Examination Yuan

Last updated

Examination Yuan
考試院
Kǎoshì Yuàn (Mandarin)
Khó-chhì Īⁿ (Taiwanese)
Kháu-sṳ Yen (Hakka)
Agency overview
FormedJanuary 1930
JurisdictionRepublic of China (Taiwan)
Headquarters Wenshan, Taipei
Agency executives
Website www.exam.gov.tw
Examination Yuan
Chinese 考試院
Literal meaningCourt of Examinations

The Examination Yuan is the civil service commission branch, in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It has a president, a vice president, and seven to nine members, all of whom are nominated by the president of the republic and confirmed by the Legislative Yuan for four-year terms according to Republic of China laws. [2]

Organizational structure

Members composition

The Examination Yuan consists of a council with a president, a vice president, and seven to nine members. The leaders and members are nominated by the president of the republic and approved by Legislative Yuan for four-year terms. The incumbent 13th Examination Yuan was nominated by President Tsai Ing-wen on May 28, 2020, [3] and later confirmed by Legislative Yuan on July 10, 2020. [4] Members were inaugurated on September 1, 2020, and their terms expire on August 31, 2024.

President Vice President
Huang Jong-tsun Chou Hung-hsien
Members
Nine members

Agencies

The Examination Yuan has four main agencies: [5]

Offices and committees

The Examination Yuan also includes twelve offices and three committees: [5]

History

Constitutional theory

The concept of Examination Yuan is a part of the Three Principles of the People formulated by Sun Yat-sen, which was enlightened by the old Imperial examination system used in Imperial China. It is one of the five government branches ("yuans") of the Government of the Republic of China. Practically, it operates like a ministry of the Executive Yuan, [8] though its members may not be removed by the president or premier.[ citation needed ]

Establishment and relocation to Taiwan

Examination Yuan building in Wenshan, Taipei. Examination Yuan main gate 20110603.jpg
Examination Yuan building in Wenshan, Taipei.

After the end of Northern Expedition in 1928, the Nationalist government set up the preparatory office of the Examination Yuan in October 1928 in which the organic law was promulgated. In May 1929, the headquarters of the Examination Yuan was inaugurated at Guan Gong and Yue Fei Temple in Nanjing. In January 1930, the Examination Yuan and its subordinates Examination Committee and Ministry of Civil Service were formally established. In December 1937, the headquarters was temporarily relocated to Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the end of World War II in 1945, the headquarters was moved back to Nanjing.

In January 1950, the headquarters were relocated temporarily to Taipei Confucius Temple in Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War. In December 1951, the headquarters were moved to Muzha District, Taipei. In March 1990, the Yuheng Building of the Yuan was inaugurated. [9]

Democratization

During the second revision of the Additional Articles of the Constitution in 1992, confirmation powers of its members were transferred from the Control Yuan to the Legislative Yuan, and articles related to its role as a governing body of mainland China were abolished. In 2019, the Examination Yuan was reduced from 19 members to between 7 and 9, and terms were reduced from 6 years to 4 to coincide with presidential and legislative elections. [10]

There have been calls to abolish the Examination Yuan (and the Control Yuan) by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) and New Power Party (NPP). [11] [12] [13] TPP caucus whip Lai Hsiang-ling stated that members of the Examination Yuan hold "fat-cat patronage appointments", whereby they earn outside income on top of their usual salary, including by teaching at universities in mainland China. [13] Additionally, the functions of the Examination Yuan are seen as overlapping with those of the Executive Yuan, and an online poll showed about half of respondents supported its abolishment. [12] President Tsai Ing-wen called for the two Yuans to be abolished at the DPP national congress in 2020; [11] the Kuomintang responded by saying that it was an effort to distract from the DPP's poor leadership, but did not provide their stance on the matter. [11] A constitutional amendment committee was formed in September of 2020 to draft proposals for the abolition of the Examination Yuan. [14]

Terms

Appointments of the leaders and members of the Examination Yuan were carried out with presidential nomination and parliamentary confirmation. The first through eighth Examination Yuans were all confirmed by the first Control Yuan, whose members first convened in 1948 and had their terms extended indefinitely. During the democratization of Taiwan in the 1990s, a series of constitutional amendments known as the Additional Articles of the Constitution were promulgated to reorganize the government. These amendments changed the Control Yuan from a parliament chamber to a commission-type agency. Confirmation of the Examination Yuan officials was then moved to other parliament chambers to maintain the separation of powers.

TermLengthActual lengthAppointmentSeats
1st6 yearsSep 8, 1948—Aug 31, 1954 Presidential nomination with
Control Yuan confirmation		19
2ndSep 1, 1954—Aug 31, 1960
3rdSep 1, 1960—Aug 31, 1966
4thSep 1, 1966—Aug 31, 1972
5thSep 1, 1972—Aug 31, 1978
6thSep 1, 1978—Aug 31, 1984
7thSep 1, 1984—Aug 31, 1990
8thSep 1, 1990—Aug 31, 1996
9thSep 1, 1996—Aug 31, 2002 Presidential nomination with
National Assembly confirmation
10thSep 1, 2002—Aug 31, 2008 Presidential nomination with
Legislative Yuan confirmation
11thSep 1, 2008—Aug 31, 2014
12thSep 1, 2014—Aug 31, 2020
13th4 yearsSep 1, 2020—Aug 31, 20249

Currently, according to the Additional Articles of the Constitution, the Examination Yuan is confirmed by the now-unicameral parliament — the Legislative Yuan.

Presidents and vice presidents of the Examination Yuan

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Progressive Party</span> Taiwanese political party

The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and centre to centre-left political party in Taiwan. It is currently the major ruling party in Taiwan, controlling both the presidency and the central government, also the dominant party in the Pan-Green Coalition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Taiwan</span>

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is governed in a framework of a representative democratic republic under a five-power system first envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in 1906, whereby under the constitutional amendments, the President is head of state and the Premier is head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Executive Yuan. Legislative power is vested primarily in the Legislative Yuan. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. In addition, the Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, and the Control Yuan inspects, reviews, and audits the policies and operations of the government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legislative Yuan</span> Unicameral national legislature of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China (Taiwan) located in Taipei. The Legislative Yuan is composed of 113 members, who are directly elected for four-year terms by people of the Taiwan Area through a parallel voting system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of the Republic of China</span> Supreme law of the East Asian country

The Constitution of the Republic of China is the fifth and current constitution of the Republic of China (ROC), ratified by the Kuomintang during the Constituent National Assembly session on 25 December 1946, in Nanjing, and adopted on 25 December 1947. The constitution, along with its Additional Articles, remains effective in ROC-controlled territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Su Tseng-chang</span> Premier of the Republic of China, 2006–2007 and 2019–2023

Su Tseng-chang is a Taiwanese politician who served as premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2019 to 2023. He was the chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party in 2005 and from 2012 to 2014. Su served as Chief of Staff to President Chen Shui-bian in 2004. He is currently the longest-serving Democratic Progressive premier in history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Control Yuan</span> Investigative agency of the Republic of China government

The Control Yuan is the supervisory and auditory branch of the government of the Republic of China, both during its time in mainland China and Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsai Ing-wen</span> President of Taiwan since 2016

Tsai Ing-wen is a Taiwanese politician who has been serving as the president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2016. A member of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Tsai is the first female president of Taiwan and the second to be born in Taiwan after the end of the Chinese Civil War in December 1949. She served as chair of the DPP from 2020 to 2022, as well as from 2014 to 2018, and from 2008 to 2012. Her second presidential term will expire and she will be succeeded by her vice president, Lai Ching-te, on 20 May 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee Ying-yuan</span> Taiwanese politician (1953–2021)

Lee Ying-yuan (Chinese: 李應元; pinyin: Lǐ Yìngyuán; Wade–Giles: Li3 Ying4-yüen2; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lí Èng-goân; 16 March 1953 – 11 November 2021) was a Taiwanese politician. He was elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1995 and stepped down in 2000. In 2005, Lee was appointed the Minister of Council of Labor Affairs, which he led until 2007. Lee has also served as Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan and the Democratic Progressive Party, and was reelected to the Legislative Yuan in 2012. He was appointed the Minister of Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in 2016. He left the EPA in 2018, and subsequently served as Taiwan's representative to Thailand from 2020 to 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of the Republic of China</span>

The Government of the Republic of China is the national government of the Republic of China (ROC) whose de facto territory currently consists of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other island groups in the "free area". Governed by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) since 2016, the president is the head of state. The government consists of the presidency and five branches (Yuan): the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan, and Control Yuan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yao Chia-wen</span> Taiwanese politician

Yao Chia-wen is a Taiwanese politician and an important figure in Taiwan's democratization movement. He was the second chairperson of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), serving from 1987 to 1988. He was a member of the Legislative Yuan from 1993 to 1996, and president of the Examination Yuan between 2002 and 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chen Chi-mai</span> Taiwanese politician

Chen Chi-mai is a Taiwanese politician and the current Mayor of Kaoshiung since August 24, 2020. He has served as spokesperson of the Democratic Progressive Party and the chief executive officer of its Policy Research and Coordinating Committee. A physician from Keelung, Chen started his political career by becoming member of the Legislative Yuan in 1996 and served as legislator for almost eight years before becoming the spokesperson of the Executive Yuan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</span> Trade agreement between the Peoples Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan)

The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) is a free trade agreement (FTA) between the governments of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, that aims to reduce tariffs and commercial barriers between the two sides, as well as improve cross-strait relations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cho Jung-tai</span> Taiwanese politician

Cho Jung-tai is a Taiwanese politician. He served on the Taipei City Council from 1990 to 1998, when he was first elected to the Legislative Yuan. Cho remained a legislator through 2004, when he was appointed deputy secretary-general to the president during the Chen Shui-bian administration. During Frank Hsieh's 2008 presidential bid, Cho assumed the post of Secretary-General of the Democratic Progressive Party. He returned to public service in 2017, as secretary-general of the Executive Yuan under Premier William Lai. In 2019, Cho succeeded Tsai Ing-wen as leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. He remained leader of the party until May 2020, when Tsai resumed the role.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huang Jong-tsun</span> Taiwanese politician and psychologist

Huang Jong-tsun is a Taiwanese politician and psychologist who serves as the current President of the Examination Yuan. Prior to assuming his current role, Huang had served as President of China Medical University from 2005 to 2014 and Minister of Education from 2002 and 2004. He is the first President of the Examination Yuan not affiliated with any political party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwan People's Party</span> Taiwanese political party established in 2019

The Taiwan People's Party (TPP) is a centre-left political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was formally established on 6 August 2019 by Ko Wen-je, who serves as its first and current chairman. The party considers itself as an alternative third party to both the Democratic Progressive Party and Kuomintang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwan Statebuilding Party</span> Political party in Taiwan

The Taiwan Statebuilding Party is a political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). The party was established in 2016 as Taiwan Radical Wings. The party is considered a rather close ally of the DPP, while fighting to replace opposition parties whom TSP unilaterally claims as “not loyal to Taiwan”, such as Kuomintang and TPP. In Taiwan’s 2024 Legislative Election, TSP failed to gain any seat in the Legislative Yuan and lost its status as a national political party.

Tsai Bih-hwang is a Taiwanese politician. He was elected to two nonconsecutive terms on the Legislative Yuan, serving from 1990 to 1993, and 1996 to 1999. Tsai was subsequently appointed to the Examination Yuan in 2002, and led the Examination Yuan's Civil Service Protection and Training Commission between 2010 and 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ann Kao</span> Taiwanese business executive and politician

Ann Kao Hung-an is a Taiwanese business executive and politician. She earned bachelor's and master's degrees from National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University, respectively, before working as a researcher for the Institute for Information Industry. The institute subsidized Kao's doctoral study at the University of Cincinnati. She then worked for Foxconn until 2020, when she was elected to the Legislative Yuan as a member of the Taiwan People's Party. Partway through her legislative term, Kao was elected Mayor of Hsinchu during the 2022 local election cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsai Pi-ru</span> Taiwanese nurse and politician

Tsai Pi-ru is a Taiwanese politician. She was a nurse and colleague of Ko Wen-je at National Taiwan University Hospital. After Ko was elected Mayor of Taipei in 2014, Tsai began her political career as Ko's chief of staff. In 2019, she became a founding member of the Taiwan People's Party led by Ko, and was elected to the 10th Legislative Yuan via party list proportional representation in 2020. Tsai resigned her legislative seat in 2022, and was replaced by Cynthia Wu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Taiwanese legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in the Republic of China (Taiwan) on 13 January, 2024 for the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China concurrently with the presidential election. This election was the fifth to use the mixed electoral system after it was introduced to legislative elections.

References

  1. ↑ "考試院全球資訊網". Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Tsai submits 11 nominees for Examination Yuan". Taipei Times . May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  3. ↑ "考試院長、副院長、考試委員被提名人介紹記者會". YouTube . Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  4. ↑ "考試院人事案同意權投票 立法院通過". YouTube . Archived from the original on September 16, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Organization of the Examination Yuan". Examination Yuan. September 3, 2012. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  6. 1 2 Lin Chia-cheng (林嘉誠) (April 19, 2019). "Exam Yuan should be folded into other branch". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Civil Service Protection and Training Commission" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  8. ↑ Huang, Yu-zhe (December 28, 2019). "Control Yuan must respect judges". Taipei Times . Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  9. ↑ "考試院全球資訊網". Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  10. ↑ Wang, Yang-yu; Kao, Evelyn (December 10, 2019). "Legislature passes revised law to shrink Examination Yuan". Central News Agency . Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  11. 1 2 3 Yang, Chun-hui; Xie, Chun-hui (July 20, 2020). "Constitutional reform crucial: Tsai". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  12. 1 2 Lin, Syrena (July 14, 2020). "Should Taiwan Abolish Its Control Yuan and Examination Yuan?". The News Lens International Edition. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  13. 1 2 Pan, Jason (July 9, 2020). "TPP and NPP lawmakers urge abolition of Control Yuan and Examination Yuan". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Taiwan explores options in case of Examination Yuan abolition". Taiwan News . Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.