The Republic of China Navy (ROCN;historically as the Chinese Navy or ROC Navy,colloquially the Taiwanese Navy) is the maritime branch of the Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF).[5][6]
The Republic of China Navy was established after the 1911 Revolution, during which several Qing dynasty warships changed sides to support the revolutionaries. The commander of one of those ships, Huang Zhongying, became the first Minister of the Navy of the Republic of China. Several naval expansion programs were proposed during the first decade of the republic, but none of them were carried out because of a lack of funding, the outbreak of World War I, and the chaos of the Warlord Era in China. The cruisers that had been acquired by the Qing dynasty between the 1870s and the 1900s remained the main ships of the Chinese fleet through the 1930s.[15] During this time the ROC Navy consisted of three fleets: the Central, Northeast, and Guangdong fleets, and its command structure was divided because of the warlordism in the country.[16] When Sun Yat-sen established his government in 1917 in Guangzhou he was supported by the Navy admirals Cheng Biguang and Lin Baoyi,[17] and when Chiang Kai-shek began his Northern Expedition in 1926 another admiral, Yang Shuzhuang, led part of the Beiyang Fleet to defect to his forces.[18][19]
After the success of the Northern Expedition Chiang Kai-shek wanted to expand the navy but these plans were also not implemented.[20] By this point the main purpose of the ROCN was coastal and river defense, and the main focus of the fleet was the Yangtze river, which could be used by large ocean-going ships to go several hundred miles into China.[21] By the late 1930s the ROCN was not comparable to the Imperial Japanese Navy, and its cruisers were lost at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. They were either sunk by Japanese aircraft or scuttled by their crews to use as blockships in the Yangtze. Most of the Chinese navy was destroyed early on and in 1940 the Ministry of the Navy was disbanded by Chiang Kai-shek.[16]
Following World War II, a number of Japanese destroyers and decommissioned U.S. ships were transferred to the ROC Navy. During the Chinese Civil War, the ROCN was involved in the protection of supply convoys and the withdrawal of the ROC Government and over 1 million refugees to Taiwan in 1949. The subsequent reorganization and reestablishment of the Navy after evacuation to Taiwan is referenced in the lyrics of the post 1949 ROC Navy Song "The New Navy" (新海軍).
In 1895, the island of Taiwan was placed under Japanese rule, with the Imperial Japanese Navy responsible for defending the waters of Taiwan and Penghu. After World War II, on 25 October 1945, the jurisdiction of Taiwan and Penghu was transferred to the Republic of China and the ROCN began its operation in that territory.
Following the relocation of the ROC government to Taiwan, the ROCN was involved in a number of commando attack escorts, evacuation and transport of more displaced soldiers and later to provide patrols and resupply operations to Kinmen and Matsu in the Taiwan Strait and South China Sea offshore islands.
Since the 1990s the Navy has grown in importance as the emphasis of the ROC's military doctrine moves towards countering a possible People's Republic of China (PRC) blockade, as well as offshore engagement. As of 2004 the ROCN had been working hard to expand its capability in electronic and anti-submarine warfare, as well as the replacement of antiquated warships and support vessels.[13] While for many years the ROCN operated hand me down and foreign designed vessels in recent years they have been operating a higher number of indigenous platforms, sensors, and weapons much of it made by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology.[22]
President of Republic of China (Taiwan) Tsai Ing-wen reviews a Marine Corps battalion in 2020
In 2018 Lungteh Shipbuilding was awarded a contract to produce eleven Tuo Chiang Block II corvettes and four minelayers for the Taiwanese Navy.[23]
In April 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic the ROCN cut short their semi-annual goodwill mission to Central and South America. The flotilla consisting of two frigates and a supply vessel was subject to 30 days of quarantine after returning to Taiwan.[24]
In April 2020 Taiwanese boatbuilder Karmin International Co., Ltd. won a NT$450-million (US$14.9-million) contract to supply the Republic of China Navy with eighteen special operations watercraft and eight RIB tenders, the latter for the Cheng Kung-class frigates. Delivery is scheduled for June 2022. The contract covered only the watercraft themselves with their machine guns, infrared equipment, and boarding ladders sourced separately.[25]
Traditionally, most ROCN equipment has been purchased from the United States. The ships themselves have often been older, second-hand vessels without the newest technology. More recently, however, 1990's several ships have been built domestically under licence or through domestic development. The ROCN has also purchased La Fayette-classfrigates from France and Zwaardvis-classsubmarines from the Netherlands as well as four U.S. Kidd-class (renamed Keelung) destroyers originally intended for Iran. Despite the ROCN refurbishing and extending the service life of its vessels and equipment, it has suffered from procurement difficulties due to pressures exerted by the PRC.
On 12 September 2007, an arms notification was sent to the United States Congress concerning an order for 12 P-3C Orion patrol aircraft and 3 "spare aircraft", along with an order for 144 SM-2 Block IIIAsurface-to-air missiles.[27] A contract was awarded to Lockheed Martin to refurbish the 12 P-3C Orion aircraft for the ROC on 13 March 2009, with deliveries to start in 2012.[28]
In 2008, the ROCN set out to acquire an improved anti-ship capability. On 26 August, an arms notification was sent to Congress for an order for 60 air-launched Harpoon Block II missiles for the 12 P-3Cs.[29] At least a portion of these missiles will be installed on the navy's Hai Lung-class submarines.
On 29 January 2010, the U.S. government announced five notifications to the U.S. Congress for arms sales to the ROC. In the contracts total US$6.392 billion, ROC Navy would get 2 Osprey-classminehunters for US$105 million, 25 Link 16 terminals on ships for US$340 million, 10 ship- and 2 air-launched Harpoon L/II for US$37 million.[30][31]
The ROC Navy already has 95 older Harpoon missiles in its inventory for the 8 Knox-class frigates, 22 newer RGM-84L for the 4 Kidd-class destroyers, 32 sub-launched Harpoon II on order for the 2 Hai Lung-class submarines, and with 60 air-launched Harpoon Block II anti-ship missile on order for the 12 P-3Cs, plus the newly announced 10 ship-launched and 2 air-launched Harpoon II/L sales.[32]
On 31 August 2010, it was announced for the next year's defense budget, ROCN planned to lease one or two more Newport-classtank landing ships (LST) from the United States, but the 900-ton stealth corvette plan was put on hold, due to lack of funds.[33] That same year, On 29 September, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution, authorizing the U.S. Government for the sale of one more Osprey-class minehunter to the ROC.[34]
Other ongoing local upgrade programs include locally designed and built Ching Chiang class of 12 patrol ships. Since 2006, seven ships of this class were upgraded to carry four HF-2/3 with W-160 fire control radar from Wu Chin III program (as well as Honeywell H-930 MCS CDS stripped from seven retired Yang-class Wu Chin 3 anti-air warfare destroyers). In 2010 more ships of this class were undergoing this same upgrade program but using CSIST produced fire control radars instead.
In 2011, the navy retired several vessels. On 31 October, all eight PCL in the 124th Fleet were retired.[36] On 28 December, the two Lung Jiang-class (PSMM Mk5) guided missile patrol boats (PGG 601 and PPG 602) of the 131st Fleet were retired from ROC Navy service, after entering service in 1978 and 1981 respectively.[37]
In June 2018, two Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the US Navy, ex-USSTaylor and ex-USSGary, were handed over to the Government of Taiwan for the Republic of China Navy. The transfer cost was an estimated US$177 million. The transfer of the ships includes the advanced AN/SQR-19 Multi-Function Towed array sonar. Taiwan had previously been blocked from acquiring the AN/SQR-19, and the transfer of the system points to an anti-submarine focus in line with the Knox-class frigates they will likely replace.[38]
The keel of a new rescue and salvage ship was laid in March 2022.[39]
Future Light Frigates
The ROC Navy has started construction on 12 new domestically built light frigates for the Taiwanese Navy. These vessels are in the 2500 ton weight class and will have two configurations, an anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) version and an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) version. Both variants will be equipped with an OTO Melera 76mm gun with programmable ammunition and a close-in weapons system (CIWS), either a Phalanx 20mm gun system or the indigenous Sea Oryx. The AAW variant will have a 32 cell VLS for TC-2N missiles while the ASW will have two box launchers for 16 TC-2N missiles. The AAW variant will have 8 anti-ship cruise missile launchers, each able to fit either a single HF-2 or HF-3, while the ASW variant will have 16 launchers. The ASW variant is the only variant that will be fitted with Mk 32 light torpedo launchers and a towed variable depth sonar. The frigates will have a BAE System's Artisan radar, Lockheed Martin Canada's CMS-330 combat management system, and either Rolls Royce MT30 or General Electric LM2500 engines for propulsion. The new frigates are intended to become the workhorse of the ROC Navy, replacing the larger OHP and La Fayette class frigates in patrol duties.[40]
In September 2018, Taiwan confirmed a contract for the first amphibious assault ship built in Taiwan. It will be built by CSBC Corporation, a local shipyard. Four are planned, with the first to enter service around 2021. It will be roughly similar to the US Navy's San Antonio-class, but with a slightly smaller displacement. Support features include a full hospital, well deck, full aviation facilities, storage for wheeled vehicles, and dedicated accommodations for a full battalion of Marines.[41] The vessel design will be armed with a 76mm naval gun in the primary position, a close-in weapon system (CIWS) turret, two 12.7mm machine gun positions in the forward section, and launchers that can deploy the Hsiung Feng II and III family of anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles.[42][43][44] The primary sensor is expected to be a naval version of the indigenous CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye AESA radar.[45]
Fleet Air Defense Upgrade / Hsun Lien Project
The ROC Navy currently lacks a modern fleet defense system. Keelung class destroyers currently use obsolete Mark 26 missile launchers designed from the 1970s and does not currently have a modern centralized air defense combat system like the Aegis.[46][47] Past US administrations rejected the sale of Aegis radar system and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, including George W. Bush in 2001. Under the George W. Bush administration, the US instead sold Taiwan four Kidd-class destroyers, which did not carry the Aegis and were no longer in service in the US Navy at the time.[48][49][50] However, in January 2019, the US government delivered two sets of Mk 41 VLS to Taiwan. The ROC government plans to integrate the MK41 VLS and locally developed Tien-Kung III (Sky Bow III) with its indigenously developed Hsun Lien naval combat system, which is similar to Aegis, to upgrade its ship air defense capabilities.[51][52] Taiwan has acquired the license and technology to produce additional MK 41 VLS launchers. The ROC Navy currently as of 2019 possesses at least 14 warships compatible with the Mk41.[53] In November 2019 it was reported that the decommissioned amphibious landing ship Kao Hsiung (LCC-1) was being used as a test ship for the Hsun Lien naval combat system project and had been fitted with a large phased array radar system and the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System.[54] In January 2020, it is reported the Tien-Kung III (Sky Bow III) is successfully fired from the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System.[55][56] In August 2023, it was reported the domestically developed Hua Yang vertical missile launch system (VLS) has passed tests and will be installed on new naval ships in the future.[57] In 2022, it was reported as a short term solution the ROC Navy will upgrade their Kang Ding-class (La Fayette class) with 32-cell VLS integrated with their domestically developed Aegis-like system with the assistance of a retired French Navy officer. The VLS will have TC-2N surface-to-air missiles, a large upgrade over the existing RIM-72C Sea Chaparral, though it will lack the air defense range of its Keelung Class destroyer with their SM-2 Block IIIA missiles.[58]
Hai Kun-class submarine (formerly: Indigenous Defense Submarine Program)
In November 2020, President Tsai Ing-wen opened the submarine construction facility in Kaohsiung with plans to build eight submarines. Construction was to begin with a prototype boat which was to be built over 78 months. The first boat is scheduled to enter service in 2025.[59][60] Between December 2020 and February 2021, the United States reportedly approved the export of three key systems to Taiwan for the program: digital sonar systems, integrated combat systems and auxiliary equipment systems (periscopes).[61]
In 2023, Taiwan revealed its first domestically designed and built submarine, the Hai Kun.[62] The submarine was moved onto a floating dry dock and then launched off the CSBC shipyard in Kaoshiung on February 26, 2024.[63]
Used primarily for training. World's oldest longest-serving submarines.[69] Has two (one for each submarine) of the three remaining working Arma gyrocompass in the world.[70] Expected to be retired after construction of IDS project boats.
Short-range missile defence system available in a 24-round launcher using off-board sensors, or an autonomous 12-round launcher with its own radar and EO/IR sensor. The system can be truck-mounted or mounted on a warship.[77]
The Naval Maritime and Surveillance Command oversees a network of surveillance radar stations across Taiwan. These include high altitude sites like Hsiaohsuehshan which is located at more than 3,000m above sea level. The high altitude sites pose unique challenges to the Navy as they are often located in inaccessible areas and experience extreme weather including months of snow in the winter.[79]
In May 2021 the navy ordered a new series of shore based medium-to-long range maritime surveillance radars from NCSIST. Because the radar system will likely come under attack in a war the navy has been pulling staff back to central command centers.[80]
ROCS Yueh Fei, is a Cheng Kung-class guided-missile frigate of the Republic of China Navy (ROCN). She is the fourth ship of the class. Named for the famous Chinese commander Yue Fei, the ship was constructed by the China Shipbuilding Corporation at their yard in Kaoshuing, Taiwan. The Cheng Kung-class frigates are based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry class and share many of the same characteristics, the main difference being armed with Taiwanese Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III surface-to-surface missiles and different sensors. Yueh Fei was laid down on 5 September 1992, launched on 26 August 1994 and commissioned into the ROCN on 7 February 1996.
The Hsiung Feng II is an anti-ship missile system developed by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) in Taiwan. The HF-2 is designed to be deployed aboard ships or at facilities on land. An airborne version has also been developed which can be carried by the ROC Air Force's F-CK fighters. The HF-2 has ECCM capabilities and is deployed on the ROC Navy's Cheng Kung-class and La Fayette-class frigates, as well as at several land-based sites.
The Hsiung Feng III is a medium range supersonic missile with capabilities to destroy both land based targets and naval targets developed by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) in Taiwan.
ROCS Tian Dan is the eighth ship of the Cheng Kung-class guided-missile frigates of the Republic of China Navy (ROCN), which was based on the Oliver Hazard Perry class of the United States Navy. Tian Dan was intended to be the first hull of the second batch of the class, with improved armament and electronics. However, delays in the development of the weapon systems and electronics led to the second batch being cancelled. In 1999, the first ship of the second batch was re-ordered to the standard design with all the improvements to the design. The ship was constructed beginning in 2001 by the China Shipbuilding Corporation in Taiwan and the frigate was launched in 2002 and entered service with the ROCN in 2004. In 2014, Tian Dan was among the Taiwanese vessels sent to assist in the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines MH370 flight.
The Cheng Kung-class frigates are eight guided-missile frigates in service in the Republic of China Navy (ROCN). They are based upon the U.S. Oliver Hazard Perry class and built by China Shipbuilding Corporation in Kaohsiung, Taiwan under license throughout the 1990s as part of the Kuang Hua I project. These frigates served as the mainstay of the ROCN's area air defense capability prior to the acquisition of the Keelung (Kidd)-class destroyers in 2005. They are designated with the hull classification PFG rather than FFG used by the Oliver Hazard Perry class.
CSBC Corporation, Taiwan is a company that produces ships for civilian and military use in Taiwan. It is headquartered in Kaohsiung, with shipyards in Kaohsiung and Keelung. It was a state-owned enterprise before privatization via an IPO in 2008.
USS Dukes County (LST-735) was an LST-542-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named after Dukes County, Massachusetts, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. In 1957 she was decommissioned and leased to the Republic of China. In 1962 she was commissioned into Republic of China Navy service.
The Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat is a type of missile boat in service with the Republic of China Navy (ROCN). The prototype was launched in 2003, and the boat first entered service by 2010.
The Tuo Chiang-class corvette is a Taiwanese-designed class of fast and stealthy multi-mission corvettes built for the Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy. It is designed to counter the numerous and increasingly sophisticated People's Liberation Army Navy ships by utilizing hit-and-run tactics, and thus features clean upper structure design with very few extrusions to reduce radar signature, pre-cooled engine exhaust to reduce infrared signature, and a reduced visual signature to reduce chance of detection.
The Kang Ding-class frigate is based on the French La Fayette-class frigate design which were built by DCNS for Taiwan.
Huang Shu-kuang is a Taiwanese admiral, who served as the Chief of the General Staff of the ROC Armed Forces after the decease of General Shen Yi-ming. Prior to his appointment, Huang served as Commander, Republic of China Navy, Chief of Staff of the Republic of China Navy and as commander of the Naval Fleet Command.
The Panshih-class fast combat support ship (磐石級補給艦) is a single-ship class of the Republic of China Navy used to refuel, rearm, and resupply ROC Navy and allied ships. The class is named for Pan Shih mountain in Hualien County.
ROCS Kang Ding (PFG-1202) is a Kang Ding-class frigate of the Republic of China Navy.
ROCS Si Ning (PFG-1203) is a Kang Ding-class frigate of the Republic of China Navy.
ROCS Kun Ming (PFG-1205) is a Kang Ding-class frigate of the Republic of China Navy.
ROCS Di Hua (PFG-1206) is a Kang Ding-class frigate of the Republic of China Navy.
ROCS Wu Chang (PFG-1207) is a Kang Ding-class frigate of the Republic of China Navy.
ROCS Chen De (PFG-1208) is a Kang Ding-class frigate of the Republic of China Navy.
The Yushan-class landing platform dock is a class of landing platform dock built by CSBC Corporation, Taiwan for the Republic of China Navy (ROCN). Four ships are planned, with one ship launched in April 2021.
↑ Zhao, Xuduo (2023). Heretics in Revolutionary China: The Ideas and Identities of Two Cantonese Socialists, 1917–1928. Germany: Brill. pp.71–74. ISBN9789004547148.
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Chung, Chien (2003). "A review of the ROC's military reform: A case study of the Taiwanese Navy". In Martin Edmonds; Michal M. Tsai (eds.). Defending Taiwan: The Future Vision of Taiwan's Defence Policy and Military Strategy. London: Routledge. ISBN978-1-136-87541-0.
Elleman, Bruce A. (2019). The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics. New York: Anthem Press. ISBN978-1-78527-102-1.
Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). "China". Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN0-85177-146-7.
Jordan, Donald A. (1976). The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-8086-6.
Larsen, Stanley Robert; Collins Jr., James Lawton (1985) [1975]. Allied Participation in Vietnam. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. LCCN74-28217.
Mach, Andrzej (1986). "China". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp.395–400. ISBN0-85177-245-5.
Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China (2010). 中華民國海軍陸戰隊發展史[The Development History of the Republic of China Marine Corps](PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: History and Politics Compilation Office of the Ministry of National Defense. ISBN978-986-02-0593-0.
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Republic of China (Taiwan) 
Admiral Tang Hua [4] 
Vice Admiral Ao Yizhi [4] 
![Navy (ROCN) Vice Admiral Hu Zhan-hao Hai Jun Zhong Jiang Hu Zhan Hao (06.27 [Zhong Hua Min Guo 106Nian Xia Ban Nian Lu Hai Kong Jun Jiang Guan Jin Ren Bu Da Ji Shou Jie Dian Li ] 35174159590 be2028dccd o).jpg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Navy_%28ROCN%29_Vice_Admiral_Hu_Zhan-hao_%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%87%E8%83%A1%E5%B1%95%E8%B1%AA_%2806.27_%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B106%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E6%B5%B7%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E5%B0%87%E5%AE%98%E6%99%89%E4%BB%BB%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94%E6%9A%A8%E6%8E%88%E9%9A%8E%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E3%80%8D_35174159590_be2028dccd_o%29.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg)
![Navy (ROCN) Vice Admiral Tang Hua Hai Jun Zhong Jiang Tang Hua (06.27 [Zhong Hua Min Guo 106Nian Xia Ban Nian Lu Hai Kong Jun Jiang Guan Jin Ren Bu Da Ji Shou Jie Dian Li ] 35174159590 be2028dccd o).jpg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Navy_%28ROCN%29_Vice_Admiral_Tang_Hua_%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%87%E5%94%90%E8%8F%AF_%2806.27_%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B106%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%B8%E6%B5%B7%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E5%B0%87%E5%AE%98%E6%99%89%E4%BB%BB%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94%E6%9A%A8%E6%8E%88%E9%9A%8E%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E3%80%8D_35174159590_be2028dccd_o%29.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg)
![LPD-1401 Yushan 04.13 Zong Tong Chu Xi [Hai Jun Xin Xing Liang Qi Chuan Wu Yun Shu Jian Ming Ming Ji Xia Shui Dian Li ] - Flickr id 51112816358.jpg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/04.13_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E8%88%B9%E5%A1%A2%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E8%89%A6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%9A%A8%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E3%80%8D_-_Flickr_id_51112816358.jpg/220px-04.13_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E8%88%B9%E5%A1%A2%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E8%89%A6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%9A%A8%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E3%80%8D_-_Flickr_id_51112816358.jpg)
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