Food contaminant

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A food contaminant is a harmful chemical or microorganism present in food, which can cause illness to the consumer.

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Contaminated food CMS HOSTEL FOOD.jpg
Contaminated food


The impact of chemical contaminants on consumer health and well-being is often apparent only after many years of processing and prolonged exposure at low levels (e.g.,  cancer). Unlike food-borne pathogens, chemical contaminants present in foods are often unaffected by thermal processing. Chemical contaminants can be classified according to the source of contamination and the mechanism by which they enter the food product.

Agrochemicals

Agrochemicals are chemicals used in agricultural practices and animal husbandry with the intent to increase crop yields. Such agents include pesticides (e.g.,  insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides), plant growth regulators, veterinary drugs (e.g.,  nitrofuran, fluoroquinolones, malachite green, chloramphenicol), and bovine somatotropin (rBST).[ citation needed ]

Environmental contaminants

Environmental contaminants are chemicals that are present in the environment in which the food is grown, harvested, transported, stored, packaged, processed, and consumed. The physical contact of the food with its environment results in its contamination. Possible sources of contamination and contaminants common to that vector include:[ citation needed ]

Pesticides and carcinogens

There are many cases of banned pesticides or carcinogens found in foods.[ citation needed ]

Hair in food

There is a heavy stigma attached to the presence of hair in food in most societies. There is a risk that it may induce choking and vomiting, and also that it may be contaminated by toxic substances. [5] Views differ as to the level of risk it poses to the inadvertent consumer. [6] [7] [8]

In most countries, people working in the food industry are required to cover their hair because it will contaminate the food. [9] [10] When people are served food which contains hair in restaurants or cafés, it is usual for them to complain to the staff. [11]

There are a range of possible reasons for the objection to hair in food, ranging from cultural taboos to the simple fact that it is difficult to digest and unpleasant to eat. It may also be interpreted as a sign of more widespread problems with hygiene. The introduction of complete-capture hairnets is believed to have resulted in a decrease in incidents of contamination of this type. [12]

Sometimes protein from human hair is used as a food ingredient, [13] in bread and other such similar products. Such use of human hair in food is forbidden in Islam. [14] Historically, in Judaism, finding hair in food was a sign of bad luck. [15]

Processing contaminants

Processing contaminants are generated during the processing of foods (e.g., heating, fermentation). They are absent in the raw materials, and are formed by chemical reactions between natural and/or added food constituents during processing. The presence of these contaminants in processed foods cannot be entirely avoided. Technological processes can be adjusted and/or optimized, however, in order to reduce the levels of formation of processing contaminants. Examples are: nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heterocyclic amines, histamine, acrylamide, furan, benzene, trans fat, 3-MCPD, semicarbazide, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and ethyl carbamate. There is also the possibility of metal chips from the processing equipment contaminating food. These can be identified using metal detection equipment. In many conveyor lines, the line will be stopped, or when weighing the product with a Check weigher, the item can be rejected for being over- or underweight or because small pieces of metal are detected within it.[ citation needed ]

Emerging food contaminants

While many food contaminants have been known for decades, the formation and presence of certain chemicals in foods has been discovered relatively recently. These are the so-called emerging food contaminants like acrylamide, furan, benzene, perchlorate, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 3-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (3-MCPD), 4-hydroxynonenal, and (4-HNE).[ citation needed ]

Microplastics are often found in bottled water. [16] Polypropylene infant feeding bottles cause microplastics exposure to infants. [17] [18] [19]

Safety and regulation

Acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels and tolerable concentrations of contaminants in individual foods are determined on the basis of the "No Observed Adverse Effect Level" (NOAEL) in animal experiments, by using a safety factor (usually 100). The maximum concentrations of contaminants allowed by legislation are often well below toxicological tolerance levels, because such levels can often be reasonably achieved by using good agricultural and manufacturing practices.[ citation needed ]

Regulatory officials, in order to combat the dangers associated with foodborne viruses, are pursuing various possible measures.

Food contaminant testing

To maintain the high quality of food and comply with health, safety, and environmental regulatory standards, it is best to rely on food contaminant testing through an independent third party, such as laboratories or certification companies. For manufacturers, the testing for food contaminants can minimize the risk of noncompliance in relation to raw ingredients, semi-manufactured foods, and final products. Also, food contaminant testing assures consumers safety and quality of purchased food products and can prevent foodborne diseases, and chemical, microbiological, or physical food hazards. [21]

The establishment of ADIs for certain emerging food contaminants is currently an active area of research and regulatory debate.[ citation needed ]

Food contaminant detection method

The conventional food contaminant test methods may be limited by complicated/tedious sample preparing procedure, long testing time, sumptuous instrument, and professional operator. [22] However, some rapid, novel, sensitive, and easy to use and affordable methods were developed including:

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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  13. ↑ Justin Rowlatt (10 Jan 2007). "Does your daily bread contain human hair?". BBC News.
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  15. ↑ Howard Schwartz (1991). Lilith's Cave: Jewish Tales of the Supernatural. Oup USA. ISBN   0-19-506726-6.
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  21. ↑ Study finds novel method to test food for contamination
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  32. ↑ Huang, Xiaolin; Aguilar, Zoraida P.; Li, Huaiming; Lai, Weihua; Wei, Hua; Xu, Hengyi; Xiong, Yonghua (2013-05-21). "Fluorescent Ru(phen) 3 2+ -Doped Silica Nanoparticles-Based ICTS Sensor for Quantitative Detection of Enrofloxacin Residues in Chicken Meat". Analytical Chemistry. 85 (10): 5120–5128. doi:10.1021/ac400502v. ISSN   0003-2700. PMID   23614687.
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