Asian Development Bank

Last updated

Asian Development Bank
AbbreviationADB
Formation19 December 1966;57 years ago (1966-12-19)
TypeMultilateral Development Bank
Legal statusTreaty
PurposeSocial and Economic Development
Headquarters6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 1550, Philippines
Region served
Indo-Pacific
Membership
68 countries
President
Masatsugu Asakawa
Main organ
Board of Governors [1]
Affiliations International Monetary Fund (International)
Staff
3,769 [2]
Website adb.org OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Asian Development Bank member states
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
Outside regions
Asia-Pacific region Asian Development Bank.png
Asian Development Bank member states
  Outside regions
  Asia-Pacific region

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, [3] which is headquartered in 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 1550, Philippines. The bank also maintains 31 field offices around the world [4] to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE), and non-regional developed countries. [5] Starting with 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 68 members.

Contents

The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank and has a similar weighted voting system, where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget, and other materials for review by the public. [6] The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. After completing their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries. [7] ADB holds the status of an official United Nations Observer. [8]

As of 31 December 2020, Japan and the United States each holds the largest proportion of shares at 15.571%. China holds 6.429%, India holds 6.317%, and Australia holds 5.773%. [9]

Organization

The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors, composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors, in turn, elect among themselves the twelve members of the board of directors and their deputies. Eight of the twelve members come from regional (Asia-Pacific) members while the others come from non-regional members. [10]

The Board of Governors also elect the bank's president, who is the chairperson of the board of directors and manages ADB. The president has a term of office lasting five years, and may be re-elected. Traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the president has always been Japanese.

The current president is Masatsugu Asakawa. He succeeded Takehiko Nakao on 17 January 2020, [11] who succeeded Haruhiko Kuroda in 2013. [12] In 2024, Asakawa announced his resignation effective on 23 February 2025. [13]

The headquarters of the bank is at 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines, [14] [15] and it has 42 field offices in Asia and the Pacific and representative offices in Washington, Frankfurt, Tokyo and Sydney. The bank employs about 3,000 people, representing 60 of its 68 members. [16]

List of presidents

Ya Zhou Yin Xing Zong Cai Du Bian Wu Di Tai .jpg
Takeshi Watanabe, the first president
Haruhiko Kuroda at ADB Philippines (crop).jpg
Haruhiko Kuroda, the eighth president
Masatsugu Ashakawa.jpg
Masatsugu Asakawa, the incumbent president
NameDatesNationality
Takeshi Watanabe 1966–1972Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Shiro Inoue 1972–1976Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Taroichi Yoshida  [ ja ]1976–1981Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Masao Fujioka  [ Wikidata ]1981–1989Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Kimimasa Tarumizu  [ ja ]1989–1993Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Mitsuo Sato 1993–1999Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Tadao Chino 1999–2005Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Haruhiko Kuroda 2005–2013Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Takehiko Nakao 2013–2020Flag of Japan.svg  Japanese
Masatsugu Asakawa 2020–presentFlag of Japan.svg  Japanese

History

1960s

As early as 1956, Japan Finance Minister Hisato Ichimada had suggested to United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that development projects in Southeast Asia could be supported by a new financial institution for the region. A year later, Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi announced that Japan intended to sponsor the establishment of a regional development fund with resources largely from Japan and other industrial countries. But the US did not warm to the plan and the concept was shelved. See full account in "Banking the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank", July 2017.

The idea came up again late in 1962 when Kaoru Ohashi, an economist from a research institute in Tokyo, visited Takeshi Watanabe, then a private financial consultant in Tokyo, and proposed a study group to form a development bank for the Asian region. The group met regularly in 1963, examining various scenarios for setting up a new institution and drew on Watanabe's experiences with the World Bank. However, the idea received a cool reception from the World Bank itself and the study group became discouraged.

In parallel, the concept was formally proposed at a trade conference organized by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) in 1963 by a young Thai economist, Paul Sithi-Amnuai. (ESCAP, United Nations Publication March 2007, "The first parliament of Asia" pp. 65). Despite an initial mixed reaction, support for the establishment of a new bank soon grew.

An expert group was convened to study the idea, with Japan invited to contribute to the group. When Watanabe was recommended, the two streams proposing a new bank—from ECAFE and Japan—came together. Initially, the US was on the fence, not opposing the idea but not ready to commit financial support. But a new bank for Asia was soon seen to fit in with a broader program of assistance to Asia planned by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson in the wake of the escalating U.S. military support for the government of South Vietnam.

As a key player in the concept, Japan hoped that the ADB offices would be in Tokyo. However, eight other cities had also expressed an interest: Bangkok, Colombo, Kabul, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Phnom Penh, Singapore, and Tehran. To decide, the 18 prospective regional members of the new bank held three rounds of votes at a ministerial conference in Manila in November/December 1965. In the first round on 30 November, Tokyo failed to win a majority, so a second ballot was held the next day at noon. Although Japan was in the lead, it was still inconclusive, so a final vote was held after lunch. In the third poll, Tokyo gained eight votes to Manila's nine, with one abstention. Therefore, Manila was declared the host of the new development bank; the Japanese were mystified and deeply disappointed. Watanabe later wrote in his personal history of ADB: "I felt as if the child I had so carefully reared had been taken away to a distant country." (Asian Development Bank publication, "Towards a New Asia", 1977, p. 16)

On 3 December 1965, Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal lays the foundation stone of the Asian Development Bank.

As intensive work took place during 1966 to prepare for the opening of the new bank in Manila, high on the agenda was choice of president. Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Satō asked Watanabe to be a candidate. Although he initially declined, pressure came from other countries and Watanabe agreed. In the absence of any other candidates, Watanabe was elected first President of the Asian Development Bank at its Inaugural Meeting on 24 November 1966.

By the end of 1972, Japan had contributed $173.7 million (22.6% of the total) to the ordinary capital resources and $122.6 million (59.6% of the total) to the special funds. In contrast, the United States contributed only $1.25 million to the special fund. [5]

After its creation in the 1960s, ADB focused much of its assistance on food production and rural development. At the time, Asia was one of the poorest regions in the world. [17]

Early loans went largely to Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea and the Philippines; these countries accounted for 78.48% of the total ADB loans between 1967 and 1972. Moreover, Japan received tangible benefits, 41.67% of the total procurements between 1967 and 1976. Japan tied its special funds contributions to its preferred sectors and regions and procurements of its goods and services, as reflected in its $100 million donation for the Agricultural Special Fund in April 1968. [5]

Watanabe served as the first ADB president to 1972. [18] [19]

1970s–1980s

In the 1970s, ADB's assistance to developing countries in Asia expanded into education and health, and then to infrastructure and industry. The gradual emergence of Asian economies in the latter part of the decade spurred demand for better infrastructure to support economic growth. ADB focused on improving roads and providing electricity. When the world suffered its first oil price shock, ADB shifted more of its assistance to support energy projects, especially those promoting the development of domestic energy sources in member countries. [17]

Following considerable pressure from the Reagan Administration in the 1980s, ADB reluctantly began working with the private sector in an attempt to increase the impact of its development assistance to poor countries in Asia and the Pacific. In the wake of the second oil crisis, ADB expanded its assistance to energy projects. In 1982, ADB opened its first field office, in Bangladesh, and later in the decade, it expanded its work with non-government organizations (NGOs). [17]

Japanese presidents Inoue Shiro (1972–76) and Yoshida Taroichi (1976–81) took the spotlight in the 1970s. Fujioka Masao, the fourth president (1981–90), adopted an assertive leadership style, launching an ambitious plan to expand the ADB into a high-impact development agency.

On 18 November 1972, the Bank inaugurated its headquarters along Roxas Boulevard in Pasay City, Philippines. On 31 May 1991, ADB moved its offices to Ortigas Center in Pasig City, with the Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines) taking over its old Pasay premises.

1990s

In the 1990s, ADB began promoting regional cooperation by helping the countries on the Mekong River to trade and work together. The decade also saw an expansion of ADB's membership with the addition of several Central Asian countries following the end of the Cold War. [17]

In mid-1997, ADB responded to the financial crisis that hit the region with projects designed to strengthen financial sectors and create social safety nets for the poor. During the crisis, ADB approved its largest single loan – a $4 billion emergency loan to South Korea. In 1999, ADB adopted poverty reduction as its overarching goal. [17]

2000s

The early 2000s saw a dramatic expansion of private sector finance. While the institution had such operations since the 1980s (under pressure from the Reagan Administration) the early attempts were highly unsuccessful with low lending volumes, considerable losses and financial scandals associated with an entity named AFIC. However, beginning in 2002, the ADB undertook a dramatic expansion of private sector lending under a new team. Over the course of the next six years, the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) grew by a factor of 41 times the 2001 levels of new financings and earnings for the ADB. This culminated with the Board's formal recognition of these achievements in March 2008, when the board of directors formally adopted the Long Term strategic Framework (LTSF). That document formally stated that assistance to private sector development was the lead priority of the ADB and that it should constitute 50% of the bank's lending by 2020.

In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic hit the region and ADB responded with programs to help the countries in the region work together to address infectious diseases, including avian influenza and HIV/AIDS. ADB also responded to a multitude of natural disasters in the region, committing more than $850 million for recovery in areas of India, Indonesia, Maldives, and Sri Lanka which were impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In addition, $1 billion in loans and grants was provided to the victims of the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. [17]

In December 2005, China donated $20 million to the ADB for a regional poverty alleviation fund; China's first such fund set up at an international institution. [20]

In 2009, ADB's Board of Governors agreed to triple ADB's capital base from $55 billion to $165 billion, giving it much-needed resources to respond to the global economic crisis. The 200% increase is the largest in ADB's history, and was the first since 1994. [17]

2010s

Asia moved beyond the economic crisis and by 2010 had emerged as a new engine of global economic growth though it remained home to two-thirds of the world's poor. In addition, the increasing prosperity of many people in the region created a widening income gap that left many people behind. ADB responded to this with loans and grants that encouraged economic growth. [17]

In early 2012, the ADB began to re-engage with Myanmar in response to reforms initiated by the government. In April 2014, ADB opened an office in Myanmar and resumed making loans and grants to the country. [17]

In 2017, ADB combined the lending operations of its Asian Development Fund (ADF) with its ordinary capital resources (OCR). The result was to expand the OCR balance sheet to permit increasing annual lending and grants to $20 billion by 2020 – 50% more than the previous level. [17]

In 2020, ADB gave a $2 million grant from the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund, to support the Armenian government in the fight against the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. In the same year, the ADB committed a $20 million loan to Electric Networks of Armenia, that will ensure electricity for the citizens during the pandemic, as well as approved $500,000 in regional technical assistance to procure personal protective equipment and other medical supplies. [21]

Objectives and activities

Aim

The ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. This is carried out through investments – in the form of loans, grants and information sharing – in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems, helping countries prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well as other areas.

Focus areas

Eighty percent of ADB's lending is concentrated public sector lending in five operational areas. [22]

Financings

The ADB offers "hard" loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries in Asia and "soft" loans with lower interest rates to poorer countries in the region. Based on a new policy, both types of loans will be sourced starting January 2017 from the bank's ordinary capital resources (OCR), which functions as its general operational fund. [32]

The ADB's Private Sector Department (PSOD) can and does offer a broader range of financings beyond commercial loans. They also have the capability to provide guarantees, equity and mezzanine finance (a combination of debt and equity).

In 2017, ADB lent $19.1 billion of which $3.2 billion went to private enterprises, as part of its "non-sovereign" operations. ADB's operations in 2017, including grants and co-financing, totaled $28.9 billion. [33]

ADB obtains its funding by issuing bonds on the world's capital markets. It also relies on the contributions of member countries, retained earnings from lending operations, and the repayment of loans. [34]

Five largest borrowing countries [35] [36]
Country2018201720162015
$ million%$ million%$ million%$ million%
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 17,01516.616,28416.915,61524.814,64625.2
Flag of India.svg  India 16,11515.714,72015.213,33121.212,91622.2
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 10,81810.610,97511.44,5707.34,3197.4
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 10,35610.19,3939.78,70013.88,21414.1
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 9,1698.98,6859.0----
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines ----5,9359.45,5259.5
Others38,99838.136,51937.814,83123.512,48621.6
Total102,470100.096,577100.062,983100.058,106100.0

Private sector investments

ADB provides direct financial assistance, in the form of debt, equity and mezzanine finance to private sector companies, for projects that have clear social benefits beyond the financial rate of return. ADB's participation is usually limited but it leverages a large amount of funds from commercial sources to finance these projects by holding no more than 25% of any given transaction. [37]

Co-financing

ADB partners with other development organizations on some projects to increase the amount of funding available. In 2014, $9.2 billion—or nearly half—of ADB's $22.9 billion in operations were financed by other organizations. [38] According to Jason Rush, Principal Communication Specialist, the Bank communicates with many other multilateral organizations.

Funds and resources

More than 50 financing partnership facilities, trust funds, and other funds – totaling several billion each year – are administered by ADB and put toward projects that promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. [39] ADB has raised Rupees 5 billion or around Rupees 5 billion from its issuance of 5-year offshore Indian rupee (INR) linked bonds.

On 26 February 2020, ADB raises $118 million from rupee-linked bonds and supporting the development of India International Exchange in India, as it also contributes to an established yield curve which stretches from 2021 through 2030 with $1 billion of outstanding bonds. [40]

2022 Annual Report

The 2022 Annual Report details ADB's efforts in aiding its developing member countries to overcome the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, tackle new challenges like the Russian invasion of Ukraine and a severe food crisis, while also addressing climate change with significant financial commitments, including $6.7 billion for climate initiatives and a $14 billion package for food security. The ADB committed a total of $20.5 billion in various forms of assistance, including private sector financing, and fostered regional cooperation, with a focus on gender equality, education, healthcare, and unlocking additional resources through innovative financial mechanisms. The report also notes organizational reforms for increased efficacy, the adoption of a hybrid work model following the full reopening of its headquarters. [41]

Access to information

ADB has an information disclosure policy that presumes all information that is produced by the institution should be disclosed to the public unless there is a specific reason to keep it confidential. The policy calls for accountability and transparency in operations and the timely response to requests for information and documents. [42] ADB does not disclose information that jeopardizes personal privacy, safety and security, certain financial and commercial information, as well as other exceptions. [43]

Notable projects and technical assistance

Criticism

Since the ADB's early days, critics have charged that the two major donors, Japan and the United States, have had extensive influence over lending, policy and staffing decisions. [57]

Oxfam Australia has criticized the Asian Development Bank for insensitivity to local communities. "Operating at a global and international level, these banks can undermine people's human rights through projects that have detrimental outcomes for poor and marginalized communities." [58] The bank also received criticism from the United Nations Environmental Program, stating in a report that "much of the growth has bypassed more than 70 percent of its rural population, many of whom are directly dependent on natural resources for livelihoods and incomes." [59]

There had been criticism that ADB's large scale projects cause social and environmental damage due to lack of oversight. One of the most controversial ADB-related projects is Thailand's Mae Moh coal-fired power station. Environmental and human rights activists say ADB's environmental safeguards policy as well as policies for indigenous peoples and involuntary resettlement, while usually up to international standards on paper, are often ignored in practice, are too vague or weak to be effective, or are simply not enforced by bank officials. [60] [61]

The bank has been criticized over its role and relevance in the food crisis. The ADB has been accused by civil society of ignoring warnings leading up the crisis and also contributing to it by pushing loan conditions that many say unfairly pressure governments to deregulate and privatize agriculture, leading to problems such as the rice supply shortage in Southeast Asia. [62]

Indeed, whereas the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) closed out that year with financings of $2.4 billion, the ADB has significantly dropped below that level in the years since and is clearly not on the path to achieving its stated goal of 50% of financings to the private sector by 2020. Critics also point out that the PSOD is the only department that actually makes money for the ADB. Hence, with the vast majority of loans going to concessionary (sub-market) loans to the public sector, the ADB is facing considerable financial difficulty and continuous operating losses.

Countries with the largest subscribed capital and voting rights

The following table are amounts for 20 largest countries by subscribed capital and voting power at the Asian Development Bank as of December 2021. [63]

The 20 countries with the largest capital contribution and voting rights in the Asian Development Bank
RankCountrySubscribed capital
(% of total)
Voting power
(% of total)
World100.000100.000
1Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 15.57112.751
1Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States 15.57112.751
3Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 6.4295.437
4Flag of India.svg  India 6.3175.347
5Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 5.7734.913
6Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 5.4344.641
7Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 5.2194.469
8Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 5.0264.315
9Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 4.3163.747
10Flag of Malaysia 23px.svg  Malaysia 2.7172.468
11Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 2.3772.196
12Flag of France.svg  France 2.3222.152
13Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 2.1742.033
14Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 2.0381.924
15Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 1.8031.737
16Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1.5321.520
17Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 1.3581.381
18Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 1.0871.164
19Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 1.0231.113
20Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 1.0191.109
All Remaining Members10.89422.832

Members

Asian Development Bank - Developing Member Countries (DMC) graduation stages
Outside regions
Asia-Pacific region developed members
DMC graduated from assistance, Group-D
Ordinary Capital Resources (OCR) financing, Group-C
OCR and ADF blended financing, Group-B
Asian Development Fund (ADF) financing, Group-A Asian Development Bank (DMC Stages).png
Asian Development Bank – Developing Member Countries (DMC) graduation stages
  Outside regions
  Asia-Pacific region developed members
  DMC graduated from assistance, Group-D
  Ordinary Capital Resources (OCR) financing, Group-C
  OCR and ADF blended financing, Group-B
  Asian Development Fund (ADF) financing, Group-A

ADB has 68 members (as of 23 March 2019): 49 members from the Asian and Pacific Region, and 19 members from Other Regions. [65] The year listed after a member's name indicates the year of their membership. When a country no longer remains a member, the Bank shall arrange for the repurchase of such country's shares by the Bank as a part of the settlement of accounts with such country in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 43. [66]

Regional membersDate of accession
Flag of Afghanistan (2004-2021).svg  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 1966
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos [67]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan [68] [69]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam [70]
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong [71] 1969
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 1970
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 1971
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 1972
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Burma 1973
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati 1974
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands 1976
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 1978
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu 1981
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 1973
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan 1982
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 1986
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Federated States of Micronesia 1990
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 1991
Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru
Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu 1993
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 1994
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 1995
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 1998
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 1999
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 2000
Flag of East Timor.svg  Timor-Leste 2002
Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 2003
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 2005
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei Darussalam 2006
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 2007
Flag of Niue.svg  Niue 2019
Nonregional membersDate of accession
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 1966
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany [72]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1967
Flag of France.svg  France 1970
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 1986
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 1991
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 2002
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 2003
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 2006
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 2024

See also

Related Research Articles

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international financial institution, established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States; it is the lending arm of World Bank Group. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income developing countries. It is the first of five member institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The initial mission of the IBRD in 1944, was to finance the reconstruction of European nations devastated by World War II. The IBRD and its concessional lending arm, the International Development Association (IDA), are collectively known as the World Bank as they share the same leadership and staff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Finance Corporation</span> World Bank Group member financial institution

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in less developed countries. The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</span> Financial institution which supports more than 30 countries

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is an international financial institution founded in 1991. As a multilateral developmental investment bank, the EBRD uses investment as a tool to build market economies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Investment Bank</span> Investment bank of the European Union

The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union's investment bank and is owned by the 27 member states. It is the largest multilateral financial institution in the world. The EIB finances and invests both through equity and debt solutions companies and projects that achieve the policy aims of the European Union through loans, equity and guarantees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Asian financial crisis</span> Financial crisis of many Asian countries during the second half of 1997

The 1997 Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East and Southeast Asia during the late 1990s. The crisis began in Thailand in July 1997 before spreading to several other countries with a ripple effect, raising fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. However, the recovery in 1998–1999 was rapid, and worries of a meltdown quickly subsided.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African Development Bank</span> Multilateral development finance institution

The African Development Bank Group is a multilateral development finance institution, headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast since September 2014. The AfDB is a financial provider to African governments and private companies investing in the regional member countries (RMC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japan Bank for International Cooperation</span> Japanese public financial institution

The Japan Bank for International Cooperation, JBIC, is a Japanese public financial institution and export credit agency that was created on October 1, 1999, through the merger of the Japan Export-Import Bank (JEXIM) and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF).

The Philippines' water supply system dates back to 1946, after the country declared independence. Government agencies, local institutions, non-government organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge of the operation and administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.

Drinking water supply and sanitation in Pakistan is characterized by some achievements and many challenges. In 2020, 68% Pakistanis, 72% Indians, 54% Bangladeshi had access to the basic sanitation facilities. Despite high population growth the country has increased the share of the population with access to an improved water source from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010, although this does not necessarily mean that the water from these sources is safe to drink. The share with access to improved sanitation increased from 27% to 38% during the same period, according to the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation. There has also been considerable innovation at the grass-root level, in particular concerning sanitation. The Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi and community-led total sanitation in rural areas are two examples of such innovation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Sea Trade and Development Bank</span> Organization

The Black Sea Trade and Development Bank (BSTDB) is an international development finance institution serving the eleven member founding countries of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, a regional economic organization. It supports economic development and regional cooperation by providing loans, guarantees, and equity for development projects and trade transactions. BSTDB supports both public and private enterprises in member countries and does not attach political conditionality to its financing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cesar Purisima</span> Filipino politician (born 1960)

Cesar Antonio Velasquez Purisima is a Filipino accountant and financial expert. He was the Secretary of Finance of the Republic of the Philippines under the administration of President Benigno S. Aquino III. He also served as the chair of the Cabinet Economic Development Cluster and member of the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Purisima is a multi-awarded finance minister, recognized 7 times in 6 consecutive years by various international institutions for turning the Philippine economy around and restoring investor confidence.

Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) is a multi-donor trust fund managed by the Asian Development Bank.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Development Bank</span> Multilateral development bank of the BRICS states

The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states. According to the Agreement on the NDB, "the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments." Moreover, the NDB "shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial entities, and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported by the Bank."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation</span>

The South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program, set up in 2001, brings together Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka in a project-based partnership to promote regional prosperity by improving cross-border connectivity, boosting trade among member countries, and strengthening regional economic cooperation. As of June 2020, SASEC countries have implemented 61 regional projects worth over $13 billion in the energy, transport, trade facilitation, economic corridor development, and information and communications technology (ICT) sectors. The Manila, Philippines-based Asian Development Bank (ADB) serves as the Secretariat for the SASEC member countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</span> Multilateral development bank

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank and international financial institution that aims to collectively improve economic and social outcomes in Asia. It is the world's second largest multi-lateral development institution. Headquartered in Beijing, China, the bank currently has 110 members, including 12 prospective members from around the world. The breakdown of the 110 members by continents are as follows: 42 in Asia, 26 in Europe, 22 in Africa, 10 in Oceania, 8 in South America, and 2 in North America. The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015, after ratifications were received from 10 member states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the Authorized Capital Stock.

The Metro Rail Transit Line 4 (MRT-4) is a proposed rapid transit line that would serve the Greater Manila Area of the Philippines. The 12.7 km (7.9 mi), 10-station elevated railway would connect Ortigas Center in Metro Manila and the suburban municipality of Taytay, Rizal. It would traverse along Ortigas Avenue and Manila East Road, starting at the former's junction with EDSA in Quezon City to the west until it terminates near the New Taytay Public Market to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlos Dominguez III</span> Philippine businessman and government official (born 1945)

Carlos "Sonny" García Domínguez III is a distinguished Filipino businessman who was appointed as Philippine Cabinet Secretary thrice: as Minister of Natural Resources (1986-1987), Secretary of Agriculture (1987-1989), and as Secretary of Finance (2016-2022).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China and the World Bank</span> Overview of the relationship between China and the World Bank

China originally joined the World Bank Group (WBG) on December 27, 1945. However, after the Chinese Civil War, the World Bank recognized the Republic of China as its member, until the relationship ended in 1980, when the membership was replaced by the People's Republic of China. The People's Republic of China (PRC) did not become involved with the World Bank group until 1980, when it first joined the World Bank in April due to the market reforms known as reform and opening-up. Prior to the economic reform and its relation with the World Bank, according to CRS, "China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy". Since its entry into the World Bank, China has transformed into a market-based economy and has experienced rapid economic and social development. Currently, although China has become the world's second largest economy with 1.4 billion population, it still has a close relationship with the World Bank in areas such as poverty, environmental protection and new challenges from the reform.

Curtis S. Chin is a public figure, speaker, author and policy specialist. He has served in leadership and operational positions in the private, not-for-profit and public sectors in the Asia-Pacific region and the United States. He served as the 15th United States Ambassador to and member of the board of directors of the Asian Development Bank under both Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. He also served as a trustee of World Education Services and is the inaugural Asia Fellow of the Milken Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North–South Commuter Railway</span> Commuter rail under construction in Luzon, Philippines

The North–South Commuter Railway, also known as the Clark–Calamba Railway, is a 147-kilometer (91-mile) commuter rail system under construction on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Running from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac, to Calamba, Laguna, with 36 stations and four services, the railway is designed to improve connectivity within the Greater Manila Area and will be integrated with the railway network in the region.

References

  1. About: Management Archived 23 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine , adb.org.
  2. ADB Annual Report 2022 (PDF). Asian Development Bank. 2023. p. 10. doi:10.22617/FLS230039. ISBN   978-92-9270-073-7 . Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  3. "ADB History". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  4. "Departments and Offices". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 Ming, Wan (Winter 1995–1996). "Japan and the Asian Development Bank". Pacific Affairs. 68 (4). University of British Columbia: 509–528. doi:10.2307/2761274. JSTOR   2761274. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.
  6. Anonymous. "ADB Annual Reports". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  7. "Scholarship Program: List of Academic Institutions". Asian Development Bank. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  8. "Intergovernmental Organizations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  9. "Shareholders" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  10. "Board of Directors". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  11. "New ADB President Masatsugu Asakawa Assumes Office". Asian Development Bank. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  12. "New ADB President Takehiko Nakao Assumes Office". Asian Development Bank. 28 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  13. Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (9 September 2024). "ADB president announces resignation". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  14. "Contacts." (Archive) Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on 21 April 2015. "6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong 1550, Philippines"
  15. "Contacts: How to Visit ADB Archived 23 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine ." (Archive) Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on 21 April 2015.
  16. "Key Facts". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "ADB History". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  18. Devesh Kapur; John Prior Lewis; Richard Charles Webb (1 December 2010). The World Bank: Perspectives. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 304–. ISBN   978-0-8157-2014-0.
  19. Frank N. Magill (23 April 2014). Chron 20c Hist Bus Comer. Routledge. pp. 891–. ISBN   978-1-134-26462-9.
  20. Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 70. ISBN   978-1-5036-3415-2. OCLC   1332788951.
  21. "Asian Development Bank" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  22. "Core Operational Areas". Asian Development Bank. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  23. "Education". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  24. "Environment, Climate Change, and Disaster Risk Management". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  25. "Finance Sector Development". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  26. "Sustainable Transport for All". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  27. "Information and Communications Technology". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  28. "Energy". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  29. "Water for All". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  30. "Urban Development". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  31. "Regional Cooperation and Integration". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  32. "ADF-OCR Merger to Boost Support for Region's Poor". Asian Development Bank. 2 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  33. "ADB news release". Asian Development Bank. 12 January 2018. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  34. "FAQs". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  35. "Management's Discussion and Analysis and Annual Financial Statements" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. 31 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  36. "2018 FINANCIAL REPORT" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. 31 December 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  37. "Private Sector (Nonsovereign) Financing". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  38. "Official Cofinancing". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  39. "Funds". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  40. "ADB raises $118 million from rupee-linked bonds". The Economic Times. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  41. "ADB Annual Report 2022" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  42. "Overview". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  43. "Exceptions to Disclosure". Asian Development Bank. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  44. "Hairatan to Mazar-i-Sharif railway | Railways of Afghanistan". andrewgrantham.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  45. "Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project – Additional Financing in Armenia: General Procurement Notice". Devex. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  46. "Proposed Green Power Development Project in Bhutan". Devex. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  47. "Government signs loan agreement with ADB for Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program–Project 4, Special Content – Association Releases – ConstructionBiz360". constructionbiz360.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  48. "India Project Notice". Bid Detail. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  49. "ADB supports vocational education in Indonesia". Antara. 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  50. Murphy, B. J. (June 2012). "Oudomxay hosts belated opening ceremony for water treatment plant". Lao People's Democratic Republic. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  51. "Food and Nutrition Social Welfare Programme and Project (Capacity Development Project – M&E)". Oxford Policy Management. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  52. "Malolos–Clark Railway Project: North-South Commuter Railway, PNR Clark – Phase 2". Asian Development Bank. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  53. "Philippines: South Commuter Railway Project". Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  54. "Philippines : Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge Project". 12 December 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  55. "Philippines : Laguna Lakeshore Road Network Project". Asian Development Bank. 11 November 2024.
  56. "Pacific banks go branchless to reach the unbanked". Scoop News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  57. Kilby, Christopher (2002). "Donor Influence in MDBs: The Case of the Asian Development Bank" (PDF). The Review of International Organizations. 68 (4): 509–528. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  58. "The Asian Development Bank and Food Security". Oxfam Australia. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
  59. "Inter Press Service – News and Views from the Global South". Archived from the original on 12 December 2007.
  60. "Large-scale ADB projects draw criticism". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  61. "RFI – NGO criticises ADB and questions its ability to reduce poverty". rfi.fr. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  62. ""ADB to meet amid food crisis, growing poverty"". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.
  63. Members, Capital Stock, and Voting Power (PDF). Asian Development Bank. May 2021. doi:10.22617/FLS210109. S2CID   243528302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  64. Bank, Asian Development (26 November 1998). A Graduation Policy for the Bank's DMCs. Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  65. "Members". Asian Development Bank. 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  66. Bank, Asian Development (4 December 1965). Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank. Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
  67. Joined as Kingdom of Laos, succeeded by Lao PDR in 1975
  68. Asian Development Bank and Taipei,China: Fact Sheet. Asian Development Bank. 26 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  69. Joined as Republic of China representing not only Taiwan Area, but also nominally Mainland China until 1986. However, its share of Bank capital was based on the size of Taiwan's capital, unlike the World Bank and IMF where the government in Taiwan had had a share. The representation was succeeded by China in 1986. However, the ROC was allowed to retain its membership, but under the name of "Taipei,China" (space deliberately omitted after the comma) Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine – a name it protests. Uniquely, this allows both sides of the Taiwan Straits to be represented at the institution.
  70. before 1975 was South Vietnam
  71. Joined as "British Hong Kong", not "Hong Kong SAR"
  72. Founding member; joined as West Germany.

Further reading