Examination Yuan

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Examination Yuan
考試院
Kǎoshì Yuàn (Mandarin)
Khó-chhì Īⁿ (Taiwanese)
Kháu-sṳ Yen (Hakka)
Agency overview
FormedJanuary 1930
JurisdictionRepublic of China (Taiwan)
Headquarters Wenshan, Taipei
Agency executives
Website www.exam.gov.tw
Examination Yuan
Chinese 考試院
Literal meaningCourt of Examinations
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Kǎoshì Yuàn
Bopomofo ㄎㄠˇ ㄕˋ ㄩㄢˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh Kaoshyh Yuann
Wade–Giles K'ao3-shih4 Yüan4
Tongyong Pinyin Kǎoshìh Yuàn
MPS2 Kǎushr̀ Yuàn
Hakka
Romanization Kháu-sṳ Yen
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ Khó-chhì Īⁿ
Tâi-lô Khó-tshì Īnn

The Examination Yuan is the civil service commission branch, in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It has a president, a vice president, and seven to nine members, all of whom are nominated by the president of the republic and confirmed by the Legislative Yuan for four-year terms according to Republic of China laws. [2]

Organizational structure

Members composition

The Examination Yuan consists of a council with a president, a vice president, and seven to nine members. The leaders and members are nominated by the president of the republic and approved by Legislative Yuan for four-year terms. The most recent 14th Examination Yuan was nominated by President Lai Ching-te on May 31, 2024, [3] and all nominations except one were later confirmed by Legislative Yuan on December 17, 2024. [4] Members of the 14th Yuan were inaugurated on December 20, 2024, and their terms will expired on August 31, 2028.

President Vice President
Chou Hung-hsien Hsu Shu-hsiang
Members
Six members (seven member were nominated but one member was rejected by the Legislative Yuan) [4]

Agencies

The Examination Yuan has four main agencies: [5]

Offices and committees

The Examination Yuan also includes twelve offices and three committees: [5]

History

Constitutional theory

The concept of Examination Yuan is a part of the Three Principles of the People formulated by Sun Yat-sen, which was enlightened by the old Imperial examination system used in Imperial China. It is one of the five government branches ("yuans") of the Government of the Republic of China. Practically, it operates like a ministry of the Executive Yuan, [8] though its members may not be removed by the president or premier.[ citation needed ]

Establishment and relocation to Taiwan

Examination Yuan building in Wenshan, Taipei. Examination Yuan main gate 20110603.jpg
Examination Yuan building in Wenshan, Taipei.

After the end of Northern Expedition in 1928, the Nationalist government set up the preparatory office of the Examination Yuan in October 1928 in which the organic law was promulgated. In May 1929, the headquarters of the Examination Yuan was inaugurated at Guan Gong and Yue Fei Temple in Nanjing. In January 1930, the Examination Yuan and its subordinates Examination Committee and Ministry of Civil Service were formally established. In December 1937, the headquarters was temporarily relocated to Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the end of World War II in 1945, the headquarters was moved back to Nanjing.

In January 1950, the headquarters were relocated temporarily to Taipei Confucius Temple in Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War. In December 1951, the headquarters were moved to Muzha District, Taipei. In March 1990, the Yuheng Building of the Yuan was inaugurated. [9]

Democratization

During the second revision of the Additional Articles of the Constitution in 1992, confirmation powers of its members were transferred from the Control Yuan to the Legislative Yuan, and articles related to its role as a governing body of mainland China were abolished. In 2019, the Examination Yuan was reduced from 19 members to between 7 and 9, and terms were reduced from 6 years to 4 to coincide with presidential and legislative elections. [10]

There have been calls to abolish the Examination Yuan (and the Control Yuan) by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) and New Power Party (NPP). [11] [12] [13] TPP caucus whip Lai Hsiang-ling stated that members of the Examination Yuan hold "fat-cat patronage appointments", whereby they earn outside income on top of their usual salary, including by teaching at universities in mainland China. [13] Additionally, the functions of the Examination Yuan are seen as overlapping with those of the Executive Yuan, and an online poll showed about half of respondents supported its abolishment. [12] President Tsai Ing-wen called for the two Yuans to be abolished at the DPP national congress in 2020; [11] the Kuomintang responded by saying that it was an effort to distract from the DPP's poor leadership, but did not provide their stance on the matter. [11] A constitutional amendment committee was formed in September of 2020 to draft proposals for the abolition of the Examination Yuan. [14]

Terms

Appointments of the leaders and members of the Examination Yuan were carried out with presidential nomination and parliamentary confirmation. The first through eighth Examination Yuans were all confirmed by the first Control Yuan, whose members first convened in 1948 and had their terms extended indefinitely. During the democratization of Taiwan in the 1990s, a series of constitutional amendments known as the Additional Articles of the Constitution were promulgated to reorganize the government. These amendments changed the Control Yuan from a parliament chamber to a commission-type agency. Confirmation of the Examination Yuan officials was then moved to other parliament chambers to maintain the separation of powers.

TermLengthActual lengthAppointmentSeats
1st6 yearsSep 8, 1948—Aug 31, 1954 Presidential nomination with
Control Yuan confirmation		19
2ndSep 1, 1954—Aug 31, 1960
3rdSep 1, 1960—Aug 31, 1966
4thSep 1, 1966—Aug 31, 1972
5thSep 1, 1972—Aug 31, 1978
6thSep 1, 1978—Aug 31, 1984
7thSep 1, 1984—Aug 31, 1990
8thSep 1, 1990—Aug 31, 1996
9thSep 1, 1996—Aug 31, 2002 Presidential nomination with
National Assembly confirmation
10thSep 1, 2002—Aug 31, 2008 Presidential nomination with
Legislative Yuan confirmation
11thSep 1, 2008—Aug 31, 2014
12thSep 1, 2014—Aug 31, 2020
13th4 yearsSep 1, 2020—Aug 31, 20249
14thDec 20, 2024—present7

Currently, according to the Additional Articles of the Constitution, the Examination Yuan is confirmed by the now-unicameral parliament — the Legislative Yuan.

Presidents and vice presidents of the Examination Yuan

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "考試院全球資訊網". Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Tsai submits 11 nominees for Examination Yuan". Taipei Times . May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  3. ↑ Lai, Yu-chen; Hsiao, Bernadette (May 31, 2024). "Chou Hung-hsien nominated for Examination Yuan president - Focus Taiwan". Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. 1 2 Hsu, Medwin (December 17, 2024). "All but one Examination Yuan nominee passes confirmation process | Taiwan News | Dec. 17, 2024 14:55". taiwannews.com.tw. Archived from the original on December 18, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
  5. 1 2 "Organization of the Examination Yuan". Examination Yuan. September 3, 2012. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  6. 1 2 Lin Chia-cheng (林嘉誠) (April 19, 2019). "Exam Yuan should be folded into other branch". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Civil Service Protection and Training Commission" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  8. ↑ Huang, Yu-zhe (December 28, 2019). "Control Yuan must respect judges". Taipei Times . Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  9. ↑ "考試院全球資訊網". Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  10. ↑ Wang, Yang-yu; Kao, Evelyn (December 10, 2019). "Legislature passes revised law to shrink Examination Yuan". Central News Agency . Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  11. 1 2 3 Yang, Chun-hui; Xie, Chun-hui (July 20, 2020). "Constitutional reform crucial: Tsai". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  12. 1 2 Lin, Syrena (July 14, 2020). "Should Taiwan Abolish Its Control Yuan and Examination Yuan?". The News Lens International Edition. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  13. 1 2 Pan, Jason (July 9, 2020). "TPP and NPP lawmakers urge abolition of Control Yuan and Examination Yuan". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Taiwan explores options in case of Examination Yuan abolition". Taiwan News . Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
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