"Flag of Taiwan" redirects here. For proposed flags from Taiwan independent advocates, see Proposed flags of Taiwan. For a full list of flags ever used in Taiwan, see List of Taiwanese flags.
This article is about the national flag between 1928–1949 in mainland China and in Taiwan after 1945. For the Republic of China flag used before 1928, see Five Races Under One Union. For the flag of the People's Republic of China, see Flag of China.
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1895;129years ago(1895) (by Revive China Society, original version) 1906;118years ago(1906) (addition of the red field) 23October 1911;112 years ago(1911-10-23) (naval flag) 5May 1921;103 years ago(1921-05-05) (by Guangzhou government) 9December 1928;95 years ago(1928-12-09) (in mainland China) 25October 1945;78 years ago(1945-10-25) (in Taiwan)
Relinquished
1October 1949;74 years ago(1949-10-01) (in mainland China) 1May 1950;74 years ago(1950-05-01) (in Hainan)
Design
A red field with a navy blue canton bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays
The flag of the Republic of China,commonly called the flag of Taiwan,[1][2][3] consists of a red field with a blue canton bearing a white disk surrounded by twelve triangles;said symbols symbolize the sun and rays of light emanating from it,respectively.
The public display of this flag is still seen in historical museums and war cemeteries across mainland China,but its use remains illegal due to its history as a symbol of opposition to communism. Some supporters of Taiwanese independence reject the flag due to its association with Chinese nationalism and as a statement of opposition against the Kuomintang,although supporters of the Democratic Progressive Party and its leaders still retain and use the current flag both domestically and abroad.[6]
The canton (upper corner on the hoist side) originated from the "Blue Sky with a White Sun flag" (青天白日旗;qīngtiān báirìqí) designed by Lu Haodong,a martyr of the Xinhai Revolution. He presented his design to represent the revolutionary army at the inauguration of the Society for Regenerating China,an anti-Qing society in Hong Kong,on 21 February 1895. This design was later adopted as the KMT party flag and the coat of arms of the Republic of China. The "red Earth" portion was added by Sun Yat-sen in winter of 1906,bringing the flag to its modern form. According to George Yeo,the Foreign Minister of Singapore,in those days the Blue Sky with a White Sun flag was sewn in the Sun Yat Sen Villa or Wan Qing Yuan in Singapore by Teo Eng Hock and his wife.[7][8]
During the Wuchang Uprising in 1911 that heralded the Republic,the various revolutionary armies had different flags. Lu Hao-tung's "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag was used in the provinces of Guangdong,Guangxi,Yunnan,and Guizhou. In Jiujiang,the "Blue Sky,White Sun,and a Wholly Red Earth" flag was used on ships during a naval uprising. In Wuhan,a flag with 18 yellow stars was used to represent the 18 administrative divisions at the time. In Shanghai and northern China,a "Five-coloured Flag" (五色旗;wǔsèqí) (Five Races Under One Union flag) was used of five horizontal stripes representing the five major ethnicities of China:the Han (red),the Manchu (yellow),the Mongol (blue),the Hui (white),and the Tibetan (black).
When the government of the Republic of China was established on 1 January 1912,the "Five-coloured Flag" was selected by the provisional Senate as the national flag. The "18-Star Flag" was adopted by the army[9] and the modern flag was adopted as a naval ensign.[10] Sun Yat-sen,however,did not consider the five-coloured flag appropriate,reasoning that horizontal order implied a hierarchy or class like that which existed during dynastic times.
After President Yuan Shikai assumed dictatorial powers in 1913 by dissolving the National Assembly and outlawing the KMT,Sun Yat-sen established a government-in-exile in Tokyo and employed the modern flag as the national ROC flag. He continued using this design when the KMT established a rival government in Guangzhou in 1917. The modern flag was made official by National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act (中華民國國徽國旗法;ZhōnghuáMínguóguóhuīguóqífǎ) on 17 December 1928,after the successful Northern Expedition that toppled the Beiyang government,though the Five-coloured Flag still continued to be used by locals in an unofficial capacity.[11] One reason for this discrepancy in use was lingering regional biases held by officials and citizens of northern China,who favored the Five-coloured Flag,against southerners such as the Cantonese/Hakka Sun Yat-sen.[citation needed]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War,the invading Japanese established a variety of puppet governments using several flag designs. The Reformed Government was established in March 1938 in Nanjing to consolidate the various puppet governments employed the Five-coloured Flag. When Wang Jingwei was slated to take over the Japanese-installed government in Nanjing in 1940,he demanded to use the modern flag as a means to challenge the authority of the Nationalist Government in Chongqing under Chiang Kai-shek and position himself as the rightful successor to Sun Yat-sen. However,the Japanese preferred the Five-coloured flag. As a compromise,the Japanese suggested adding a triangular yellow pennant on top with the slogan "Peace,Anti-Communism,National Construction" (和平反共建國;Hépíng fǎngòng jiàn guó) in black,but this was rejected by Wang. In the end,Wang and the Japanese agreed that the yellow banner was to be used outdoors only,until 1943 when the banner was abandoned,leaving two rival governments with the same flag,each claiming to be the legitimate Nationalist government of China.[12]
The national flag was specified in Article Six of the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China. The flag was also used in Communist-held areas until 1949. After the Chinese Civil War began to ease,the government of Chiang Kai-shek relocated the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan,whose administration was handed over to the ROC from Japan in 1945. On the mainland,the communist forces of Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China and adopted their own national flag.
On 23 October 1954,the latest amendment to the National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act was promulgated by the Legislative Yuan to specify the size,measure,ratio,production,and management of the flag.[13]
Symbolism
The national flag in darker shades.
The "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag of Lu Hao-tung was unveiled in February 1895 in Hong Kong. The twelve rays of the white Sun symbolize the twelve months and the twelve traditional shichen (時辰;shíchén),a traditional unit of time which corresponds to two modern hours. Sun Yat-sen added the "Red Earth" to the flag to signify the blood of the revolutionaries who sacrificed themselves in order to overthrow the Qing dynasty and create the ROC. Together,the three colours of the flag correspond to the Three Principles of the People:Blue represents nationalism and liberty;White represents democracy and equality;and Red represents the people's livelihood and fraternity.[4] President Chiang Kai-shek proclaimed on the National Day in 1929,"As long as a national flag with Blue Sky,White Sun,and a Wholly Red Earth flies in the land of China,it will symbolize the independence and liberty of the descendants of the Huang Emperor".
The blue-and-white canton of the ROC flag is often used as the party flag of the KMT. The flag has developed a great deal of additional symbolism due to the unique and controversial political status of Taiwan. At one level,the flag represents a clear symbol that Taiwan is not governed by the same government as mainland China,as this flag is different from the flag of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Meanwhile,because it was formerly used as the flag over all of China,the flag has become a symbol of continuity with the ideals of the Chinese nationalism and Chinese unification movements,and has become a symbol of a connection both historical and current with mainland China. In addition,the flag is derived from the seal of the KMT,and the colour of the field of the flag is associated with the KMT party colours.
Some Chinese see the flag as an expression of Chinese nationalism and pride combined with simultaneous disapproval for the current communist regime. Additionally,the flag may symbolize identification with,and admiration for the political thoughts of Sun Yat-sen,and his Three Principles of the People.
One irony is that given the association of the flag with Chinese nationalism in opposition to Taiwan independence,the ROC flag has found an unexpected ally in the People's Republic of China. The PRC has criticized Taiwan independence groups for wishing to change or abolish the ROC flag,and has implied that legal steps to do so would bring a strongly negative reaction from the PRC.
However,the presence of the ROC flag in Taiwan also distinguishes the fact that Taiwan and ROC territorial islands elsewhere fall under jurisdiction of a country separate from that of mainland China,the People's Republic of China (PRC). The hoisting of the ROC flag is even advocated by the most extreme Taiwanese independence supporters,such as Taiwan Solidarity Union members when emphasizing the separate and independently governed systems and territories of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in mainland China.
Construction details
National flag construction sheet (Chinese).National flag construction sheet (dimensional).
The specific designs of the flag are located in the National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act from 1928. The ratio of the flag is 2:3,with most of it being red. One-fourth of the flag is blue,which contains the 12 pointed sun. Each sun ray is 30 degrees,so the total sun rays will make up a complete 360 degree circle. Inside the sun,the blue ring is the diameter of the white sun divided by 15.[11][14]
In later years,more details regarding of the canton area (also used as the flag of the KMT),were codified into law. In the drawing released in Act on the Party and National Flag Manufacturing and Usage Methods (黨旗國旗之製造及使用辦法),the sun was drawn in more specific detail and mathematical values were given to all elements in the flag. In the law,the canton still had a ratio of 2:3,but the math values given were 24 ×36 meters. The diameter of the sun with rays is 6⁄8 of height of the canton, so in this case, it will be 18. The diameter of the white sun without the sun rays is 1⁄4 of the width of the canton, so it is 9. The blue ring that is on top of this sun and part of the rays is 1⁄15 diameter of the white sun, so the size will be 0.6. The angle of the rays, 30 degrees, and the total number of rays have not changed.[15]
The colours of the national flag are dark red, white and dark blue. However, the KMT party flag only uses white and dark blue; both flags are to be topped with a golden finial.[16] The law does not list any specific colour processes, such as Pantone, to manufacturing or drawing the flag. The Ministry of the Interior provides colours only for reference.[17] Other publications, such as the Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives, have given approximations for Pantone colours: the dark blue as Pantone 301 C and the dark red as Pantone 186 C.[18]Album des pavillons also gave the approximate CMYK colours for the flag; dark blue is 100-45-0-10 and dark red is 0-90-75-5.[18]
Colours
The colours approximation in other colour spaces are listed below:
In the early years of the Republic, under the KMT's political tutelage, the flag shared the same prominence as the KMT party flag. A common wall display consisted of the KMT flag perched on the left and the ROC flag perched on the right, each tilted at an angle with a portrait of Father of the Nation Sun Yat-sen displayed in the center. For the summits held between the KMT and Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War, the ROC flag was displayed at an equal position to the flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic (Jiangxi Soviet). Later, the flag law specified a horizontal display of the flag with the portrait of Sun Yat-sen in a portion of the red field at the center position. This display can be found in numerous government offices in Taiwan and is that which the president and vice president face to take the oath of office.
The flag has a ubiquitous presence in Taiwan. The hoisting and lowering of the flag are ceremoniously accompanied by the National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China while those present stand at attention to give a standard salute with the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. Schoolchildren have traditionally been required to attend morning rallies where the flag is raised after a rendition of the National Anthem of the Republic of China. Before martial law was lifted in 1987 in Taiwan, it was required that all vehicles be halted when passing by a flag ceremony.
The Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee flag (known in Chinese as the 'Plum Blossom Banner') is derived from and used in place of the flag of the Republic of China at the Olympic Games and in some sporting events.
The symbolism of the ROC flag began to shift in the early 21st century[citation needed] as there was a warming of relations between the pan-Blue coalition in Taiwan and the Chinese Communist Party on mainland China. The flag of the Republic of China has begun to symbolize a common shared history between both mainland China and Taiwan, and as such the government of the PRC has made it clear that for Taiwan to change the flag would be a major provocation in favor of Taiwan independence. The ambiguity surrounding the flag was made apparent during the trip of Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan to mainland China in April 2005, during which the flag was very prominently displayed at ceremonies honoring Sun Yat-Sen at which both KMT party officials and government officials from the PRC were in attendance. One place in mainland China where the White Sun emblem is still prominently displayed in public is the ceiling mosaic within Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.
The use of the flag in Taiwan reflects the controversy behind its symbolism. Although supporters of Taiwan independence, such as former president Chen Shui-bian, will display and salute the flag on formal official state occasions, it is never seen at political rallies of the Democratic Progressive Party. This is not only because of its association with mainland China but also because the flag contains design elements of the KMT party flag. By contrast, the ROC flag is always extremely prominent at political rallies of the pan-Blue coalition. This difference extends to the colours seen at the rallies. Rallies of the pan-Blue coalition give prominence to the colours of the ROC flag, with very large amounts of blue and smaller amounts of red. Rallies of independence-leaning parties are filled with green, with no blue or red at all.
Some supporters of Taiwan independence, including former president Lee Teng-hui, have called for the abandonment of the flag, and there are a number of alternative designs for a specifically Taiwanese flag. However, the prospects for this are not high given that changing the flag requires a constitutional amendment; that the current flag has a huge amount of support among pan-Blue supporters and grudging acceptance among moderate independence supporters; and because changing the flag might cause political tension with the PRC. During the 2004 ROC legislative elections, it was briefly suggested that if the pan-green coalition won the elections that it would force the KMT to change the party emblem to be different from the flag. This proposal generated a few days of controversy and was then quickly forgotten.
Chinese diaspora
There has been disagreement in the overseas Chinese community on which flag to fly to represent themselves, supporters and organizations of the Chinese democracy movement often fly the ROC flag rather than the PRC flag to symbolize opposition to Communist rule.[19]
Rennie's Mill Middle School flying the ROC flag in Hong Kong, 1995
Some Hong Kongers have historically flown the ROC flag to demonstrate their shared opposition to the PRC's policies, as well as to honor the legacy of Sun Yat-sen, as part of the pro-ROC and pro-democracy camps.[20][21] In recent years, however, due to the PRC's tightening of state control over Hong Kong, supporters of the ROC have faced severe restrictions in expressing their political support, especially in publicly flying the ROC flag or celebrating the National Day of the Republic of China on October 10th every year.[22]
Under Articles 118 and 160 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of China, it is a criminal offence to insult either the national flag or the national emblem of any country. If it is a national flag or emblem of a foreign country being insulted, the name of the offence would be 'obstructing state diplomacy'; if it is the ones of the Republic of China, the offence would be 'disturbing the order'. Besides, insulting or damaging the portrait of Sun Yat-sen is also punishable as 'disturbing the order'. The penalty can be either incarceration for one year or less, or a fine of $9,000 NTD or less.[23][24][25]
Flags of the ROC, PRC, and U.S. can be seen flying atop adjacent buildings in San FranciscoChinatown. Most benevolent associations in San Francisco, including the Chinese Six Companies, continue to fly the ROC flag due to their close relations with the KMT.
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949. The KMT is a centre-right to right-wing party and the largest in the Pan-Blue Coalition. Its primary rival is the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and its allies in the Pan-Green Coalition. As of 2024, the KMT is the largest single party in the Legislative Yuan. The current chairman is Eric Chu.
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is governed in a framework of a representative democratic republic under a five-power system first envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in 1906, whereby under the constitutional amendments, the President is head of state and the Premier is head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Executive Yuan. Legislative power is vested primarily in the Legislative Yuan. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. In addition, the Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, and the Control Yuan inspects, reviews, and audits the policies and operations of the government.
"Mainland China", also referred to as "the Chinese mainland", is a geopolitical term defined as the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. In addition to the geographical mainland, the geopolitical sense of the term includes islands such as Hainan, Chongming, and Zhoushan. By convention, territories outside of mainland China include:
Chinese unification, also known as Cross-Strait unification or Chinese reunification, is the potential unification of territories currently controlled, or claimed, by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China ("Taiwan") under one political entity, possibly the formation of a political union between the two republics. Together with full Taiwan independence, unification is one of the main proposals to address questions on the political status of Taiwan, which is a central focus of Cross-Strait relations.
The National Day of the Republic of China, also referred to as Double Ten Day or Double Tenth Day, is a public holiday on 10 October, now held annually as national day in the Republic of China. It commemorates the start of the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911 which ultimately led to the collapse of the imperial Qing dynasty, ending 2,133 years of imperial rule of China since the Qin dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912. The day was once held as public holiday in mainland China during the Mainland Period of the ROC before 1949. The subsequent People's Republic of China continues to observe the Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution at the same date but not as a public holiday, which put more emphasis on its revolutionary characteristics as commemoration of a historical event rather than celebration to the founding of the Republic of China.
Several proposals for a flag of Taiwan have been initiated by supporters of the Taiwan independence movement to replace the flag of the Republic of China as the national flag flown over Taiwan. Supporters of the movement object to the use of the flag of the Republic of China since it was designed by and is closely associated with the Kuomintang. However, no single flag has been established as the symbol of the independence movement, and supporters of Taiwanese independence, such as the Democratic Progressive Party, have accepted the flag of the Republic of China for the time being and have not pushed for a new flag. The flag of the Republic of China in current use is defined in the 6th article of the Constitution, and amending the Constitution requires a referendum which would only succeed with wide political support. The Republic of China, originally based in mainland China, retreated to Taiwan in 1949 and established its capital in Taipei. The region, now commonly referred to as "Taiwan" in vernacular, retains its official name "Republic of China" and still officially claims territories governed by the People's Republic of China, just as the PRC claims all ROC territories.
The "National Anthem of the Republic of China", also known by its incipit "Three Principles of the People", is the national anthem of the Republic of China, commonly called Taiwan. It was adopted in 1930 as the national anthem and was used as such in mainland China until 1949, when the Republic of China central government relocated to Taiwan following its defeat by the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War. It replaced the "Song to the Auspicious Cloud", which had been used as the Chinese national anthem before. The national anthem was adopted in Taiwan on October 25, 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan. Mainland China, being governed by the People's Republic of China today, discontinued this national anthem for "March of the Volunteers".
The history of the Republic of China began in 1912 with the end of the Qing dynasty, when the Xinhai Revolution and the formation of the Republic of China put an end to 2,000 years of imperial rule. The Republic experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.
The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China is a national symbol of the People's Republic of China and contains in a red circle a representation of Tiananmen Gate, the entrance gate to the Forbidden City, where Mao Zedong declared the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Above this representation are the five stars found on the national flag. The largest star represents the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), while the four smaller stars represent the four social classes as defined in Maoism. The emblem is described as being "composed of patterns of the national flag":
...The red color of the flag symbolizes revolution and the yellow color of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land. The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
—China Yearbook 2004
This is a timeline of the Republic of China.
The Blue Sky with a White Sun is the national emblem of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
The 1992 Consensus is a political term referring to the alleged outcome of a meeting in 1992 between the semiofficial representatives of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)-led People's Republic of China (PRC) of mainland China, and the Kuomintang (KMT)-led Republic of China (ROC) of Taiwan. They are often credited as creating a diplomatic basis for semi-official cross-strait exchanges which began in the early 1990s and is a precondition set by the PRC for engaging in cross-strait dialogue.
The 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China were a series of groundbreaking visits by delegations of the Kuomintang (KMT) and their allied Pan-Blue Coalition to mainland China. They were hailed as the highest level of exchange between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang since Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in Chongqing, China on August 28, 1945.
Taiwanese nationalism is a nationalist movement which asserts that the Taiwanese people are a distinct nation. Due to the complex political status of Taiwan, it is strongly linked to the Taiwan independence movement in seeking an identity separate from China. This involves the education of history, geography, and culture from a Taiwan-centric perspective, promoting native languages of Taiwan such as Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, and indigenous languages, as well as reforms in other aspects. Taiwanese nationalism was described as 'anti-imperialist' in that it opposed Japanese imperialism before 1945, opposed Chinese imperialism in modern times, and supported its own Taiwanese identity, which was distinct from China.
The Kuomintang (KMT) is a Chinese political party that ruled mainland China from 1927 to 1949 prior to its relocation to Taiwan as a result of the Chinese Civil War. The name of the party translates as "China's National People's Party" and was historically referred to as the Chinese Nationalists. The Party was initially founded on 23 August 1912, by Sun Yat-sen but dissolved in November 1913. It reformed on October 10, 1919, again led by Sun Yat-sen, and became the ruling party in China. After Sun's death, the party was dominated from 1927 to 1975 by Chiang Kai-shek. After the KMT lost the civil war with the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, the party retreated to Taiwan and remains a major political party of the Republic of China based in Taiwan.
The national flag of the People's Republic of China, also known as the Five-star Red Flag, is a Chinese red field with five golden stars charged at the canton. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in an arc set off towards the fly. It has been the national flag of China since the foundation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The flag was designed by Zeng Liansong.
Celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China were held on 10 October 2011, on the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution. It was celebrated in both mainland China and Taiwan, ruled by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) respectively, but the connotation and significance of the celebrations varied between the two.
The Republic of China (ROC), or simply China, was a sovereign state based on mainland China from 1912 to 1949 prior to the government's relocation to Taiwan, where it continues to be based today. The ROC was established on 1 January 1912 during the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty, ending the imperial history of China. The Republican government was ruled by the Kuomintang (KMT) as a one-party state based in Nanjing from 1927, until its flight to Taipei on 7 December 1949 following the KMT's de facto defeat by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War. The CCP proclaimed the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, while the ROC retains control over the "Free Area", with the political status of Taiwan remaining in dispute to this day.
The pro-Republic of China camp, or the pro-Kuomintang camp (親國民黨派), is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It generally pledges allegiance to the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and the Kuomintang.
Relations between the government of Hong Kong and the Republic of China (Taiwan) encompass both when the Republic of China controlled mainland China, and afterwards, when the Republic of China fled to Taiwan.
References
↑ "Flag of Taiwan". nationsonline.org. Nations Online. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
1 2 "National flag". english.president.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
↑ Official gazette of Ministry of the Navy of Republic of China, July 1912, page 344, pdfArchived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine , National Central Library - Gazette Online
↑ Yu-liang, Tai (1954-10-23). 中華民國國徽國旗法 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
↑ 中華民國國徽國旗法 (in Chinese). 1954-10-23. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
↑ Yu-liang, Tai (2006-05-19). 黨旗國旗之製造及使用辦法 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
↑ Yu-liang, Tai (2006-05-19). 國旗黨旗製用升降辦法 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
↑ "國旗大哉問" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
1 2 du Payrat, Armand (2000). Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctive. France: Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine. pp.TA2.1.
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