Palau

Last updated

Republic of Palau
Beluu er a Belau (Palauan)
Anthem:  Belau rekid
"Our Palau"
Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg
Palau - Location Map (2013) - PLW - UNOCHA.svg
Capital Ngerulmud
7°30′N134°37′E / 7.500°N 134.617°E / 7.500; 134.617
Largest city Koror
7°20′N134°29′E / 7.333°N 134.483°E / 7.333; 134.483
Official languages
Recognized regional languages
Ethnic groups
(2020 census [1] )
Religion
(2020 census) [1]
Demonym(s) Palauan
Government Unitary presidential republic under a non-partisan democracy
  President
Surangel Whipps Jr.
Uduch Sengebau Senior
Legislature Palau National Congress
Senate
House of Delegates
Independence  
from the United States
18 July 1947
 Constitution
2 April 1979
 Establishment of the Republic of Palau
1 January 1981
1 October 1994
Area
 Total
459 km2 (177 sq mi)(180th)
 Water (%)
negligible
Population
 2021 estimate
18,024 [2] [3] (192nd)
 2020 [1]  census
17,614
 Density
38.375/km2 (99.4/sq mi)
GDP  (PPP)2024 estimate
 Total
Increase Neutral.svg $308 million [4]
 Per capita
Increase Neutral.svg $18,209 [4] (81st)
GDP  (nominal)2024 estimate
 Total
Increase Neutral.svg $322 million [4]
 Per capita
Increase Neutral.svg $17,448 [4]
HDI  (2021)Decrease2.svg 0.767 [5]
high ·  80th
Currency United States dollar (USD)
Time zone UTC+9 (PWT)
 Summer (DST)
not observed
Date formatDD-MM-YYYY
Driving side right
Calling code +680
ISO 3166 code PW
Internet TLD .pw
Website
PalauGov.pw

Palau, [lower-alpha 1] officially the Republic of Palau, [lower-alpha 2] [6] is an island country in the Micronesia subregion of Oceania in the western Pacific. The republic consists of approximately 340 islands and connects the western chain of the Caroline Islands with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia. It has a total area of 466 square kilometers (180 sq mi), making it one of the smallest countries in the world. [7] The most populous island is Koror, home to the country's most populous city of the same name. The capital Ngerulmud is located on the largest island of Babeldaob, in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the northwest.

Contents

The country was originally settled approximately 3,000 years ago by migrants from Maritime Southeast Asia. [8] [9] Palau was first drawn on a European map by the Bohemian missionary Paul Klein [10] based on a description given by a group of Palauans shipwrecked on the Philippine coast on Samar. Palau islands were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1885. Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty, where they were administered as part of German New Guinea. After World War I, the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations. During World War II, skirmishes including the major Battle of Peleliu were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, Palau was made a part of the United States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947. Having voted in a referendum against joining the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978, [11] [12] the islands gained full sovereignty in 1994 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

Politically, Palau is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, which provides defense, funding, and access to social services. Legislative power is concentrated in the bicameral Palau National Congress. Palau's economy is based mainly on tourism, subsistence agriculture and fishing, with a significant portion of gross national product (GNP) derived from foreign aid. The country uses the United States dollar as its official currency. The islands' culture mixes Micronesian, Melanesian, Asian, and Western elements. Ethnic Palauans, the majority of the population, are of mixed Micronesian, Melanesian, and Austronesian descent. A smaller proportion of the population is of Japanese descent. The country's two official languages are Palauan (a member of the Austronesian language family) and English, with Japanese, Sonsorolese, and Tobian recognized as regional languages.

Etymology

The name for the islands in the Palauan language, Belau, derives from the Palauan word for "village", beluu (thus ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *banua), [13] or from aibebelau ("indirect replies"), relating to a creation myth. [14] The name "Palau" originated in the Spanish Los Palaos, eventually entering English via the German Palau. An archaic name for the islands in English was the "Pelew Islands". [15] Palau is unrelated to Pulau, which is a Malay word meaning "island" found in numerous place names in the region.

History

Palau History Timeline

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Bourbon Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1710–1785
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1785–1808
Bandera de Espana 1808-1813.svg Napoleonic Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1808–1813
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1813–1873
Flag of the First Spanish Republic.svg First Spanish Republic (Spanish East Indies) 1873–1874
Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1873–1899
Flag of German New Guinea.svg German New Guinea Company 1885–1899
Flag of the Philippines (1898-1901).svg First Philippine Republic January 23–February 12, 1899
Flag of Germany (1867-1918).svg German Empire (German New Guinea) 1899–1914
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg
Flag of the Governor of the South Pacific Mandate.svg Empire of Japan (South Seas Mandate) 1914–1944
Flag of the United States.svg United States 1944–1962
Flag of the United Nations.svg United Nations (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) 1947–1965
Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.svg United Nations (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) 1965–1979
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia 1979–1981
Flag of Palau.svg Palau 1981–present

Early history

Manila galleon in the Marianas and Carolinas, c. 1590 Boxer Codex Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg
Manila galleon in the Marianas and Carolinas, c. 1590 Boxer Codex

Palau was originally settled between the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE, most likely from the Philippines or Indonesia. [16] Sonsorol was sighted by the Spanish as early as 1522, when the Spanish mission of the Trinidad , the flagship of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, sighted two small islands around the 5th parallel north, naming them "San Juan". [17]

The next recording of the existence of Palau by Europeans came more than a century later in 1697 when a group of Palauans was shipwrecked on the Philippine island of Samar to the northwest. They were interviewed by the Bohemian missionary Paul Klein on 28 December 1696. Klein was able to draw the first known European map of Palau based on the Palauans' representation of their home islands that they made with an arrangement of 87 pebbles on the beach. Klein reported his findings to the Jesuit Superior General in a letter sent in June 1697. [18]

Spanish era

An 1888 map showing the Palau Islands of the Spanish East Indies (excluding the Philippine Islands) Islas Marianas Palaos y Carolinas.JPG
An 1888 map showing the Palau Islands of the Spanish East Indies (excluding the Philippine Islands)
Village on the Palau Islands, painting by Rudolf Hellgrewe c. 1908 Palau-Inseln.jpg
Village on the Palau Islands, painting by Rudolf Hellgrewe c. 1908
Koror chiefs in 1915 Koror chiefs in 1915.jpg
Koror chiefs in 1915

The Klein map and letter caused a vast interest in the new islands. Another letter written by Fr. Andrés Serrano was sent to Europe in 1705, essentially copying the information given by Klein. The letters resulted in three unsuccessful Jesuit attempts to travel to Palau from Spanish Philippines in 1700, 1708, and 1709. The islands were first visited by the Jesuit expedition led by Francisco Padilla on 30 November 1710. The expedition ended with the stranding of the two priests, Jacques Du Beron and Joseph Cortyl, on the coast of Sonsorol, because the mother ship Santísima Trinidad was driven to Mindanao by a storm. Another ship was sent from Guam in 1711 to save them only to capsize, causing the death of three more Jesuit priests. The failure of these missions gave Palau the original Spanish name Islas Encantadas (Enchanted Islands). [19]

Transitions era

Palau in Japanese mandate Koror in the Japanese Period.JPG
Palau in Japanese mandate

British traders became regular visitors to Palau in the 18th century (the British East India Company packet ship Antelope shipwrecked off Ulong Island in 1783, leading to Prince Lee Boo's visit to London), followed by expanding Spanish influence in the 19th century. Palau, under the name Palaos, was included in the Malolos Congress in 1898, the first revolutionary congress in the Philippines, which wanted full independence from colonialists. Palau was part of the Spanish East Indies headquartered in the Spanish Philippines. Palau had one appointed member to the Congress, becoming the only group of islands in the entire Caroline Islands granted high representation in a non-colonial Philippine Congress. Congress also supported the right of Palau to self-determination if ever it wished to pursue such a path. [20]

Later in 1899 as part of the Caroline Islands, Palau was sold by the Spanish Empire to the German Empire as part of German New Guinea in the German–Spanish Treaty (1899). During World War I, the Japanese Empire annexed the islands after seizing them from Germany in 1914. Following World War I, the League of Nations formally placed the islands under Japanese administration as part of the South Seas Mandate. In World War II, Palau was used by Japan to support its 1941 invasion of the Philippines, which succeeded in 1942. The invasion overthrew the American-installed Commonwealth government in the Philippines and installed the Japanese-backed Second Philippine Republic in 1943. [21]

United States era

During World War II, the United States captured Palau from Japan in 1944 after the costly Battle of Peleliu, when more than 2,000 Americans and 10,000 Japanese were killed and later the Battle of Angaur. In 1945–1946, the United States re-established control of the Philippines and managed Palau through the Philippine capital of Manila. By the latter half of 1946, however, the Philippines was granted full independence with the formation of the Third Republic of the Philippines, shifting the U.S. Far West Pacific capital to Guam. Palau was passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.[ citation needed ]

Independence

TTPI High Commissioner and staff, 1960s TTPI High Commissioner and staff.jpg
TTPI High Commissioner and staff, 1960s

Four of the Trust Territory districts joined and formed the Federated States of Micronesia in 1979, but the districts of Palau and the Marshall Islands voted against the proposed constitution. Palau, the westernmost cluster of the Carolines, instead opted for independent status in 1978, which was widely supported by the Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan. It approved a new constitution and became the Republic of Palau on 1 January 1981. [22] It signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States in 1982. In the same year, Palau became one of the founding members of the Nauru Agreement. The compact entered into force on 1 October 1994, [23] concluding Palau's transition from trusteeship to independence [24] as the last portion of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to secure its independence pursuant to Security Council Resolution 956. Palau also became a member of the Pacific Islands Forum but withdrew in February 2021 after a dispute regarding Henry Puna's election as the forum's secretary-general. [25] [26] Legislation making Palau an "offshore" financial center was passed by the U.S. Senate in 1998. [27]

In 2005, Palau led the Micronesia Challenge, which would conserve 30% of near-shore coastal waters and 20% of forest land of participating countries by 2020. In 2009, Palau created the world's first shark sanctuary, banning commercial shark fishing within its waters. In 2012, the Rock Islands of Palau was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [28]

In 2015, Palau became a member of the Climate Vulnerable Forum under the chairmanship of the Philippines, and at the same time, the country officially protected 80% of its water resources, becoming the first country to do so. [29] The protection of its water resources made significant increases in the country's economy in less than two years. [30] In 2017, it became the first state in the world to establish an eco-promise, known as the Palau Pledge, which is stamped on local and foreign passports. [31] In 2018, Palau and the Philippines began re-connecting their economic and diplomatic relations. The Philippines supported Palau to become an observer state in ASEAN.

Politics and government

Capitol of Palau, the seat of government Capitol, Melekeok, Palau.jpg
Capitol of Palau, the seat of government

Palau is a democratic republic. The President of Palau is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the Palau National Congress. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Palau adopted a constitution in 1981.

The Compact of Free Association between the United States and Palau [32] sets forth the free and voluntary association of their governments. It primarily focuses on the issues of government, economic, security, and defense relations. [33] Palau has no independent military, relying on the United States for its defense. Under the compact, the American military was granted access to the islands for 50 years. The U.S. Navy role is minimal, limited to a handful of Navy Seabees (construction engineers).[ citation needed ] The U.S. Coast Guard patrols in national waters. The government has agreed to host a large United States Air Force high-frequency radar station in Palau, an over-the-horizon-radar system costing well over $100 million, which is expected to be operational in 2026. [34] [35]

In November 2020, Surangel Whipps Jr was elected as the new President of Palau to succeed President Tommy Remengesau. [36]

Foreign relations

President Thomas Remengesau with Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen in 2016 Zong Tong Jie Shou Bo Liu Gong He Guo Zong Tong Lei Meng Jie Suo (Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr.) Zeng Li  (27163347055).jpg
President Thomas Remengesau with Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen in 2016

As a sovereign state, Palau conducts its own foreign relations. [24] Since independence, Palau has established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including many of its Pacific neighbors, like Micronesia and the Philippines. On 29 November 1994, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 963 recommending Palau's admission to the United Nations. The United Nations General Assembly approved admission for Palau pursuant to Resolution 49/63 on 15 December 1994. [37] Palau has since joined several other international organizations. In September 2006, Palau hosted the first Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit. Its president has made official visits to other Pacific countries, including Japan. [38]

Flags of countries who have foreign relations with Palau, Palasia Hotel Palasia Hotel Palau.JPG
Flags of countries who have foreign relations with Palau, Palasia Hotel

The United States maintains a diplomatic delegation and an embassy in Palau, but most aspects of the countries' relationship have to do with compact-funded projects, which are the responsibility of the U.S. Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs. [39] [ failed verification ] For example, as part of this compact, Palau was granted ZIP Codes 96939 and 96940, along with regular U.S. Mail delivery. In international politics, Palau often votes in tandem with the United States on United Nations General Assembly resolutions. [40]

Palau has maintained close ties with Japan, which has funded infrastructure projects, including the Koror–Babeldaob Bridge. In 2015, Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko visited Peleliu to honor the 70th anniversary of World War II. [41]

In 1981, Palau voted for the world's first nuclear-free constitution. This constitution banned the use, storage, and disposal of nuclear, toxic chemical, gas, and biological weapons without first being approved by a 75 percent majority in a referendum. [42] This ban delayed Palau's transition to independence because while negotiating the compact, the U.S. insisted on the option to operate nuclear-propelled vessels and store nuclear weapons within the territory, [43] prompting campaigns for independence. [44] In 2017, Palau signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. [45]

President Remengesau with Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte in 2018 Palau Pres Thomas Remengesau with PH President Rodrigo Duterte.jpg
President Remengesau with Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte in 2018

Palau is a member of the Nauru Agreement for the Management of Fisheries. [46] The Philippines, a neighboring ally of Palau to the west has expressed its intent to back Palau if ever it wishes to join ASEAN. [47]

In June 2009, Palau announced that it would accept up to seventeen Uyghurs who had previously been detained by the American military at Guantanamo Bay, [48] with some American compensation for the cost of their upkeep. [49] Only one of the Uyghurs initially agreed to resettlement, [50] but by the end of October, six of the seventeen had been transferred to Palau. [51] An aid agreement with the United States, finalized in January 2010, was reported to be unrelated to the Uyghur agreement. [52]

Administrative divisions

The sixteen states of Palau States of Palau.jpg
The sixteen states of Palau
Republic of Palau Palau-CIA WFB Map.png
Republic of Palau

Palau is divided into sixteen states (until 1984 called municipalities). These are listed below with their areas (in square kilometers) and 2015 and 2020 Census populations:

StateArea (km2)Population 2015 CensusPopulation 2020 CensusNotes
Flag of Kayangel.svg Kayangel 1.75441Comprises the islands of Kayangel Atoll
Flag of Ngarchelong.svg Ngarchelong 11.2316384At the northern end of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngaraard State.svg Ngaraard 34413396At the northern end of Babeldaob Island, just south of Ngarchelong State
Flag of Ngardmau State.png Ngardmau 34185238On the western side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngeremlengui State, Palau.svg Ngaremlengui 68350349On the western side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngatpang.svg Ngatpang 33282289On the western side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngiwal State.png Ngiwal 17282312On the eastern side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Melekeok.svg Melekeok 26277318On the eastern side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngchesar State.png Ngchesar 43291319On the eastern side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Aimeliik.svg Aimeliik 44334363In the southwestern part of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Airai State.png Airai 592,4552,529In the southeastern part of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Koror State.png Koror 60.5211,44411,199Comprises Koror, Ngerekebesang, and Malakal Islands, plus the Rock Islands (Chelbacheb) and Eil Malk to the southwest
Flag of Peleliu.svg Peleliu 22.3484470Comprises Peleliu Island and some islets to its north, notably Ngercheu
Flag of Angaur State.svg Angaur 8.06119114Angaur Island, 12 km south of Peleliu
Flag of Sonsorol.svg Sonsorol 3.14053Comprises Sonsorol, Fanna, Pulo Anna, and Merir Islands
Flag of Hatohobei.svg Hatohobei 0.92539Comprises Tobi Island and (uninhabited) Helen Reef

Historically, Palau's Rock Islands have been part of the State of Koror.

Maritime law enforcement

The Euatel, Kabekl M'tal and Bul provide littoral fishery protection. Palau Maritime Police vessel.jpg
The Euatel , Kabekl M'tal and Bul provide littoral fishery protection.

Palau's Division of Marine Law Enforcement patrols the nation's 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 square miles) exclusive economic zone. They operate two long-range patrol boats, the Kedam and the Remeliik II , to hunt for poachers and unlicensed fishermen. [54] [55] [56] Smaller boats are used for littoral operations. [53] They are based on Koror. [57]

Political future

Palau may now be seen, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, as a key example of the successes of modern state-building. It has successfully transitioned peacefully from colonial rule to full admission to the United Nations. Palau has maintained strong foreign relations with its neighbors in its region of Oceania. There have also been pushes for Palau to have observer status to the ASEAN as a demonstration of its growing influence in the region. [58] However, Palau's peaceful transition to fully autonomous sovereign state is not without debate.

Palau is hugely reliant on international aid, as demonstrated by President Surangel Whipps Jr address to the UN General Assembly in 2021. [59] American influence has led some to contest that there are challenges to its sovereignty with its reliance on the American military under the Compact of Free Association, although not officially designated a de facto protectorate or otherwise. American influence has resulted in huge changes to Palau's society, economy, and political processes, and as such Palau may not yet be seen as a fully independent state or a fully realized success of modern state-building. [60]

Geography

Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Palau has the fifth highest percentage of forest cover in the world. Share Of Forest Area In Total Land Area, Top Countries (2021).svg
Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Palau has the fifth highest percentage of forest cover in the world.

Palau's territory consists of an archipelago located in the Pacific Ocean. Its most populous islands are Angaur, Babeldaob, Koror and Peleliu. The latter three lie together within the same barrier reef, while Angaur is an oceanic island several kilometers to the south. About two-thirds of the population lives on Koror. The coral atoll of Kayangel is north of these islands, while the uninhabited Rock Islands (about 200) are west of the main island group. A remote group of six islands, known as the Southwest Islands, some 604 kilometers (375 miles) from the main islands, make up the states of Hatohobei and Sonsorol.

Climate

Palau has a tropical rainforest climate with an annual mean temperature of 28 °C (82 °F). Rainfall is heavy throughout the year, averaging 3,800 mm (150 in). The average humidity is 82% and, although rain falls more frequently between June and October, there is still much sunshine. Palau lies on the edge of the typhoon belt. Tropical disturbances frequently develop near Palau every year, but significant tropical cyclones are quite rare. Mike, Bopha and Haiyan are the only systems that struck Palau as typhoons on record. [61]

Climate data for Palau Islands (1961–1990)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)30.6
(87.1)
30.6
(87.1)
30.9
(87.6)
31.3
(88.3)
31.4
(88.5)
31.0
(87.8)
30.6
(87.1)
30.7
(87.3)
30.9
(87.6)
31.1
(88.0)
31.4
(88.5)
31.1
(88.0)
31.0
(87.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)27.3
(81.1)
27.2
(81.0)
27.5
(81.5)
27.9
(82.2)
28.0
(82.4)
27.6
(81.7)
27.4
(81.3)
27.5
(81.5)
27.7
(81.9)
27.7
(81.9)
27.9
(82.2)
27.7
(81.9)
27.6
(81.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)23.9
(75.0)
23.9
(75.0)
24.1
(75.4)
24.4
(75.9)
24.5
(76.1)
24.2
(75.6)
24.1
(75.4)
24.3
(75.7)
24.5
(76.1)
24.4
(75.9)
24.4
(75.9)
24.2
(75.6)
24.2
(75.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches)271.8
(10.70)
231.6
(9.12)
208.3
(8.20)
220.2
(8.67)
304.5
(11.99)
438.7
(17.27)
458.2
(18.04)
379.7
(14.95)
301.2
(11.86)
352.3
(13.87)
287.5
(11.32)
304.3
(11.98)
3,758.3
(147.97)
Average rainy days19.015.916.714.820.021.921.019.816.820.118.719.9224.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 198.4194.9244.9234.0210.8168.0186.0176.7198.0179.8183.0182.92,357.4
Source: Hong Kong Observatory [62]

Environment

Aerial view of Ngerukewid Ngerukewid-2016-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg
Aerial view of Ngerukewid
Aerial view of Rock Islands Rock-Islands-Palau-1-2016-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg
Aerial view of Rock Islands
Rock Islands in Palau Palau-rock-islands20071222.jpg
Rock Islands in Palau
An aerial view of limestone islands Palau 2008030818 4709 (2347767520).jpg
An aerial view of limestone islands

Palau has a history of strong environmental conservation. For example, Ngerukewid islands and the surrounding area are protected under the Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve, which was established in 1956. [63] While much of Palau remains free of environmental degradation, areas of concern include illegal dynamite fishing, inadequate solid waste disposal facilities in Koror, and extensive sand and coral dredging in the Palau lagoon. As with other Pacific island states, rising sea level presents a major environmental threat. However, according to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research average carbon dioxide emissions per person were 60 tonnes in 2019, the highest in the world, and mostly from transport. [64] [ clarification needed ] Inundation of low-lying areas threatens coastal vegetation, agriculture, and an already insufficient water supply. Wastewater treatment is a problem, along with the handling of toxic waste from fertilizers and biocides.

One species of saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, is indigenous to Palau, occurring in varying numbers throughout the mangroves and in parts of the Rock Islands. Although this species is generally considered extremely dangerous, there has only been one fatal human attack, on 28 December 1965, in Palau in modern history. [65] This attack led to a crocodile eradication program and trade in crocodile hides that ran into the 1980s. A management and conservation program running since the 1990s has led to a stabilization of the Palauan crocodile population. [66]

On 5 November 2005, President Tommy E. Remengesau Jr. took the lead on a regional environmental initiative called the Micronesia Challenge, which would conserve 30% of near-shore coastal waters and 20% of forest land by 2020. Following Palau, the initiative was joined by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the US territories of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands. Together, this combined region represents nearly 5% of the marine area of the Pacific Ocean and 7% of its coastline.

Palau contains the Palau tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion. [67] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.09/10, ranking it 27th globally out of 172 countries. [68] The country is vulnerable to earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tropical storms.

Shark sanctuary

On 25 September 2009, Palau announced that it would create the world's first shark sanctuary. [69] Palau banned all commercial shark fishing within the waters of its exclusive economic zone. The sanctuary protects about 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 sq mi) of ocean, [70] a similar size to France. [71] [72] [73] President Johnson Toribiong announced the sanctuary at a meeting of the United Nations. [71] [74] [75] Toribiong proposed a worldwide ban on fishing for sharks. [71] In 2012, Palau received the Future Policy Award from World Future Council, because "Palau is a global leader in protecting marine ecosystems". [76]

Economy

Artificially made German Channel is one of the most popular dive sites. It is also a major transport route for boats that connects the lagoon to the Pacific Ocean in the south-west. German-Channel-2016-aerial-view-Luka-Peternel.jpg
Artificially made German Channel is one of the most popular dive sites. It is also a major transport route for boats that connects the lagoon to the Pacific Ocean in the south-west.
Aerial view of Koror-Babeldaob Bridge in 2016 Koror-Babeldaob-Bridge-2016-Luka-Peternel.jpg
Aerial view of Koror–Babeldaob Bridge in 2016

Palau's economy consists primarily of tourism, subsistence agriculture, and fishing. Tourist activity focuses on scuba diving and snorkeling in the islands' rich marine environment, including its barrier reefs' walls and World War II wrecks. In April 2022, Palau launched Ol'au Palau, a responsible tourism program aimed to preserve the country's natural environment and traditional culture. [77] The government is the largest employer, relying heavily on US financial assistance. Business and tourist arrivals numbered some 50,000 in fiscal year 2000–2001.

Although Palau's ship registry represents less than 0.001% of the world fleet of commercial ships, it contains almost 60% of last-voyage flags in 2019. It suggests that the registry is used by shipping companies to evade end-of-life responsibilities. These responsibilities entail the decommissioning of a ship in such a way that the environmental impact and labor conditions are in order. [78]

The population enjoys a per capita income twice that of Micronesia as a whole. Long-term prospects for the key tourist sector have been greatly bolstered by the expansion of air travel in the Pacific Rim, the rising prosperity of leading East Asian countries and the willingness of foreigners to finance infrastructure development.

Air service has at times been spotty. Palau Micronesia Air, Asian Spirit and Pacific Flier provided service to the Philippines and other destinations at various times during the 2000s, but all suspended service. [79] United Airlines provides near-daily service to and from Guam, and once-weekly service to Yap. Also, Korean Air provides service three times per week to Incheon.

Palau is served by an 80-bed hospital, Belau National Hospital. With some medical specialties, there is no such specialty care in Palau necessitating medical care in Taiwan, the Philippines, or Hawaii. [80] There are no dermatologists or ophthalmologists (eye specialists) in Palau. [81] VEGF drugs for diabetic eye diseases cannot be given for eye conditions so laser surgery is done by visiting American ophthalmologists. [81] Belau National Hospital cannot treat certain brain hemorrhages necessitating emergency airlift to Taiwan. [82]

In November 2006, Pacific Saving Bank officially announced bankruptcy. On 13 December 2006, the Palau Horizon reported that 641 depositors had been affected. Among them, 398 held less than US$5,000, with the remainder ranging from US$5,000 to US$2 million. On 12 December, 79 affected people received compensation. Toribiong said, "The fund for the payout came from the balance of the Palau government's loan from Taiwan." From a total of US$1 million, which originally was for assisting Palau's development, US$955,000 was left at the time of bankruptcy. Toribiong requested the Taiwanese government use the balance to repay its loans. Taiwan agreed to the request. The compensation would include those who held less than US$4,000 in an account. [83]

The income tax has three brackets with progressive rates of 9.3 percent, 15 percent, and 19.6 percent respectively. Corporate tax is four percent, and the Palau Goods and Services Tax was introduced on 1 January 2023. It is a broad-based tax of 10%, applied to most goods and services and other items sold or consumed in Palau. [84] There are no property taxes.

Major tourist draws in Palau include Rock Islands Southern Lagoon, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, [85] and four tentative UNESCO sites, namely, Ouballang ra Ngebedech (Ngebedech Terraces), Imeong Conservation Area, Yapease Quarry Sites, and Tet el Bad (Stone Coffin). [86]

Transportation

Palau International Airport Palau International Airport 1.JPG
Palau International Airport

Palau International Airport provides scheduled direct flights with Guam, Manila, and Taipei. Palau Pacific Airways also has charter flights to and from Hong Kong and Macau. In addition, the states of Angaur and Peleliu have regular service to domestic destinations. On 23 November 2023, Drukair (Royal Bhutan Airlines) operated its first flight from Singapore to Palau, operating on behalf of Alii Palau Airlines. [87]

Freight, military, and cruise ships often call at Malaehaka Harbor, on Malakal Island outside Koror. The country has no railways, and of the 61 km or 38 mi of highways, only 36 km or 22 mi are paved. Driving is on the right, and the speed limit is 40 km/h (25 mph). Taxis are available in Koror. They are not metered, and fares are negotiable. Transportation between islands mostly relies on private boats and domestic air services. However, there are some state-run boats [88] between islands as a cheaper alternative.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1958 8,987    
1970 11,210+24.7%
1980 12,116+8.1%
1990 15,122+24.8%
1995 17,225+13.9%
2000 19,129+11.1%
2005 19,907+4.1%
2015 17,661−11.3%
2020 17,614−0.3%
Source:
  • "Island Areas". U.S. Census Bureau.
  • "Census of Population and Housing". PalauGov.pw.

The population of Palau is approximately 21,779 (2023), [89] of whom 73% are native Palauans of mixed Melanesian and Austronesian descent. There are many Asian communities within Palau. Filipinos form the largest Asian group and second largest ethnic group in the country, dating back to the Spanish colonial period. There are significant numbers of Chinese and Koreans. There are also smaller numbers of Palauans of mixed or full Japanese ancestry. Most Palauans of Asian origin came during the late 20th century with many Chinese, Bangladeshis, and Nepalese coming to Palau as unskilled workers and professionals. [90] There are also small numbers of Europeans and Americans.

Languages

The official languages of Palau are Palauan and English, except in two states (Sonsorol and Hatohobei) where the local languages, Sonsorolese and Tobian, respectively, along with Palauan, are official. Japanese is spoken by some older Palauans and is an official language in Angaur. [91] [92] Because of the inheritance of the education system from the Republic's time as a trust territory, English is a core subject within the Palauan Education System, with a majority of its population utilizing it as a second language.

Religion

According to the 2020 census, 46.9% of the population is Roman Catholic, 25.9% Protestant (primarily Evangelical), 5% Seventh-day Adventist, 5.1% Modekngei, 4.9% Muslim, 0.9% The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and 11.4% other religions. [1] There is also a small Jewish community. [93]

The German and Japanese occupations of Palau both subsidized missionaries to follow the Spanish. Germans sent Roman Catholics and Protestants, the Japanese sent Shinto and Buddhist, and the Spaniards sent Roman Catholic missionaries as they controlled Palau. Three-quarters of the population are Christians (mainly Roman Catholics and Protestants), while Modekngei (a combination of Christianity, traditional Palauan religion and fortune telling) and the ancient Palauan religion are commonly observed. Japanese rule brought Mahayana Buddhism and Shinto to Palau, which was the majority religion among Japanese settlers. However, following Japan's World War II defeat, the remaining Japanese largely converted to Christianity, while some continued to observe Buddhism but stopped practicing Shinto rites. [94] There are approximately 400 Bengali Muslims.

Culture

A traditional Palauan bai A traditional Palauan hut, 2012.jpg
A traditional Palauan bai

Palauan society follows a very strict matrilineal system. Matrilineal practices are seen in nearly every aspect of Palauan traditions, especially in funerals, marriages, inheritance, and the passing of traditional titles.

The cuisine includes local foods such as cassava, taro, yam, potato, fish and pork. It is also heavily influenced by Japanese, American, and Philippines' cuisine, because of the significant presence of Filipino migrant workers. Fruit bat soup is a commonly referenced Palauan delicacy. [95] Some local drinks include an alcoholic drink made from a coconut on the tree; a drink made from the roots of the kava; and the chewing of betel nuts. A dessert called tama was developed in Palau. [96]

Traditional government

Newspapers

Palau has several newspapers: [97] [98]

Sports

Baseball has been popular in Palau since its introduction to the country in the 1920s by the Japanese. The Palau national baseball team won the gold medal at the 1990, 1998 and 2010 Micronesian Games, as well as at the 2007 Pacific Games. On 20 June 2022, left fielder Bligh Madris played his first game for the Pittsburgh Pirates against the Chicago Cubs, thus becoming the first Palauan to play in the MLB. Palau has a national football team, organized by the Palau Football Association, but is not a member of FIFA. The association organizes the Palau Soccer League.

The Belau Omal Marathon began in 2023 as a partnership between Palau and Taiwan.

Education

Primary education is required until age 16. Schools include both public (including Palau High School) and private institutions as well as some fields of study available at Palau Community College. For further undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, students travel abroad to attend tertiary institutions, primarily in the United States. Palau offers distance learning through San Diego State University and the University of the South Pacific. [99]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Micronesia</span> Subregion of Oceania

Micronesia is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: Maritime Southeast Asia to the west, Polynesia to the east, and Melanesia to the south—as well as with the wider community of Austronesian peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Palau</span> Historical account of the island country Palau

Palau was initially settled around 1000 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koror</span> State in Palau

Koror is the state comprising the main commercial centre of the Republic of Palau. It consists of several islands, the most prominent being Koror Island. It is Palau’s most populous state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peleliu</span> State in Palau

Peleliu is an island in the island nation of Palau. Peleliu, along with two small islands to its northeast, forms one of the sixteen states of Palau. The island is notable as the location of the Battle of Peleliu in World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angaur</span> State in Palau

Angaur, or Ngeaur in Palauan, is an island and state in the island nation of Palau.

The Micronesians or Micronesian peoples are various closely related ethnic groups native to Micronesia, a region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. They are a part of the Austronesian ethnolinguistic group, which has an Urheimat in Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Tmetuchl</span> Palauan politician and businessman (1926–1999)

Roman Tmetuchl was a Palauan political leader and businessman. He grew up in Japanese-controlled Palau and joined the Kempeitai, the Japanese secret police, during World War II. After the war, he became the leader of Palau's Liberal Party. He worked in the Congress of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1964 to 1978 and advocated for Palau gaining a separate status from the rest of Micronesia. He became governor of Airai and engaged in three unsuccessful Palauan presidential campaigns. As a businessman, Tmetuchl led several construction projects for his business holdings and for the Palauan community, including the Palau International Airport and a Seventh-Day Adventist clinic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of Palau</span> Overview of and topical guide to Palau

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Palau:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belau National Museum</span> National museum in Koror, Palau

The Belau National Museum (BNM), previously Palau Museum, is a museum in Koror, Palau. It is the oldest continuously run museum in Micronesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belau Air</span>

Belau Air, Inc. is a Palauan airline with its headquarters in Koror City. Belau Air is the only air carrier operating solely throughout the island nation of Palau, having its hub at Roman Tmetuchl International Airport in the state of Airai nearby the country's main city and former capital Koror. Belau Air currently owns only one small plane, a Cessna 150, which can hold one passenger. The service makes daily flights to the Palauan states of Peleliu and Angaur, both of which are small island communities southwest of the State of Koror. The plane is also used for tourism and offers tours throughout Palau's Rock Islands. The airline does not travel internationally, and other airlines are used to travel into and out of Palau. Shuttle service is provided to transport passengers from the Roman Tmetuchl International Airport in Airai to Koror.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngerulmud</span> Capital city of Palau

Ngerulmud is the seat of government of the Republic of Palau, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean. It replaced Koror City as a capital in 2006. The settlement is located in the state of Melekeok on Babeldaob, the country's largest island, located 20 kilometers northeast of Koror City and 2 km northwest of Melekeok City. It is the least-populous capital city of a sovereign nation in the world.

There is a small Japanese community in the Pacific Island country of Palau, which mainly consists of Japanese expatriates residing in Palau over a long-term basis. A few Japanese expatriates started to reside in Palau after it gained independence in 1994, and established long-term businesses in the country. Japanese settlement in Palau dates back to the early 19th century, although large scale Japanese migration to Palau did not occur until the 1920s, when Palau came under Japanese rule and administered as part of the South Seas Mandate. Japanese settlers took on leading administrative roles in the Japanese colonial government, and developed Palau's economy. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, virtually all of the Japanese population was repatriated back to Japan, although people of mixed Japanese-Palauan descent were allowed to remain behind. People of Japanese-Palauan descent constitute a large minority of Palau's population as a result of substantial intermarriage between the Japanese settlers and Palauans. They generally identify with, conforming to cultural norms and daily lives with the Palauans.

Chinese have been settling in Palau in small numbers since the 19th century. The early settlers consisted of traders and labourers, and often intermarried with Palauan women. Their offspring quickly assimilated with the local populace and generally identify themselves as Palauan. In recent years, Palau has seen a growing expatriate business community from Taiwan, after Palau established formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan in 1999.

The sport of baseball is widely played in Palau, having been introduced by the Japanese during their occupation of the island nation. The highest level of league play in Palau in represented by Palau Major League (PML), which is overseen by the Belau Baseball Federation. The country is represented in international play by the Palau national baseball team.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japan–Palau relations</span> Bilateral relations

Diplomatic relations are maintained between Japan and Palau, a small island country in the western Pacific Ocean that was once a Japanese colony. There is a Japanese embassy on the Palauan island of Koror and a Palauan embassy in Tokyo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koror (city)</span> City in Koror State, Palau

Koror City is the largest city and the commercial center in Palau, home to about half of the country's population, located on Koror Island. During the interwar period it served as the capital of the South Seas Mandate, a group of islands that made up the League of Nations mandated territory held by the Empire of Japan. It was subsequently the capital of Palau until it was replaced by Ngerulmud in 2006.

Mirair Gabriela Ngirmang was a Palauan peace and anti-nuclear activist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palau–Spain relations</span> Bilateral relations

Palau–Spain relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these two countries. Palau currently has no diplomatic or consular representation in Spain. However, Spain has a consulate in Koror, while the embassy representing Spain for Palau is in Manila, Philippines.

Palauan nationality law is regulated by the 1980 Constitution of Palau, as amended; the 1994 Palau Citizenship Act, and its revisions; and international agreements entered into by the Palauan government. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Palau. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Palauan nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Palau or under the rules of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth abroad to parents with Palauan nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country through naturalization.

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Notes

  1. /pəˈl/ ; Palauan: Belau, pronounced [ˈbɛlaw]
  2. Palauan: Beluu er a Belau

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7°30′N134°30′E / 7.500°N 134.500°E / 7.500; 134.500