Food safety in China

Last updated

"Combat illegal food adulteration activities, strictly regulate the use of food additives". Chinese Food Safety Poster.jpg
"Combat illegal food adulteration activities, strictly regulate the use of food additives".

Food safety in China is a widespread concern for the country's agricultural industry and consumers. China's principal crops are rice, corn, wheat, soybeans, and cotton in addition to apples and other fruits and vegetables. [1] [2] China's principal livestock products include pork, beef, dairy, and eggs. [1] The Chinese government oversees agricultural production as well as the manufacture of food packaging, containers, chemical additives, drug production, and business regulation. In recent years, the Chinese government attempted to consolidate food safety regulation with the creation of the State Food and Drug Administration of China in 2003; officials have also been under increasing public and international pressure to solve food safety problems. Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang said, "Food is essential, and safety should be a top priority. Food safety is closely related to people's lives and health and economic development and social harmony," at a State Council meeting in Beijing. [3]

Contents

Overview

Food safety has been a concern for many decades in China. The majority of food problems lies within poisonous foods deliberately contaminated by producers for higher profits. The most common types poisonous foods in China include: adulteration, additives, pesticides, and fake foods. These poisonous food production techniques allowed producers to either increase production, increase mass of produce, lower market prices, and increase shelf-life. Poisonous food production was very well-organized and largely scaled, involving government agencies participating in such malpractice. [4]

The growing unrest over food safety in China reached a climax in early 2007, shortly after circulation to the State Council of an Asian Development Bank policy note based on a technical assistance project in collaboration with the State Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. The note and a subsequent report applauded increased efforts by the Chinese government but noted remaining gaps, calling in particular for urgent reforms to strengthen and streamline inter-agency coordination and enact an overarching "basic food law". The State Food and Drug Administration of China also published a survey in early 2007 where 65% of the respondents expressed concern about food safety. Shortly afterwards, Lu Jianzhong, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and China's Vice Premier, Wu Yi, issued statements of apology and promised to create a food safety monitoring system. [5]

China's food regulations are complex, its monitoring system can be unresponsive, and the government departments that oversee and enforce policies have overlapping and often ambiguous duties. There are around ten national government departments that share the responsibility to ensure food safety. There are also numerous provincial and local agencies that monitor local food production and sales. The food and drug laws themselves have been created "in an ad hoc way without the benefit of a basic food law," as Henk Bekedam of the World Health Organization told the Wall Street Journal (9 April 2007, B1). [6] The last major revision of the food and drug laws was made in 1995 [7] when the Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China established general food safety principles. Both the State Council and the departments under the State Council can issue regulations and directives concerning food. [8]

Changes in China's food production system are generating an awareness of food safety problems. China's agricultural system is composed mostly of small land-holding farmers [9] and subsistence agriculture. China, however, has less arable land than other nations and farmers intensively use fertilizer and pesticides to maintain high food production. [10] Food is sold in both open air markets and urban supermarkets, and by the late 1990s, China's farms were adapting to more specialized crop production as the local markets become more connected to the national and international markets. However, local authorities largely control food regulation enforcement [11] unless the central government steps in. As urban consumers' incomes increase, the demand for quality food goods, safer production, and processed foods also increases, and urban residents and supermarkets attract more national and media attention to food problems. [12]

On July 10, 2007, Zheng Xiaoyu, the former head of State Food And Drug Administration, was executed by lethal injection for taking bribes from various firms in exchange for state licenses related to product safety. [13] A 2023 survey by Insight China found that only a quarter of respondents in China were satisfied with the country's food safety standards. [14]

Government departments

Approximately ten government departments and ministries under the State Council monitor food safety in China. [15] These include the Ministry of Health, the State Food and Drug Administration, and the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety.

No single agency is responsible for all food safety regulations and enforcement in China, and the departments' duties often overlap. [16] There are also local and regional food safety agencies, but there is no clear hierarchy of agencies at the local or national levels. In response to complexity of numerous agencies monitoring and regulating food safety, the National People's Congress established the State Food and Drug Administration in 2003. The State Food and Drug Administration was supposed to oversee the all aspects of food safety regulations and unify food safety controls. However, the State Food and Drug Administration has not become the main governing department as the government had intended, and the other national agencies have continued to regulate and monitor food safety. This unclear division of duties has created conflict and confusion when citizens have sought to complain or when a major crisis needed to be resolved.

The National People's Congress (NPC) [17] is primarily responsible for implementing food safety laws. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the State Council also regulate food safety issues. [18] The Food Hygiene Law of 1995, passed by the NPC, amended the 1982 Food Hygiene Law and regulates most aspects of food safety. [19]

Ministry of Health

Established in 1949, the Ministry of Health [20] [21] encompasses general health policies, health law enforcement, children's and seniors' health policies, and diseases and emergencies. It provides experts to investigate poisoning cases, enforces food safety and hygiene inspections, and can order local health departments to conduct investigations into food quality violations. The Ministry of Health also oversees the Institute of Food Safety Control and Inspection, an agency that has studied and identified unsafe foods and has helped local health authorities form policies and training programs to combat unsafe food production and handling practices. The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health has called the Ministry of Health "the most important governing body of food safety." [22]

State Food and Drug Administration

The State Food and Drug Administration of China (SFDA) was founded in 2003 as part of China's efforts to improve food safety. [23] The SFDA is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the other health, food, and drug agencies. It is "directly under the State Council, which is in charge of comprehensive supervision on the safety management of food, health food and cosmetics and is the competent authority of drug regulation." [24] The SFDA encompasses ten departments that regulate and oversee different aspects of food and drug law. These include the General Office Department of Planning and Finance, the Department of Policy and Regulations, the Department of Food Safety Coordination, the Department of Food Safety Supervision, the Department of Drug Registration, the Department of Medical Devices, the Department of Drug Safety and Inspection, the Department of Drug Market Compliance, the Department of Personnel and Education, and the Department of International Cooperation.[ citation needed ]

Ministry of Agriculture

The Ministry of Agriculture handles farm-level food safety regulations and policies. [25] One of its most important duties is to regulate and enforce the use of chemicals, pollutants, and pesticides on farms. [26] [27] The Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals (CAMA) is responsible for pesticide testing, research, and use regulations, and operates under the Ministry of Agriculture. [28] The Ministry of Agriculture is also responsible for animal health, and has handled the bird flu (avian influenza) outbreaks and [29] the mad cow disease prevention measures. [30] The Ministry of Agriculture works with local governments, operates disease research laboratories, and administers vaccinations and emergency response measures. [31]

Ministry of Commerce

The Ministry of Commerce handles the regulations governing food trade, foreign investments, food distribution, and domestic and international market activities. [32]

General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine

The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (GAQSIQ) oversees food imports and exports and quarantines at the national and local levels. [33] It functions as a law enforcement agency. There are 19 departments under the GAQSIQ, and the ones that handle food safety issue are the Department of Supervision on Animal and Plant Quarantine, the Bureau of Import and Export Food Safety, and the Department of Supervision of Food Production. The GAQSIQ manages and supervises the QS mark, which is meant to reassure product safety. [34] The GAQSIQ was made a Ministry in 2001. [35]

State Administration for Industry and Commerce

The State Administration of Industry and Commerce (SAIC) regulates market activity and is directly under the State Council. [36] Under the SAIC, the Consumer Protection Bureau enforces standards for market products and investigates fake products, the Enterprise Registration Bureau issues business licenses, the Department of Personnel and Education oversees local SAIC departments, and the Department of Advertising Regulation works against fake or misleading advertising. [37]

Ministry of Science and Technology

The Ministry of Science and Technology (MST) investigates technological innovation to improve food production, manufacturing, and processing. The MST regulates the quality of market products, oversees the inspection of market products, and punishes sellers who violate product quality standards. The MST also regulates product packaging and can confiscate or destroy illegal products or product ingredients. [38]

National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety

The National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (NINFS) is a research agency for nutrition and food hygiene. [39] It is affiliated with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine. [40] The objectives of the Institute are to study the health-related nutrition and food hygiene problems and to train nutrition and food hygiene specialists. These objectives have been established for the purposes of improving nutritional status, preventing food borne diseases, and strengthening the physical fitness of the people. The Institute not only undertakes basic research and field studies, but also organizes and conducts nationwide research programs. In addition, the Institute gives advice on the nutrition and food hygiene projects of the health units at the provincial level. The Institute comprises 13 departments, including Elderly Nutrition, Maternal and Child Nutrition, Community Nutrition, School Nutrition, Food Chemistry, and Food Toxicology. The Institute has been authorized to award doctoral and master's degrees in the field of nutrition and food hygiene. Since 1981, the Institute has been designated as the FAO/WHO Collaborative Center for Food Contamination Monitoring in China. The office of the Chinese Nutrition Society is also located in the Institute building. The Institute was formerly known as the Nutrition Division of the National Institute of Health of the Public Health Administration, which was established in 1941. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Institute was affiliated with the following leading bodies under the title of the Department of Nutrition or the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene:

Food safety regulations

In October 2007, China approved new legislation aimed at improving and monitoring national standards in food production. New laws will standardize food production and clamp down on illegal activity in the industry. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine drafted the new regulations covering the production, processing and sale of food. They will create national standards and replace the existing patchwork of rules which are overseen by several government agencies. [41]

Food Safety Law

The Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China took effect on June 1, 2009 and became the major food safety protection law. [42] This legislation describes all the responsibilities of food safety regulations to the Ministry of Health, who is responsible for food safety risk assessment, formulating food safety standards, food safety information dissemination, and setting codes of practice for food testing organizations. [42] The law also clearly describes the duty to monitor food production, servicing, and circulation by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, the State of Administration for Industry and Commerce, and the State Food Drug Administration. [42] The Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China does not clearly state how these food safety monitoring duties are divided among these agencies. [42]

This law offers a new aspect of authorizing consumers to seek compensation from the distributor or producer of harmful food products, up to 10 times the price of the said food product. [42] The Food Safety Law does not state clearly whether local governments shall provide compensation if there is malpractice in government action. [42] Food contamination incidents in China have not shown signs of decline after this particular Food Safety law. [4]

In January 2016, the State Council of China issued the "Measures for the Administration of Food and Drug Complaints and Reports", clearly implementing the content and system of the plan, encouraging and supporting the public to report food violations. [43]

Legislative reform after the Food Safety Law

China began a new legislative reform four years after the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China. These amendments contain frameworks stating regulation for online food trading, mandatory food safety liability insurance, infant formula, and enhanced penalties for violations. [44] These amendments encourage regulation from nongovernmental stakeholders in the food industry, such as food industry associations, nongovernmental organizations, the media, and consumers. [44] The promotion of a reporting measure where any person may report alleged food safety violations and receive rewards is an example. [44] Moreover, the amendments will require the National Food Safety Standard Evaluation Committee to include members of consumer associations and food industry associations. [44] These reforms present a shift from a government-centered framework of China's food safety policy.

Food safety incidents

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has received increased international media scrutiny following the reform and opening of the country, its joining the World Trade Organization, and the increased awareness of Chinese people in urban areas to food safety. There have been numerous incidents involving food safety in the PRC including the unconventional use of pesticides or other dangerous chemical additives as food preservatives or additives and the use of unhygienic starting materials as food ingredients. There were two catastrophic food scandals in the past decades that resulted around 300,000 cases of food-borne diseases. The first incident occurred 3 decades ago in Shanghai where consumption of raw clam lead to a Hepatitis A outbreak. The second incident is the 2008 Chinese milk scandal which caused kidney stones in infants, devastating almost 300,000 children. [45] The 2008 Chinese milk scandal received the most attention among food safety incidents. This incident brought China's food safety policy under scrutiny in the international eye, playing a part in the institution of the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China in June 2009. [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food and Drug Administration</span> United States federal agency

The United States Food and Drug Administration is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, caffeine products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products.

The National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF) was a not-for-profit, US-based organization, that described itself as a "private nonprofit, voluntary health agency that focuses upon health misinformation, fraud, and quackery as public health problems."

Food quality is a concept often based on the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value of food. Producers reducing potential pathogens and other hazards through food safety practices is another important factor in gauging standards. A food's origin, and even its branding, can play a role in how consumers perceive the quality of products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hazard analysis and critical control points</span> Systematic preventive approach to food safety

Hazard analysis and critical control points, or HACCP, is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe and designs measures to reduce these risks to a safe level. In this manner, HACCP attempts to avoid hazards rather than attempting to inspect finished products for the effects of those hazards. The HACCP system can be used at all stages of a food chain, from food production and preparation processes including packaging, distribution, etc. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) require mandatory HACCP programs for juice and meat as an effective approach to food safety and protecting public health. Meat HACCP systems are regulated by the USDA, while seafood and juice are regulated by the FDA. All other food companies in the United States that are required to register with the FDA under the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, as well as firms outside the US that export food to the US, are transitioning to mandatory hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC) plans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raw milk</span> Milk that has not been pasteurized

Raw milk or unpasteurized milk is milk that has not been pasteurized, a process of heating liquid foods to kill pathogens for safe consumption and extending the shelf life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cranberry juice</span> Liquid juice of the cranberry

Cranberry juice is the liquid juice of the cranberry – a fruit recognized for its bright red color, tart taste, and versatility for product manufacturing. Major cranberry products include cranberry juice, dried cranberry, cranberry sauce, frozen cranberry, cranberry powder, and dietary supplements containing cranberry extracts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Medical Products Administration</span>

The National Medical Products Administration is a national bureau responsible for drug supervision under the State Council of China and is managed by the State Administration for Market Regulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Germany)</span> Federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany

The Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, abbreviated BMEL, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its primary headquarters are located in Bonn with a secondary office in Berlin. From 1949 to 2001 it was known as the Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests. Through an organizational order by the German Chancellor on 22 January 2001, it became the Federal Ministry for Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture after the Consumer protection function was transferred from the Federal Ministry for Health. The name Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection was adopted on 22 November 2005 simply to alphabetize its functional parts in the German language. Due to the political restructurings of the 18th German Bundestag in December 2013 the division "Consumer Protection" was transferred to the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nutrition facts label</span> Table of nutrition facts on food labels

The nutrition facts label is a label required on most packaged food in many countries, showing what nutrients and other ingredients are in the food. Labels are usually based on official nutritional rating systems. Most countries also release overall nutrition guides for general educational purposes. In some cases, the guides are based on different dietary targets for various nutrients than the labels on specific foods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food policy</span> Area of public policy

Food policy is the area of public policy concerning how food is produced, processed, distributed, purchased, or provided. Food policies are designed to influence the operation of the food and agriculture system balanced with ensuring human health needs. This often includes decision-making around production and processing techniques, marketing, availability, utilization, and consumption of food, in the interest of meeting or furthering social objectives. Food policy can be promulgated on any level, from local to global, and by a government agency, business, or organization. Food policymakers engage in activities such as regulation of food-related industries, establishing eligibility standards for food assistance programs for the poor, ensuring safety of the food supply, food labeling, and even the qualifications of a product to be considered organic.

A food safety agency or food administration or Food Safety Authority is a government agency responsible for ensuring the safety, quality, and proper labeling of food products within a country or region. These agencies play a crucial role in protecting public health by establishing and enforcing regulations and standards to ensure that food produced, imported, processed, distributed, and sold is safe for consumption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health Sciences Authority</span> Statutory board under the Ministry of Health of the Singapore Government

The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Health of the Government of Singapore. It is a multi-disciplinary agency responsible for applying medical, pharmaceutical, and scientific expertise to protect and advance public health and safety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food safety</span> Scientific discipline

Food safety is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. The occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food is known as a food-borne disease outbreak. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potential health hazards. In this way, food safety often overlaps with food defense to prevent harm to consumers. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry-to-market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and pesticide residues, as well as policies on biotechnology and food and guidelines for the management of governmental import and export inspection and certification systems for foods. In considering market-to-consumer practices, the usual thought is that food ought to be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of the food for the consumer. Food safety, nutrition and food security are closely related. Unhealthy food creates a cycle of disease and malnutrition that affects infants and adults as well.

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition is the branch of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that regulates food, dietary supplements, and cosmetics, as opposed to drugs, biologics, medical devices, and radiological products, which also fall under the purview of the FDA.

In China, the adulteration and contamination of several food and feed ingredients with inexpensive melamine and other compounds, such as cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide, are common practice. These adulterants can be used to inflate the apparent protein content of products, so that inexpensive ingredients can pass for more expensive, concentrated proteins. Melamine by itself has not been thought to be very toxic to animals or humans except possibly in very high concentrations, but the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid has been implicated in kidney failure. Reports that cyanuric acid may be an independently and potentially widely used adulterant in China have heightened concerns for both animal and human health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore</span> Former statutory board in Singapore

The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) was a statutory board under the Ministry of National Development that regulated food safety, safeguarded animal and plant health, and facilitated the agri-food and fisheries trade sectors. AVA was disbanded on 1 April 2019, with duties being transferred to other statutory boards, Singapore Food Agency, National Environment Agency, Health Sciences Authority, and National Parks Board.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Institute for Risk Assessment</span>

The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, abbreviated BfR, is a body under public law of the German federal government with full legal capacity. The institute comes under the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture and has the task of providing scientific advice to the federal government on issues relating to food safety, product safety, chemical safety, contaminants in the food chain, animal protection and consumer health protection. Further technical supervision is performed by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and the Federal Ministry of Transport.

Food safety in Australia concerns the production, distribution, preparation, and storage of food in Australia to prevent foodborne illness, also known as food safety. Food Standards Australia New Zealand is responsible for developing food standards for Australia and New Zealand.

Genetic engineering in North America is any genetic engineering activities in North America

References

  1. 1 2 USDA China - Key Statistics Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ China - Key Statistics 2005
  3. ↑ "Chinese vice premier orders more efforts to improve food safety". Xinhua. 2010-04-20. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010.
  4. 1 2 YAN, YUNXIANG (2012). "Food Safety and Social Risk in Contemporary China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 71 (3): 705–729. doi:10.1017/S0021911812000678. ISSN   0021-9118. JSTOR   23263583. S2CID   162886646.
  5. ↑ China Digital Times Apologies for food safety in china Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Zamiska, Nicholas. "Who's Monitoring Chinese Food Exports?" Wall Street Journal. April 9, 2007. Pg. B1.
  7. ↑ China Laws and Regulations of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics. "Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China." Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ China Laws and Regulations of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics. "Regulations and Directives on Food" Archived 2007-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "East Asia"
  10. ↑ Gale, Fred. "China at a Glance: A Statistical Overview of China's Food and Agriculture." April 2002. Agricultural Information Bulletin No. AIB775 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Gale, Fred. "Regions in China: One Market or Many?." April 2002. Agricultural Information Bulletin No. AIB775 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Gale, Fred. "Chinese Household Food Spending and Income." January, 2007. Economic Research Report ERR-32 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ China food safety head executed
  14. ↑ "Fury erupts in China over a food-safety scandal" . The Economist . July 18, 2024. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  15. ↑ Tam, Waikeung and Dali Yang, “Food Safety and the Development of Regulatory Institutions in China,” Asian Perspective, vol. 29, no. 4 (2005), 5-36. Wei, Liu. "Safe Food For All Should Be the Recipe." March 15, 2007.
  16. ↑ Wei, Liu. "Safe Food For All Should Be the Recipe." March 15, 2007
  17. ↑ "Highlights of NPC Standing Committee's Work Report" National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. March 11, 2007. "Chinese Congress Web". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  18. ↑ "China Laws and Regulations of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  19. ↑ Yongmin, Bian. "The Challenges for Food Safety in China: Current legislation is unable to protect consumers from the consequences of unscrupulous food production." French Centre for Research on Contemporary China. May–June, 2004. "Article en ligne, China - Law, the Challenges for Food Safety in China. Current legislation is unable to protect consumers from the consequences of unscrupulous food production". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  20. ↑ "Chinese webpage". Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  21. ↑ English webpage Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Fast Track to China." Chartered Institute of Environmental Health. February 2, 2007. "Chartered Institute of Environmental Health : Fast track to China". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  23. ↑ "Fast Track to China." Chartered Institute of Environmental Health. February 2, 2007. Yang, Dali. Regulatory Learning and Its Discontents in China: Promise and Tragedy at the State Food and Drug Administration.
  24. ↑ ""About SFDA." State Food and Drug Administration". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
  25. ↑ Ministry of Agriculture. Chinese web page Archived 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Ministry of Agriculture. Chinese language page. Ministry of Agriculture Archived 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ Calvin, Linda, Fred Gale, Dinghuan Hu, and Bryan Lohmar. "Food Safety Improvements Underway in China." Amber Waves. USDA. 2006. Amber Waves, USDA Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ China Pesticide Information Network. Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals. CAMA Archived 2007-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ "WHO Slams Chinese Ministry of Health for Not Sharing Bird Flu Info, Viruses." The Canadian Press. November 1, 2006. Canadian Press
  30. ↑ "China Free of Mad Cow Disease, Ministry of Agriculture." People's Daily. June 18, 2002. People's Daily
  31. ↑ Youling, Jia. Speech. November 10, 2006. Speech
  32. ↑ Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. Archived January 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Simcom: International Regulatory Compliance. Simcom Archived 2007-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ "Standards Organizations and Related Bodies." StandardsPortal.org. 2006. Standards Portal Archived 2007-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ "Chinese Premier on Quality, Supervision, Quarantine." People's Daily. July 16, 2001. People's Daily
  36. ↑ "State Administration of Industry and Commerce". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
  37. ↑ State Administration of Industry and Commerce: Departments. 2006. SAIC Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ↑ Ministry of Science and Technology: Product Quality Law. 2000. MST
  39. ↑ "China." UNC School of Public Health. 2007. UNC Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ "National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety." Carolina Population Center. 2004. CPC
  41. ↑ WHO chief praises China's efforts on food safety Archived 2007-11-09 at the Wayback Machine AFP
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chung, Shan-shan; Wong, Chris K C (2013). "Regulatory and policy control on food safety in China". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 67 (6): 476–477. doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201768. ISSN   0143-005X. JSTOR   43281557. PMID   23201754. S2CID   206991407.
  43. ↑ Yin, Shijiu; Li, Ying; Chen, Yusheng; Wu, Linhai; Yan, Jiang (2018). "Public reporting on food safety incidents in China: intention and its determinants". British Food Journal. 120 (11): 2615–2630. doi:10.1108/BFJ-09-2017-0497. ISSN   0007-070X.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Han, Yonghong (2015). "A Legislative Reform for the Food Safety System of China: A Regulatory Paradigm Shift and Collaborative Governance". Food and Drug Law Journal. 70 (3): 453–480. ISSN   1064-590X. JSTOR   26661075. PMID   26630825.
  45. ↑ Wu, Yongning; Chen, Yan (2013). "Food safety in China". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 67 (6): 478–479. doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201767. ISSN   0143-005X. JSTOR   43281558. PMID   23322847. S2CID   206991398.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.