A stock exchange,securities exchange,or bourse is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities,such as shares of stock,bonds and other financial instruments. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of such securities and instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies,unit trusts,derivatives,pooled investment products and bonds. Stock exchanges often function as "continuous auction" markets with buyers and sellers consummating transactions via open outcry at a central location such as the floor of the exchange or by using an electronic system to process financial transactions.
A commodity market is a market that trades in the primary economic sector rather than manufactured products,such as cocoa,fruit and sugar. Hard commodities are mined,such as gold and oil. Futures contracts are the oldest way of investing in commodities. Commodity markets can include physical trading and derivatives trading using spot prices,forwards,futures,and options on futures. Farmers have used a simple form of derivative trading in the commodities market for centuries for price risk management.
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory body for securities and commodity market in India under the administrative domain of Ministry of Finance within the Government of India. It was established on 12 April 1988 as an executive body and was given statutory powers on 30 January 1992 through the SEBI Act,1992.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency of the US government created in 1974 that regulates the U.S. derivatives markets,which includes futures,swaps,and certain kinds of options.
An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment fund that is also an exchange-traded product,i.e.,it is traded on stock exchanges. ETFs own financial assets such as stocks,bonds,currencies,debts,futures contracts,and/or commodities such as gold bars. Many ETFs provide some level of diversification compared to owning an individual stock.
The Shanghai Stock Exchange is a stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai,China. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China,the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's third largest stock market by market capitalization exceeding $6 trillion in July 2024. It is also Asia's biggest stock exchange. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange,the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors and often affected by the decisions of the central government,due to capital account controls exercised by the Chinese mainland authorities.
The Ontario Securities Commission is a regulatory agency which administers and enforces securities legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario. The OSC is an Ontario Crown agency which reports to the Ontario legislature through the Minister of Finance.
The Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE) is a Chinese futures exchange based in Dalian,Liaoning province,China. It is a non-profit,self-regulating and membership legal entity under the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC),established on February 28,1993.
The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) is an association of organizations that regulate the world's securities and futures markets. Members are typically primary securities and/or futures regulators in a national jurisdiction or the main financial regulator from each country. Its mandate is to:
The Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) of Hong Kong is the independent statutory body charged with regulating the securities and futures markets in Hong Kong. The SFC is responsible for fostering an orderly securities and futures markets,to protect investors and to help promote Hong Kong as an international financial centre and a key financial market in China. Even though it is considered to be a branch of the government,it is run independently under the authorisation of the laws relating to Securities and Futures.
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is a private American corporation that acts as a self-regulatory organization (SRO) that regulates member brokerage firms and exchange markets. FINRA is the successor to the National Association of Securities Dealers,Inc. (NASD) as well as to the member regulation,enforcement,and arbitration operations of the New York Stock Exchange. The U.S. government agency that acts as the ultimate regulator of the U.S. securities industry,including FINRA,is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
The China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) is a futures exchange established in Shanghai on September 8,2006—with the approval of the State Council and the authorization of China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). It is a joint venture of the Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange,Shenzhen Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Futures Exchange.
The Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor program,one of the first efforts to internationalize the RMB,represents China's effort to allow,on a selective basis,global institutional investors to invest in its RMB denominated capital market. Once licensed,foreign investors are permitted to buy RMB-denominated "A shares" in China's mainland Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. Thus foreign investors benefit from an opportunity to invest onshore,which is otherwise often insulated from the rest of the world,and subject to capital controls governing the movement of assets in-and-out of the country.
A securities commission,securities regulator or capital market authority is a government department or agency responsible for financial regulation of securities products within a particular country. Its powers and responsibilities vary greatly from country to country,but generally cover the setting of rules as well as enforcing them for financial intermediaries and stock exchanges.
The Securities Association of China is a self-regulatory organization for securities industry established according to the provisions of the "Securities Law of the People's Republic of China" and the "Administrative Regulations on the Registration of Public Organizations". SAC is a non-profit social institutional legal person function under the guidance and supervision of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) and the Ministry of Civil Affairs of China.
Foreign exchange regulation is a form of financial regulation specifically aimed at the Forex market that is decentralized and operates with no central exchange or clearing house. Due to its decentralized and global nature,the foreign exchange market has been more prone to foreign exchange fraud and has been less regulated than other financial markets.
Japan Exchange Group,Inc.,abbreviated as JPX or Nippon Torihikijo,is a Japanese financial services company headquartered in Tokyo and Osaka. It is a "financial instruments exchange holding company" subject to the regulations of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act enforced by the Financial Services Agency. It is also monitored by a separate self-regulatory body called Japan Exchange Regulation (JPX-R),dedicated to ensuring neutral and effective self-regulation operations defined under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act.
The National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) is a Chinese over-the-counter system for trading the shares of a public limited company that is not listed on either the Shenzhen Stock Exchange or Shanghai Stock Exchange. The NEEQ exchange was also nicknamed the "New Third Board" in China,as there were formerly two trading systems that the NEEQ replaced:STAQ and NET.
Securities market participants in the United States include corporations and governments issuing securities,persons and corporations buying and selling a security,the broker-dealers and exchanges which facilitate such trading,banks which safe keep assets,and regulators who monitor the markets' activities. Investors buy and sell through broker-dealers and have their assets retained by either their executing broker-dealer,a custodian bank or a prime broker. These transactions take place in the environment of equity and equity options exchanges,regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),or derivative exchanges,regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). For transactions involving stocks and bonds,transfer agents assure that the ownership in each transaction is properly assigned to and held on behalf of each investor.
Kangmei Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd is a large pharmaceutical company based in Guangdong with headquarters in Puning and Shenzhen. Kangmei Pharmaceutical produces medication and medical equipment,with a focus on traditional Chinese medicine. It is traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and had a market capitalization of more than 47 billion RMB in 2019.
