Forest Landscape Integrity Index

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Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2019 map of the Earth. 0 = Most modification; 10= Least. Flii globe.png
Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2019 map of the Earth. 0 = Most modification; 10= Least.

The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Created by a team of 48 scientists, the FLII, in its measurement of 300m pixels of forest across the globe, finds that ~17.4 million km2 of forest has high landscape-level integrity (with a score from 9.6–10), compared to ~14.6 million with medium integrity (6–9.6) and ~12.2 million km2 with low integrity (0–6).

Contents

The FLII finds that most remaining high-integrity forest landscapes are found in Canada, Russia, Rocky Mountains, Alaska, the Amazon, the Guianas, southern Chile, Central Africa, and New Guinea. Low integrity forests, on the other hand, are found in Western and Central Europe, the American Southwest, South-East Asia west of New Guinea, the Andes, much of China and India, the Albertine Rift, West Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Atlantic Forests of Brazil.

The results are meant to help decision-makers at all levels achieve their commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). [1]

Forest Integrity

An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range. [6]

Country rankings

172 countries have been ranked: [7]

Forest Landscape Integrity 2019
CountryMean FLIILow integrity (km2)Medium integrity (km2)High integrity (km2)Total forest area (km2)Map
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 10006868
FLII Seychelles.png
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 9.8172495569
FLII Sudan.png
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 9.584,16240,817147,413192,391
FLII Guyana.png
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan 9.455,08359,389146,218210,691
FLII SouthSudan.png
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 9.396,79625,031107,954139,781
FLII Suriname.png
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 9.3652011,91527,40739,841
FLII Mongolia.png
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 9.2830,161139,350379,097548,608
FLII CAR.png
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 9.1313187372572
FLII Botswana.png
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 9.0711,780118,348120,852250,979
FLII Gabon.png
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation 9.02739,4842,245,2815,137,0798,121,843
FLII Russia.png
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 8.99480,2061,027,3862,968,2684,475,860
FLII Canada.png
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo 8.8924,512124,215158,184306,911
FLII CongoRep.png
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan 8.863292,8192,7615,909
FLII Kyrgyzstan.png
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 8.8685,793190,547509,720786,061
FLII Peru.png
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 8.85901,4759772,542
FLII Afghanistan.png
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan 8.851,62016,76910,14028,529
FLII Bhutan.png
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 8.8437,294183,415216,355437,064
FLII PapuaNewGuinea.png
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu 8.827345,3224,44810,504
FLII Vanuatu.png
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 8.7864,650170,792351,112586,554
FLII Venezuela.png
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 8.6534137130301
FLII Tajikistan.png
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 8.4778,745280,532272,007631,284
FLII Bolivia.png
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 8.435131736
FLII Namibia.png
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 8.35105,487284,054315,895705,436
FLII Angola.png
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 8.351,75310,8023,59416,148
FLII Fiji.png
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 8.26150,737272,442428,320851,499
FLII Colombia.png
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 8.236,06818,92615,29440,288
FLII Kazakhstan.png
Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 8.09453339387
FLII Palau.png
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 8.028,37440,1568,41056,939
FLII NorthKorea.png
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 866,191181,336119,263366,789
FLII Cameroon.png
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 7.993,98217,5955,00726,585
FLII EquatorialGuinea.png
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 7.796,98217,8039,78434,570
FLII Georgia.png
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei Darussalam 7.711,1022,8421,4985,442
FLII Brunei.png
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 7.692841,149821,515
FLII Comoros.png
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 7.673,36112,9302,16218,453
FLII Iran.png
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 7.6648,82277,58573,492199,900
FLII Ecuador.png
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  DRC 7.56533,118935,508727,9832,196,608
FLII CongoDR.png
Flag of Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Micronesia 7.55835043
FLII Micronesia.png
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 7.521,374,9021,354,9612,338,1015,067,963
FLII Brazil.png
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 7.596,969164,376110,822372,167
FLII Zambia.png
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 7.422,0347,0904599,583
FLII NorthMacedonia.png
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 7.422,0907,8591,13911,088
FLII Pakistan.png
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 7.41405
FLII Lesotho.png
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 7.3756,84941,97193,537192,357
FLII Chile.png
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 7.357411,9353993,075
FLII Bahamas.png
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 7.2313,78541,9923,76059,538
FLII Nepal.png
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 7.22117,672239,624103,852461,148
FLII Australia.png
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 7.2198,249189,96672,557360,772
FLII Argentina.png
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 7.196,87115,3103,14925,329
FLII Solomons.png
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 7.18129,745220,18896,924446,857
FLII Myanmar.png
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 7.1652,65284,43044,397181,479
FLII Ethiopia.png
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 7.164519961401,586
FLII Mali.png
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 7.163471,384461,777
FLII Somalia.png
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 7.14533,800974,431301,0511,809,282
FLII China.png
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 7.13123,997159,712122,812406,521
FLII Tanzania.png
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 7.1234,50344,15535,334113,992
FLII NewZealand.png
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 7.118472,4561623,465
FLII Senegal.png
Flag of East Timor.svg  Timor-Leste 7.111,7837,008478,838
FLII TimorLeste.png
Flag of India.svg  India 7.09117,992254,79254,428427,211
FLII India.png
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 7.063881,026181,432
FLII Cyprus.png
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 6.9839,34367,38316,627123,352
FLII Norway.png
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.95912210312
FLII StVincentGrenadines.png
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 6.93150,665189,362115,379455,406
FLII Mozambique.png
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 6.82193,908280,445121,842596,195
FLII Mexico.png
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 6.772,4265,2561227,805
FLII Albania.png
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 6.77214227199640
FLII Uzbekistan.png
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 6.742,2604,0764516,787
FLII Morocco.png
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 6.651,328,0791,144,693658,6453,131,417
FLII USA.png
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  Sao Tome and Principe 6.64311400171
FLII SaoTomePrincipe.png
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 6.621,4782,1764184,072
FLII Trinidad.png
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 6.614,54827,8331,07843,459
FLII Greece.png
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 6.6535,370509,018431,9731,476,361
FLII Indonesia.png
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 6.554,8207,1891,53413,543
FLII Azerbaijan.png
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 6.412,9494,778827,809
FLII Montenegro.png
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 6.3978,538102,62629,877211,041
FLII Paraguay.png
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 6.3943,04368,2433,516114,801
FLII Turkey.png
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 6.388,78614,5471,45324,786
FLII Taiwan.png
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cabo Verde 6.372738065
FLII CapeVerde.png
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 6.3725,42021,31014,60561,336
FLII Panama.png
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 6.3130,14331,93916,34978,431
FLII Cambodia.png
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 6.31533037
FLII Turkmenistan.png
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 6.319,45014,4171,64425,511
FLII Zimbabwe.png
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 6.264,62165,35524,307154,283
FLII Nigeria.png
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 6.185,2616,0161,91013,187
FLII Chad.png
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 6.172353160551
FLII StLucia.png
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 6.157,0047,9572,74417,705
FLII Belize.png
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 6.0918,88426,32584746,057
FLII Bulgaria.png
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 6.0225,06032,00988857,956
FLII SouthKorea.png
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 686,27689,32633,612209,214
FLII Thailand.png
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.9913,38717,03157430,993
FLII Bosnia Herzegovina.png
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 5.9538,39548,39460787,395
FLII Romania.png
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 5.9191,820100,8318,393201,044
FLII Philippines.png
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 5.885,0644,5221,07610,662
FLII Togo.png
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 5.864,7243,6981,76910,191
FLII Benin.png
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 5.8320,.54122,3901,61344,544
FLII SriLanka.png
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 5.8135,783133,48016,005285,268
FLII Japan.png
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 5.7412,51412,1672,39627,078
FLII Malawi.png
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 5.79,2748,70285518,831
FLII GuineaBissau.png
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 5.5992,98680,56419,252192,801
FLII Laos.png
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 5.461,8941,68133,577
FLII Armenia.png
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 5.4656747801,045
FLII Mauritius.png
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 5.4510,0137,2511,94719,211
FLII Bangladesh.png
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 5.422,60518,4601,63242,697
FLII Cuba.png
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 5.35174,415109,77923,494307,687
FLII Sweden.png
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 5.3582,55175,3539,588167,492
FLII Vietnam.png
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 5.2917,51314,11251632,141
FLII Serbia.png
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 5.227,4186,0448113,543
Flii algeria.png
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 5.192,6281,775474,450
FLII Kosovo.png
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 5.141,35498702,340
FLII Tunisia.png
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 5.08144,31083,5729,294237,176
FLII Finland.png
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 5.015,3623,2491588,770
FLII Jamaica.png
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 5.01130,82591,95721,499244,281
FLII Malaysia.png
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 4.9445,48934,9683,19683,653
FLII SouthAfrica.png
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 4.9215,73210,52237926,633
FLII Croatia.png
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 4.981,70254,8772,895139,475
FLII Guinea.png
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 4.85152017
FLII Libya.png
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 4.7951,97531,16211,02594,163
FLII Liberia.png
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 4.72114920206
FLII Antigua.png
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 4.6527,16412,8384,16444,167
FLII CostaRica.png
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 4.63120,34066,58411,922198,846
FLII Madagascar.png
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 4.56181850266
FLII TheGambia.png
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.5595500145
FLII StKittsNevis.png
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 4.5357,51928,9012,16088,580
FLII Ghana.png
Flag of France.svg  France 4.52161,98749,49674,121285,604
FLII France.png
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 4.56,8823,8414610,769
FLII Burundi.png
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 4.559420101
FLII Liechtenstein.png
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 4.4857,89923,8023,69285,392
FLII Honduras.png
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 4.45170490219
FLII Andorra.png
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 4.3677,30336,3817,507121,190
FLII Uganda.png
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 4.3417,6158,165025,781
FLII Slovakia.png
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 4.2382,77046,013133128,916
FLII Spain.png
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 4.22221860308
FLII Grenada.png
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 4.215,0542,501147,569
FLII Eswatini.png
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 4.228,42713,5584,70246,686
FLII Kenya.png
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 4.1919,8909,36451829,772
FLII Dominican Republic.png
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 4.14170850255
FLII Israel.png
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 4.058,8372,947011,784
FLII ElSalvador.png
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 4.017,1162,831129,959
FLII Haiti.png
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 3.8558,57218,7645,59282,928
FLII Guatemala.png
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 3.855,6652,1706198,454
FLII Rwanda.png
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 3.7811,0653,791014,856
FLII Slovenia.png
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 3.765411150656
FLII Lebanon.png
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 3.6579,40326,85825106,286
FLII Italy.png
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Cote d'Ivoire 3.64158,01041,0057,288206,303
FLII IvoryCoast.png
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 3.6484128201,123
FLII Syria.png
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 3.6377,87020,8479198,808
FLII Belarus.png
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 3.6365,35617,6464,85887,860
FLII Nicaragua.png
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 3.6111,7933,998015,791
FLII Uruguay.png
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 3.5910490113
FLII Iraq.png
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 3.5536,66612,4222149,109
FLII Austria.png
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 3.5313,6364,4121018,058
FLII Switzerland.png
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 3.389,54020,183176109,900
FLII Ukraine.png
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 3.0524,4734,8325229,358
FLII Estonia.png
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 2.79120012
FLII Jordan.png
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 2.7652,51211,85864065,010
FLII SierraLeone.png
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 2.28122,16811,3070133,475
FLII Germany.png
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 2.2518,7292,047020,776
FLII Hungary.png
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 2.24101,8867,1030108,989
FLII Poland.png
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 2.23,11320203,315
FLII Moldova.png
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 2.0938,1642,137040,301
FLII Latvia.png
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechia 1.7132,1611,611033,772
FLII Czechia.png
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 1.6529,1492,9173532,101
FLII UK.png
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 1.6224,554930025,484
FLII Lithuania.png
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 1.368,80329709,099
FLII Belgium.png
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 1.121,170001,170
FLII Luxembourg.png
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 1.1117020172
FLII Singapore.png
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 1.0653120533
FLII Dominica.png
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 0.925,2839605,378
FLII Ireland.png
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 0.8225,966553026,519
FLII Portugal.png
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 0.65,2507205,322
FLII Netherlands.png
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 0.564,772218695,059
FLII Egypt.png
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 0.55,7563105,787
FLII Denmark.png
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 0.017007
FLII SanMarino.png
  Countries with high mean FLII (8-10)
  Countries with medium mean FLII (5-7.99)
  Countries with low mean FLII (0-4.99)

Background

The index was authored by a global team of forest conservation experts, including: [1]

InstitutionAuthor(s)
Wildlife Conservation Society, The Bronx H.S. Grantham; A. Duncan; T. D. Evans; K. R. Jones; J. Walston; J. G. Robinson; M. Callow; T. Clements; H. M. Costa; A. DeGemmis; P. R. Elsen; P. Franco; S. Jupiter; A. Kang; S. Lieberman; M. Linkie; M. Mendez; C. Samper; J. Silverman; T. Stevens; E. Stokes; T. Tear; R. Tizard; S. Wang; J. E. M. Watson
University of Queensland, Brisbane H. L. Beyer; S. Maxwell; H. Possingham; J. E. M. Watson
Carleton University, Ottawa R. Schuster
Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto J. C. Ray
United Nations Development Program, Manhattan J. Ervin
World Resources Institute, Washington, DC E. Goldman; R. Taylor
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff S. Goetz; P. Jantz
Montana State University, Bozeman A. Hansen
Rainforest Foundation Norway, Oslo E. Hofsvang
Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas P. Langhammer; R. Mittermeier
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona P. Langhammer
James Cook University, Cairns W. F. Laurance; N. J. Murray
University of Oxford, Oxford Y. Malhi
The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia H. Possingham
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California S. Saatchi
World Wide Fund for Nature Germany, Berlin A. Shapiro
International Institute of Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro B. Strassburg
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia O. Venter
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria P. Visconti

See also

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The forests of Canada are located across much of the country. Approximately half of Canada is covered by forest, totaling around 2.4 million km2. Over 90% of Canada's forests are owned by the public. About half of the forests are allocated for logging.

References

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