitories and residences built by the Japanese for civil servants. The ghettoization of mainlander communities exacerbated the divisions imagined by non-mainlander groups, and stymied cultural integration and assimilation into mainstream Taiwanese culture ( Gates 1981 ). Nationalization campaigns undertaken by the KMT established an official "culture", which reflected the KMT government's own preference for what it considered authentic Chinese culture. This excluded many of the local Taiwanese practices and local cultures, including the diverse cultures brought to Taiwan by the mainlanders from all parts of China ( Wachman 1994 ). Unlike the Hoklo and Hakka of Taiwan, who felt excluded by the new government, the mainlanders and their families supported the nationalists and embraced the official "culture" as their own, with "national culture" being taught in school ( Wilson 1970 ). The mainlanders used their embrace of Nationalist culture to identify themselves as the authentic Chinese people of Taiwan.

In addition to the Han people, there were also small numbers of Mongols, Hui, Manchu and other ethnic minorities among the Waishengren.

Burmese Chinese

Burmese Chinese have settled mostly in Zhonghe District, located in Taipei County. The job boom in the factories there has attracted an estimated 40,000 Burmese Chinese immigrants (c. 2008) which are 10% of the city's population. This is "believed to be the largest Burmese Chinese community outside of Burma." [55]

New residents or immigrants

Taiwan Hsin Chu-min (臺灣新住民 lit. "New Residents in Taiwan" pinyin :Xīnzhùmín; [ɕin ʈʂu min]) is a group that consists of mainly new residents, originally from other nations, who have either migrated to Taiwan or inter-married with a local Taiwanese. The majority of new residents originated from Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippines. [56] [57] [58] As of 2018, there are more than 710,000 foreign labors employed in Taiwan in both blue and white collar industries. [59] [60] Taiwanese society has a surprisingly high degree of diversity. According to Ethnologue, published by US-based SIL international, over 20 living languages are found on the island as of 2016. These languages are spoken by the many Austronesian and Han ethnolinguistic groups that comprise the people of Taiwan.

Enmity between ethnic groups on Taiwan

The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT. [52]

Overseas Taiwanese

Taiwanese people
Traditional Chinese 臺灣人
Simplified Chinese 台湾人

Overseas Taiwanese (Chinese: 海外臺灣人), also called "people of Taiwanese descent" (Chinese: 臺裔; pinyin: taiyi), are people who are living outside of Taiwan but are of Taiwanese ancestry or descent. Overseas Taiwanese may live in other territories such as the People's Republic of China and are not necessarily Taiwan nationals.

Chinese Taipei School in Malaysia. Chinese Taipei School (Kuala Lumpur).jpg
Chinese Taipei School in Malaysia.

Taiwanese living in China (PRC)

Starting the 1980s, some Taiwanese businesspeople ( Taishang ) started to open factories and moved into the Mainland China for its lower labor-costs and tax-deduction policies enacted by Chinese government towards Taiwanese. Thus, manufacture-intensive cities like Kunshan and Dongguan had aggregated a significant amount of Taiwanese population, mostly Taishang and their families since then. [61] In November 2014 the Taipei Times cited an estimate of 1 million Taiwanese living within China (PRC), i.e. "mainland China". [62]

Historically, most Taiwanese people originated from China (under regimes before the PRC). Taiwanese people (of Chinese descent) have traveled between China and Taiwan throughout history. Taiwanese Aborigines also have a minor presence in China (PRC). After the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed, with Taiwan (previously a Chinese province/prefecture) being ceded by Qing China to the Japanese Empire, an expatriate/refugee community of Taiwanese in China was created.

The original Taiwanese Communist Party was closely affiliated with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The failed party would later evolve into the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League, one of eight officially-recognised political parties within China (PRC) which is ultimately subservient to the CCP. Many members of this party have been Taiwanese people residing in China (PRC), i.e. "mainland China".

Taiwanese Japanese

This article merges Taiwanese Japanese with Chinese Japanese. Taiwanese Japanese do not currently have their own Wikipedia article.

From 1895 until 1945, Taiwan was controlled by the Japanese Empire as a colony/dependency. It was known as "Japanese Formosa". Due to this period of close administrative connection between Taiwan and Japan, many Taiwanese people have been living in Japan for several generations, such as Momofuku Ando, the inventor of "instant ramen (noodles)", whose invention has been praised by Japanese people as one of the country's greatest national inventions. [63]

The Taiwanese community in Japan tends to be treated separately from the Chinese (PRC) community, both officially and socially, and is quite close to the local Japanese population. However, controversies have arisen due to dual-citizenship of ethnic-Taiwanese politicians in Japan, e.g. Renhō, [64] since Japan doesn't technically recognise the Republic of China on Taiwan as a legitimate country, and since Japan doesn't allow dual-citizenship, especially not in politics.

Japanese people tend to have positive views towards Taiwanese people due to shared history, shared culture, shared values, and the close ties between Taiwan and Japan. Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, Taiwan was the most prominent humanitarian contributor, donating US$252 million in combined aid under then-ROC-president Ma Ying-jeou's administration. This is one major reason why Japanese people tend to have favourable views of Taiwan. [65]

Historically, Zheng Cheng-gong (also known as Koxinga), who established the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, was born to a Japanese mother and Chinese father. Chiang Wei-kuo, the second (adopted) son of Chiang Kai-shek (arguably the most well-known Taiwanese and ROC politician outside of Taiwan/China), was also born to a Japanese mother and Chinese father.

Taiwanese Americans (US)

In the United States, there are 230,382 to 919,000 people of Taiwanese descent living there. They are mostly concentrated in California, New York, and Texas. [66] [67]

According to Census data from 2010, Taiwanese Americans have the highest education level of any ethnic group in the United States, if they are not classified together with Chinese Americans.

Taiwanese Canadians

There are over 91,000 Taiwanese people in Canada, mainly living in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario. [68] [69]

Taiwanese Australians

The complete number of Taiwanese Australians is unknown since the Australian Census only records foreign ethnicities for the first two generations (i.e. the number of 3rd-gen Taiwanese Australians and beyond is unknown). However, it is known that there are around 45,000–55,000 Taiwanese Australians who are 1st-gen or 2nd-gen, and these people currently comprise around 90–95% of Australia's ethnically-Taiwanese population. In modern times, Australians of Taiwanese descent are mostly concentrated around the cities of Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney, with significant populations in other major Australian cities.

Genetic studies

The Hoklo and Hakka linguistic groups, which statistically make up the majority of Taiwan's population, can trace their historical and cultural roots to Hokkien- and Hakka-speaking peoples from what is now China, predominantly the southern provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. The original migrations from China were as male labourers under contract to the Dutch, so there was considerable intermarriage with women from plains aboriginal groups. The human leukocyte antigen typing study and mitochondrial DNA analysis performed in recent years show that more than 88% of the Taiwanese population have some degree of aboriginal origin ( Sim 2003 ). However, this study was criticised by other researchers and refuted by subsequent genetic studies.

A 2009 doctoral dissertation questions such findings and claims that "the great number of Han immigrants after the 18th century is the main reason to consider that the early genetic contribution from Plains Indigenes to Taiwanese Han has been largely diluted and no longer exists in any meaningful way." [70] The lack of a totally complete and definite set of genetic record of plains Aborigines, or conclusive understanding of their proto-Austronesian roots, further complicates the use of genetic data ( Blust 1988 ). It is important to mention that most immigrated Chinese are from southern China and that these people already had ancient Austronesian admixture. [71] [72] (see Baiyue people).

A 2016 study by Chen et. al found that the Taiwanese Han shared a common genetic background with Han Chinese populations worldwide but were quite distant from Taiwanese Austronesians. The Taiwanese Han Chinese clustered into three cline groups: 5% were of northern Han Chinese ancestry, 79.9% were of southern Han Chinese ancestry, and 14.5% belonged to a third (T) group. The southern Han Chinese were descended from an admixture of northern Han Chinese and the southeast indigenous population (Baiyue) of China. The T group individuals were genetically distinct from neighbouring Southeast Asians and Taiwanese Austronesian tribes but were similar to other southern Han Chinese. The T group individuals may have experienced evolutionary events independent from the other southern Han. [73]

A 2020 study by Lo et. al revealed that most Taiwanese Han had considerable proportions of Austronesian-related ancestry. However, this Austronesian-related ancestry was also observable in other Han Chinese populations in mainland China and among Chinese Singaporeans. The researchers came to the conclusion that this ancient Austronesian-related ancestry arose from admixture events between Han Chinese and pre-Austronesian populations (Baiyue) that occurred in mainland China, and not between Han Chinese and Taiwanese indigenous people on Taiwan. [74]

See also

Notes

Words in native languages

  1. 1 2

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Democratic Progressive Party Political party in Taiwan

The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and center-left political party in Taiwan. Controlling both the Republic of China presidency and the unicameral Legislative Yuan, it is the majority ruling party and the dominant party in the Pan-Green Coalition as of 2020.

Taiwan Country in East Asia

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. It shares maritime borders with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The main island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital is Taipei, which, along with New Taipei and Keelung, forms the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan and Taoyuan. With 23.45 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.

Taiwanese cuisine Culinary traditions of Taiwan

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History of Taiwan History of the island of Taiwan

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Taiwanese indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples of Taiwan

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Taiwanese Hokkien Variety of a language dialect

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The naming customs of Aboriginal Taiwanese are distinct from, though influenced by, the majority Han Chinese culture of Taiwan. Prior to contact with Han Chinese, the Aboriginal Taiwanese named themselves according to each tribe's tradition. The naming system varies greatly depending on the particular tribes. Some tribes do not have family names, at least as part of the personal name.

Taiwanese nationalism Political ideology

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Languages of Taiwan Languages of the country and its peoples

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Demographics of Taiwan Demographics of country

The population of Taiwan is approximately 23.45 million, spread across a total land area of about 36,000 km2; it is the seventeenth most densely populated country in the world, with a population density of about 651 inhabitants per square kilometer.

Taiwanese Australians are Australian citizens or permanent residents who carry full or partial ancestry from the East Asian island country of Taiwan or from preceding Taiwanese regimes.

Native Taiwanese, also known as Pún-síng-lâng, Han-tsî-á or Benshengren, are Taiwanese peoples who settled on the island prior or during Japanese colonization of Taiwan. Its usage is to differentiate the different culture, customs, and political sentiments within contemporary Taiwan between those who lived through World War II on the island and later migrants from China. Hoklo and Hakka people who migrated to Taiwan with the Nationalist-Led Chinese Government colonization since October 25, 1945 are not included in this term.

Plains indigenous peoples Indigenous people of Taiwan

Plains indigenous peoples, previously called plain aborigines, are Taiwanese indigenous peoples originally residing in lowland regions, as opposed to Highland indigenous peoples. Plains indigenous peoples consist of anywhere from eight to twelve individual groups, or tribes, rather than being a single ethnic group. They are part of the Austronesian family. Beginning in the 17th century, plains indigenous peoples have been heavily influenced by external forces from Dutch, Spanish, and Han Chinese immigration to Taiwan. This ethnic group has since been extensively assimilated with Han Chinese language and culture; they have lost their cultural identity and it is almost impossible without careful inspection to distinguish plains indigenous peoples from Taiwanese Han people.

Hoklo Taiwanese or Holo people are a major ethnic group in Taiwan whose ancestry is wholly or partially Hoklo. Being Taiwanese of Han origin, they are generally bilingual in Taiwanese Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien. Most descend from the Hoklo people of Quanzhou or Zhangzhou in Southern Fujian, China. The term as commonly understood signifies those whose ancestors immigrated to Taiwan before 1949.

Han Taiwanese or Taiwanese Han are a Taiwanese ethnic group, most of whom are of full or partial Han descent. According to the Executive Yuan Taiwan, they comprise 95 to 97 percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people. Major waves of Han immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945). Han Taiwanese mainly speak three languages of Chinese: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.

Fujian–Taiwan relationship Relations between Taiwan and the mainland Chinese province of Fujian

The Fujian–Taiwan relations, also known as the Min–Tai relations, refers to the relationship between Fujian, which is located in mainland China, and Taiwan, which is across the Taiwan Strait. Since the average width of the Taiwan Strait is 180 kilometers, Fujian and Taiwan are adjacent, similar in both climate and environment. Although the relationship between Taiwan and Fujian has changed with the development of history, the two places have maintained close relations in terms of personnel, economy, military, culture and other aspects. At present, Taiwan residents are mostly descendants of immigrants from mainland China, of which the southern Fujian ethnic group is the main group, accounting for 73.5% of Taiwan's total population. In terms of culture, language, religion, and customs, Fujian and Taiwan also share similarities.

References

Citations

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  13. ↑ Makeham (2005), pp. 4–5.
  14. ↑ Harrell & Huang (1994), pp. 14–15.
  15. 1 2 di Genova, Trista (11 July 2007). "Study explores the 'Kinmen Identity'". China Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  16. 1 2 Wei, Jian-Feng (2006). "An Examination of Cultural Identity of Residents of Quemoy (Kinmen)" (PDF). Intercultural Communication Studies. 15 (1): 136–137. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  17. ↑ Huang, Sandy (6 April 2003). "Cases of mistaken identity perplexing Lienchiang County". Taipei Times . Archived from the original on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  18. ↑ Peng (1972), p. 45: "One day I fell into conversation with two Americans in a jeep beside the road (in early occupied Japan), and in passing explained to them that I was not Japanese, but a Chinese from Formosa. It was something of a shock to find myself for the first time openly and proudly making this distinction"
  19. ↑ Dreyer 2003 "In order to shore up his government's legitimacy, Chiang set about turning Taiwan’s inhabitants into Chinese. To use Renan’s terminology, Chiang chose to re-define the concept of shared destiny to include the mainland. Streets were re-named; major thoroughfares in Taipei received names associated with the traditional Confucian virtues. The avenue passing in front of the foreign ministry en route to the presidential palace was named chieh-shou (long life), in Chiang’s honor. Students were required to learn Mandarin and speak it exclusively; those who disobeyed and spoke Taiwanese, Hakka, or aboriginal tongues could be fined, slapped, or subjected to other disciplinary actions."
  20. ↑ Myers, Ramon H.; Hsiao-ting Lin. "Starting Anew on Taiwan". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2009-06-06. The new KMT concluded that it must "Sinicize" Taiwan if it were ever to unify mainland China. Textbooks were designed to teach young people the dialect of North China as a national language. Pupils also were taught to revere Confucian ethics, to develop Han Chinese nationalism, and to accept Taiwan as a part of China.Systematic genocide and destruction of non-Chinese ethnicities were commonplace in this period
  21. ↑ "Cultural, Ethnic, And Political Nationalism In Contemporary Taiwan" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-06-06. Among the first things that the Chinese government did after taking over Taiwan was first to "de-Japanize" and then to "Sinicize" Taiwanese culture. The cultural policies of Sinicizing Taiwan in the postwar period intensified when the Chinese Nationalist Party government lost the civil war against the Red Army and retreated to Taiwan in 1949
  22. ↑ "Searching for the Past". ...efforts of the government of Chiang Kai-shek to resinicize the island
  23. ↑ Phillips 2003.
  24. ↑ "Third-Wave Reform". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. ....The government initiated educational reform in the 1950s to achieve a number of high-priority goals. First, it was done to help root out fifty years of Japanese colonial influence on the island's populace--"resinicizing" them, one might say- -and thereby guarantee their loyalty to the Chinese motherland. Second, the million mainlanders or so who had fled to Taiwan themselves had the age-old tendency of being more loyal to city, county, or province than to China as a nation. They identified themselves as Hunanese, Cantonese, or Sichuanese first, and as Chinese second.
  25. ↑ "New National Identity Emerges in Taiwan". Washington Post. 2004-01-02. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  26. ↑ "Gender Imbalances and the Twisted Marriage Market in Taiwan" (PDF). Cicred.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  27. ↑ "Taiwanese / Chinese Identity(1992/06~2020/12)". Election Study Center. National Chengchi University . Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  28. ↑ Michael Bristow (17 May 2002). "Taiwan's identity crisis". BBC News.
  29. ↑ "Archived copy" 民意調查：兩會復談前國族認同民調 (PDF). TVBS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-06-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ↑ "Support for Taiwanese independence, identity: think tank poll". Taipei Times. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  31. ↑ Chang, Rich (12 March 2006). "'Taiwan identity' growing: study". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  32. ↑ Exec. Yuan (2014), p. 36.
  33. ↑ Exec. Yuan (2014), p. 47-8.
  34. 1 2 Exec. Yuan (2014), p. 48.
  35. 1 2 Exec. Yuan (2014), p. 49.
  36. ↑ Shepherd (1993).
  37. ↑ Bellwood (2000).
  38. ↑ Blust (1988).
  39. ↑ Andrade (2006).
  40. ↑ Morris (2002).
  41. ↑ Davidson (1903), p. 581.
  42. ↑ Tai, Pao-tsun (2007). The Concise History of Taiwan (Chinese-English bilingual ed.). Nantou City: Taiwan Historica. p. 52. ISBN   9789860109504.
  43. ↑ "Entry #60161". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [ Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan ]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.
  44. ↑ Brown 2004 Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine . pp. 156-7.
  45. ↑ Brown 2004 Archived 2016-04-30 at the Wayback Machine . p. 162.
  46. ↑ Brown 2004 Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine . p. 157.
  47. ↑ "Pazeh writers get awards for preserving language - Taipei Times". Taipeitimes.com. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  48. ↑ "Pazeh poets honored at ceremony - Taipei Times we". Taipeitimes.com. 26 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  49. ↑ "Pingpu activists demand government recognition - Taipei Times". Taipeitimes.com. 15 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  50. ↑ Chambers's Encyclopaedia. 3. Pergamon Press. 1967. p. 438. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The majority of the population is of Chinese origin. There are about 3000000 Chinese Formosans descended from immigrants from Fukien and a further 90000 Hakka whose ancestors fled from the mainland during the century Note: Per Demographics of Taiwan, the population quoted was valid circa 1905 to 1915. By 1967, the population had already surpassed 13 million.
  51. ↑ Gordon, Leonard (May 1968). "American Planning for Taiwan, 1942-1945". Pacific Historical Review. 37 (2): 215. doi:10.2307/3637072. JSTOR   3637072.
  52. 1 2 Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.). European perspectives on Taiwan. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 95. ISBN   9783531943039.
  53. ↑ The Hakka People Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine , Overseas Community Affairs Council (OCAC). Taiwan.
  54. ↑ Yang, Dominic Meng-Hsuan (2021). The Great Exodus from China. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. ISBN   9781108784306.
  55. ↑ Hsin-chun Tasaw Lu (2008). "Negotiating Ethnicity: Burmese Chinese Migrants in Taiwan". Journal of Burma Studies. 12: 29–62. doi:10.1353/jbs.2008.0001. S2CID   154656569.
  56. ↑ News staff (23 April 2017). "Say hello to the new Taiwanese". Taiwan: The China Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Other top sources of Taiwan's newest citizens were Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines and Malaysia, in that order.
  57. ↑ News staff (22 May 2012). "Foreign, mainland spouses of locals to be called 'new residents". Taiwan. The China Post . Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  58. ↑ Chou, Christine (21 April 2017). "Come and work here". Taiwan. The China Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  59. ↑ "Foreign Workers in Productive Industries and Social Welfare by Nationality". Workforce Development Agency, Ministry of Labor Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  60. ↑ "Foreign Workers for Special Professions or Technical Assignments by Permit Authority Agency and Nationality". Workforce Development Agency, Ministry of Labor Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
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  62. ↑ Shih, Hsiao-kuang (16 November 2014). "2014 ELECTIONS: Chinese officials aiding KMT voters: sources". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  63. ↑ Kaufman, Noah (July 7, 2015). "Instant Ramen Is Japan's Greatest Invention Says Japan". Food & Wine. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  64. ↑ Shusuke, Murai (September 7, 2016). "Renho nationality accusations spur debate on dual citizenship". Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  65. ↑ Ko, Shu-ling (May 21, 2011). "Intricate bonds behind Taiwan aid". Japan Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  66. ↑ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS". United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  67. ↑ Numbers of Overseas Taiwanese Archived 2012-09-16 at the Wayback Machine , Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, Taiwan, 2010
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  69. ↑ "CIC Facts and Figures 2009". Archived from the original (ASP) on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  70. ↑ Chen, Shu-Juo (2009). How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity (Ph.D. thesis). Stanford University. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  71. ↑ "DNA Analysis Reveals Taiwanese Have Ancestors on Mainland". En.people.cn. Archived from the original on 2016-10-24. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
  72. ↑ Li, Dongna; Li, Hui; Ou, Caiying; Lu, Yan; Sun, Yuantian; Yang, Bo; Qin, Zhendong; Zhou, Zhenjian; Li, Shilin (2008-05-14). "Paternal Genetic Structure of Hainan Aborigines Isolated at the Entrance to East Asia". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2168. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2168L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002168 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2374892 . PMID   18478090.
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