Nationalist government

For Wang Jingwei's nationalist government collaborating with the Empire of Japan, see Wang Jingwei regime. For the 1926–1927 Wuhan government, see Wuhan Nationalist government. For the Nationalist government in Spain, see Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War).

Republic of China 中華民國
1925–1948
Flag Emblem
Anthem: "National Anthem of the Republic of China"(1937–1948) Flag anthem: "National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China" (1947–1948)
National seal (1929–1949)
Land controlled by the Republic of China in 1945 shown in dark green; uncontrolled claims shown in light green.
Capital	Guangzhou (1925–1926) Nanjing (1927–1937, 1946–1949) Wuhan (1927, 1937–1938) Luoyang (1932) Chongqing (1938–1946)
Largest city	Shanghai
Official languages	Standard Chinese
Demonym(s)	Chinese
Government	Unitary provisional government under a military dictatorship (1925–1928) Unitary one-party directorial republic (1928–1947) Unitary dominant-party constitutional republic (1947–1948)
President
• 1928 (first)	Tan Yankai
• 1943–1948 (last)	Chiang Kai-shek
Premier
• 1928–1930 (first)	Tan Yankai
• 1947–1948 (last)	Zhang Qun
Legislature	National Assembly
•  Upper house	Control Yuan
•  Lower house	Legislative Yuan
History
• Established in Guangzhou	1 July 1925
•  Northern Expedition	1926–1928
• Reset in Nanjing	18 April 1927
•  Chinese Civil War	1927–1936, 1946–1950
•  Second Sino-Japanese War	7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945
• Admitted to the United Nations	24 October 1945
•  Retrocession of Taiwan and the Pescadores	25 October 1945
•  February 28 incident	28 February 1947
•  Constitution adopted	25 December 1947
•  Government of the Republic of China established	20 May 1948
Currency	Chinese yuan Old Taiwan dollar (1946–1949)
ISO 3166 code	CN
Preceded by Succeeded by Army and Navy Marshal stronghold of the Republic of China Beiyang government Government of the Republic of China

The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China, ^[a] refers to the government of the Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party.

Following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was elected to be China's provisional president and founded the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. To preserve national unity, Sun ceded the presidency to military strongman Yuan Shikai, who established the Beiyang government. After a failed attempt to install himself as Emperor of China, Yuan died in 1916, leaving a power vacuum which resulted in China being divided into several warlord fiefs and rival governments. They were nominally reunified in 1928 under the Nanjing-based government led by Chiang Kai-shek, which after the Northern Expedition governed the country as a one-party state under the Kuomintang, and was subsequently given international recognition as the legitimate representative of China. The Nationalist government would then experience many challenges such as the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the Chinese Civil War. The government was in place until it was replaced by the current Government of the Republic of China in the newly promulgated Constitution of the Republic of China of 1948.

History

Main article: History of the Republic of China

Military

Main article: National Revolutionary Army

See also: Republic of China Military Academy and Whampoa Military Academy

The NRA during World War II

KMT troops rounding up Communist prisoners for execution

The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (traditional Chinese :國民革命軍; simplified Chinese :国民革命军; pinyin :Guómín Gémìng Jūn; Wade–Giles :Kuo-min Ke-ming Chün), pre-1928 sometimes shortened to 革命軍 or Revolutionary Army and between 1928 and 1947 as 國軍 or National Army was the Military Arm of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the national army of the Republic of China during the KMT's period of party rule beginning in 1928.

Originally organized with Soviet aid as a means for the KMT to unify China against warlordism, the National Revolutionary Army fought major engagements in the Northern Expedition against the Chinese Beiyang Army warlords, in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the Imperial Japanese Army, and in the Chinese Civil War against the People's Liberation Army.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army (while retaining separate commands), but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the Constitution of the Republic of China in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the Republic of China Armed Forces, with the bulk of its forces forming the Republic of China Army, which retreated to Taiwan in 1949.

Forced conscription campaigns were conducted by the military; they are described by Rudolph Rummel as such: ^[10]

Then there was the process of conscription. This was a deadly affair in which men were kidnapped for the army, rounded up indiscriminately by press-gangs or army units among those on the roads or in the towns and villages, or otherwise gathered together. Many men, some the very young and old, were killed resisting or trying to escape. Once collected, they would be roped or chained together and marched, with little food or water, long distances to camp. They often died or were killed along the way, sometimes less than 50 percent reaching camp alive. Then recruit camp was no better, with hospitals resembling Nazi concentration camps like Buchenwald. Probably 3,081,000 died during the Sino-Japanese War; likely another 1,131,000 during the Civil War – 4,212,000 dead in total. Just during conscription.

Because of the Nationalist government's increasing inability to fund the military, especially after Japan's success in Operation Ichigo, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling. ^{[32] : 24–25} The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to press-gang peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units. ^{[32] : 25}

Economy

Further information: Economic history of China (1912–1949)

A currency bill from 1930, early ROC

The Bund of Shanghai in the 1930s

After the Kuomintang reunified the country in 1928, China entered a period of relative prosperity despite civil war and Japanese aggression. In 1937, the Japanese invaded and laid China to waste in eight years of war. The era also saw additional boycott of Japanese products.

Chinese industries continued to develop in the 1930s with the advent of the Nanjing decade in the 1930s when Chiang Kai-shek unified most of the country and brought political stability. China's industries developed and grew from 1927 to 1931. Though badly hit by the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935 and Japan's occupation of Manchuria in 1931, industrial output recovered by 1936. By 1936, industrial output had recovered and surpassed its previous peak in 1931 prior to the Great Depression's effects on China. This is best shown by the trends in Chinese GDP. In 1932, China's GDP peaked at US$28.8 billion, before falling to $21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to $23.7 billion by 1935. ^[34] By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled $3.5 billion, with Japan leading ($1.4 billion) and the United Kingdom at 1 billion. By 1948, however, the capital stock had halted with investment dropping to only $3 billion, with the US and Britain leading. ^[35]

However, the rural economy was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s, in which an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to massive falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, imports of rice in China amounted to 21 million bushels compared with 12 million in 1928. Other goods saw even more staggering increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition leads to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices (which were cheaper) and thus the income of rural farmers. In 1932, agricultural prices were 41 percent of 1921 levels. ^[36] Rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels by 1934 in some areas. ^[36] Under this peculiar context for rural China, the Chinese Rural Reconstruction Movement was implemented by some social activists who graduated as professors of the United States with tangible but limited progress in modernizing the tax, infrastructural, economical, cultural, and educational equipment and mechanisms of rural regions. The social activists actively coordinated with the local governments in towns and villages since the early 1930s. However, this policy was subsequently neglected and canceled by the Nationalist government due to rampant wars and the lack of resources following the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second Chinese Civil War. ^{[37] [38]}

In 1937, Japan invaded China and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east China coast was occupied by the Japanese, who carried out various atrocities such as the Rape of Nanjing in 1937 and random massacres of whole villages. In one anti-guerrilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. ^[39] Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20 percent capacity and had 25 percent of the output of pre-war China. ^[40]

One effect of the war was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries in order to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to control and supervise firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70 percent of the capital of Chinese industry was owned by the government. ^[41]

Following the war with Japan, Chiang acquired Taiwan from Japan and renewed his struggle with the Communists. However, the corruption of the KMT, as well as hyperinflation as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists. ^[42] Nearly all studies of the collapse of the Nationalist government identify hyperinflation as a major factor in the government's failure. ^{[32] : 5}

The communist land redistribution movement was an important factor in the Nationalists' defeat, particularly because it linked the interests of peasants in the north and northeast to the Communists' success. ^[43]

In 1949, the People's Liberation captured Beijing and later Nanjing as well. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed in Beijing on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China central government relocated to Taipei on 7 December 1949, to Taiwan where Japan had laid an educational groundwork. ^[44]

Former sites

Almost all of the former sites of the nationalist government are headquartered in the city of Nanjing, the capital at the time, with only one exception.

Republic of China
"Republic of China" in traditional (top) and simplified (bottom) Chinese characters

Name	Image	Location	Construction Date	Description
Headquarters of the Nationalist Government		No.292 Changjiang Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1870-1930s	The complex served as Viceroy of Liangjiang's Office in Qing dynasty, and as the Presidential Palace in 1948.
Executive Yuan (1928)		No.19 Dongjian Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1920s	The building, serving as the Executive Yuan from 1928 to 1937, is now a part of the Presidential Palace complex.
Executive Yuan (1946)		No.252-254 Zhongshan North Road, Gulou District, Nanjing	1930	The building was the headquarter of the Ministry of Railways at first, then the site of Executive Yuan from 1946 to 1949. After the communists took over Nanjing, it became a building of PLA Nanjing Political College.
Executive Yuan (1949)		Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1929	It was the site of Lizhi She in the 1930s. In 1949, the Nationalist Government decided to move the Executive Yuan into this building. The building now served as a part of Zhongshan Hotel.
Legislative Yuan (1928)		No.273 Baixia Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing		It was the site of the "Mistress House". The Nationalist Government chose the house to become the seat of Legislative Yuan in 1928.
Legislative Yuan (1946) & Control Yuan		No.105 Zhongshan North Road, Gulou District, Nanjing	1935	The building was Nanjing City Hall during the Japanese occupation. After the Second World War, it became the offices of Legislative Yuan and Control Yuan. Now it is Nanjing Soldiers' Club.
Judicial Yuan's Entrance		No.251 Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing	1935	The building was destroyed by fire in April 1949. Only the gate remains.
Examination Yuan		No.41-43 Beijing East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1930s	The building is now served as Nanjing City Government Offices and the Committee of Nanjing, CPPCC.
Supreme Court		No.101 Zhongshan North Road, Gulou District, Nanjing	1933	The building was also served as the Supreme Prosecutor Office
Military Affairs Commission		No.292 Changjiang Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1870s	This house was built in 1870s, after Taiping Rebellion. In the 1930s, Chiang Kai-shek chose it to be one of the headquarters of the Military Affairs Commission. The house is located in the Presidential Palace complex and becoming a popular tourist attraction now.
National Resource Commission		No.200 Zhongshan North Road, Gulou District, Nanjing	1947	The building is now an office building of Nanjing Tech University
Ministry of Economic Affairs		No.145 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing		The building is now served as the office of Nanjing Sports Bureau.
Central Bank		No.15 East-1 Zhongshan Rd, Huangpu District, Shanghai	1899–1902	This was the only institution not headquartered in the city of Nanjing. Once being the Shanghai branch of Russo-Chinese Bank, this building now becomes Shanghai Foreign Exchange Trading Center.
Ministry of Health		No.305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1931	The building was in the site of the National Central Hospital complex. It is Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command now.
Ministry of Education		Chengxian Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing		The building is now occupied by some governmental officials.
Ministry of Transportation & Communications		No.303-305 Zhongshan North Road, Gulou District, Nanjing	1932–1934	Opposite was the site of the Executive Yuan. After the communists took over Nanjing, it became a building of PLA Nanjing Political College.
National Assembly Hall (1936)		No.2 Sipailou, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1930s	Before the National Theatre of Drama and Music was completed, the National Assembly was held in the Auditorium of National Central University.
National Assembly Hall (1946)		No.264 Changjiang Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1935	The building was served as the National Theatre of Drama and Music. After the World War II, it became the meeting place of the National Assembly. It was the site of 1948 presidential election and the birthplace of the Constitution. So this building played an important role in the modern history of China.
Residence of the Chairman (1946)		Purple Mountain, Xuanwu District, Nanjing	1931–1934	Also known as "the Red Hill Mansion" and "Mei-ling Villa", the building was one of the main residences of Chiang & Soong in Nanjing after WWII. And it became one of the official residences of the President of the ROC from 1948 to 1949.

When the city of Nanjing was not captured by the Nationalist Government, they chose the following buildings as their headquarters.

Name	Image	Location	Construction Date	Description
Nationalist Government in Canton (1925)		No.118 Yuehua rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou		In 1925, the Nationalist Government was established here. Today, all the buildings inside were demolished except the gate.
Nationalist Government in Wuhan (1926)		No.708, Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan	1917–1921	It was also called Nanyang Tobacco Building. In 1926, the National Revolutionary Army took control of Wuhan. Then, the officials of KMT chose Nanyang Tobacco Building to become the seat of the Nationalist Government.
Nationalist Government in Chongqing (1939)		Yuzhong District, Chongqing		In the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War, this building was served as the headquarters of the Nationalist Government until they moved back to Nanjing. The building was demolished in the 1980s.
Nationalist Government in Hankow (1927)		Wuchang Uprising Memorial Building	1927	During the Wuhan Nationalist Government and during the Battle of Wuhan, This was the main government administration building. Nanyang Tobacco Building however, was the main administration during the Wuhan Nationalist Government. This building used to serve as the Headquarters of the Hubei Provincial Government during the Qing Dynasty and now serves as the Wuchang Uprising Memorial Building.

See also

• China portal
• Taiwan portal

• Government of the Republic of China
• Kuomintang
• Republic of China (1912–1949)
  • Beiyang government (1912–1928)
  • Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)
  • Tibet (1912–1951)
  • Mongolian People's Republic
• Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)
• Diplomatic history of World War II
• Nanjing decade

Notes

1. Chinese :中華民國國民政府; pinyin :Zhōnghuá mínguó guómín zhèngfǔ

References

Citations

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35. Sun Jian, p. 1353.
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37. http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/608/608PDF/cyo.pdf ^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
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42. Sun Jian, pp. 617–618
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External links

• Media related to Nationalist Government (China) at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Beiyang government (1912–1928)	Nationalist government 1927–1948	Succeeded by Government of the Republic of China (1948–present)