Forest Landscape Integrity Index

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Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2019 map of the Earth. 0 = Most modification; 10= Least. Forest Landscape Integrity Index map of Earth, 2019 (forest condition by degree of anthropogenic modification).png
Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2019 map of the Earth. 0 = Most modification; 10= Least.

The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Created by a team of 47 scientists, [6] the FLII, in its measurement of 300m pixels of forest across the globe, finds that ~17.4 million km2 of forest has high landscape-level integrity (with a score from 9.6–10), compared to ~14.6 million with medium integrity (6–9.6) and ~12.2 million km2 with low integrity (0–6). [7]

Contents

The FLII finds that most remaining high-integrity forest landscapes are found in Canada, Russia, the Rocky Mountains, Alaska, the Amazon, the Guianas, southern Chile, Central Africa, and New Guinea. Low integrity forests, on the other hand, are found in Western and Central Europe, the American Southeast, South-East Asia, west of New Guinea, the Andes, much of China and India, the Albertine Rift, West Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Atlantic Forests of Brazil.

The results are meant to help decision-makers at all levels achieve their commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). [1]

Forest Integrity

An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range. [8]

Country rankings

172 countries have been ranked: [9]

Forest Landscape Integrity 2019
CountryMean FLIILow integrity (km2)Medium integrity (km2)High integrity (km2)Total forest area (km2)Map
Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles 10006868
FLII Seychelles.png
Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 9.8172495569
FLII Sudan.png
Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 9.584,16240,817147,413192,391
FLII Guyana.png
Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan 9.455,08359,389146,218210,691
FLII SouthSudan.png
Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 9.396,79625,031107,954139,781
FLII Suriname.png
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 9.3652011,91527,40739,841
FLII Mongolia.png
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic 9.2830,161139,350379,097548,608
FLII CAR.png
Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 9.1313187372572
FLII Botswana.png
Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon 9.0711,780118,348120,852250,979
FLII Gabon.png
Flag of Russia.svg Russia 9.02739,4842,245,2815,137,0798,121,843
FLII Russia.png
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 8.99480,2061,027,3862,968,2684,475,860
FLII Canada.png
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Congo 8.8924,512124,215158,184306,911
FLII CongoRep.png
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 8.863292,8192,7615,909
FLII Kyrgyzstan.png
Flag of Peru.svg Peru 8.8685,793190,547509,720786,061
FLII Peru.png
Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan 8.85901,4759772,542
FLII Afghanistan.png
Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan 8.851,62016,76910,14028,529
FLII Bhutan.png
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea 8.8437,294183,415216,355437,064
FLII PapuaNewGuinea.png
Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu 8.827345,3224,44810,504
FLII Vanuatu.png
Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 8.7864,650170,792351,112586,554
FLII Venezuela.png
Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan 8.6534137130301
FLII Tajikistan.png
Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 8.4778,745280,532272,007631,284
FLII Bolivia.png
Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 8.435131736
FLII Namibia.png
Flag of Angola.svg Angola 8.35105,487284,054315,895705,436
FLII Angola.png
Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 8.351,75310,8023,59416,148
FLII Fiji.png
Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 8.26150,737272,442428,320851,499
FLII Colombia.png
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 8.236,06818,92615,29440,288
FLII Kazakhstan.png
Flag of Palau.svg Palau 8.09453339387
FLII Palau.png
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 8.028,37440,1568,41056,939
FLII NorthKorea.png
Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 866,191181,336119,263366,789
FLII Cameroon.png
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 7.993,98217,5955,00726,585
FLII EquatorialGuinea.png
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 7.796,98217,8039,78434,570
FLII Georgia.png
Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Darussalam 7.711,1022,8421,4985,442
FLII Brunei.png
Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 7.692841,149821,515
FLII Comoros.png
Flag of Iran.svg Iran 7.673,36112,9302,16218,453
FLII Iran.png
Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 7.6648,82277,58573,492199,900
FLII Ecuador.png
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg DRC 7.56533,118935,508727,9832,196,608
FLII CongoDR.png
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia 7.55835043
FLII Micronesia.png
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 7.521,374,9021,354,9612,338,1015,067,963
FLII Brazil.png
Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 7.596,969164,376110,822372,167
FLII Zambia.png
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 7.422,0347,0904599,583
FLII NorthMacedonia.png
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 7.422,0907,8591,13911,088
FLII Pakistan.png
Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 7.41405
FLII Lesotho.png
Flag of Chile.svg Chile 7.3756,84941,97193,537192,357
FLII Chile.png
Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas 7.357411,9353993,075
FLII Bahamas.png
Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal 7.2313,78541,9923,76059,538
FLII Nepal.png
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 7.22117,672239,624103,852461,148
FLII Australia.png
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 7.2198,249189,96672,557360,772
FLII Argentina.png
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands 7.196,87115,3103,14925,329
FLII Solomons.png
Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar 7.18129,745220,18896,924446,857
FLII Myanmar.png
Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 7.1652,65284,43044,397181,479
FLII Ethiopia.png
Flag of Mali.svg Mali 7.164519961401,586
FLII Mali.png
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia 7.163471,384461,777
FLII Somalia.png
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 7.14533,800974,431301,0511,809,282
FLII China.png
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 7.13123,997159,712122,812406,521
FLII Tanzania.png
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 7.1234,50344,15535,334113,992
FLII NewZealand.png
Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 7.118472,4561623,465
FLII Senegal.png
Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste 7.111,7837,008478,838
FLII TimorLeste.png
Flag of India.svg India 7.09117,992254,79254,428427,211
FLII India.png
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 7.063881,026181,432
FLII Cyprus.png
Flag of Norway.svg Norway 6.9839,34367,38316,627123,352
FLII Norway.png
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.95912210312
FLII StVincentGrenadines.png
Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 6.93150,665189,362115,379455,406
FLII Mozambique.png
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 6.82193,908280,445121,842596,195
FLII Mexico.png
Flag of Albania.svg Albania 6.772,4265,2561227,805
FLII Albania.png
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 6.77214227199640
FLII Uzbekistan.png
Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 6.742,2604,0764516,787
FLII Morocco.png
Flag of the United States.svg United States 6.651,328,0791,144,693658,6453,131,417
FLII USA.png
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg Sao Tome and Principe 6.64311400171
FLII SaoTomePrincipe.png
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 6.621,4782,1764184,072
FLII Trinidad.png
Flag of Greece.svg Greece 6.614,54827,8331,07843,459
FLII Greece.png
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 6.6535,370509,018431,9731,476,361
FLII Indonesia.png
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 6.554,8207,1891,53413,543
FLII Azerbaijan.png
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 6.412,9494,778827,809
FLII Montenegro.png
Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 6.3978,538102,62629,877211,041
FLII Paraguay.png
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 6.3943,04368,2433,516114,801
FLII Turkey.png
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan 6.388,78614,5471,45324,786
FLII Taiwan.png
Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cabo Verde 6.372738065
FLII CapeVerde.png
Flag of Panama.svg Panama 6.3725,42021,31014,60561,336
FLII Panama.png
Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 6.3130,14331,93916,34978,431
FLII Cambodia.png
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 6.31533037
FLII Turkmenistan.png
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 6.319,45014,4171,64425,511
FLII Zimbabwe.png
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 6.264,62165,35524,307154,283
FLII Nigeria.png
Flag of Chad.svg Chad 6.185,2616,0161,91013,187
FLII Chad.png
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia 6.172353160551
FLII StLucia.png
Flag of Belize.svg Belize 6.157,0047,9572,74417,705
FLII Belize.png
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 6.0918,88426,32584746,057
FLII Bulgaria.png
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 6.0225,06032,00988857,956
FLII SouthKorea.png
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 686,27689,32633,612209,214
FLII Thailand.png
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.9913,38717,03157430,993
FLII Bosnia Herzegovina.png
Flag of Romania.svg Romania 5.9538,39548,39460787,395
FLII Romania.png
Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 5.9191,820100,8318,393201,044
FLII Philippines.png
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo 5.885,0644,5221,07610,662
FLII Togo.png
Flag of Benin.svg Benin 5.864,7243,6981,76910,191
FLII Benin.png
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 5.8320,.54122,3901,61344,544
FLII SriLanka.png
Flag of Japan.svg Japan 5.8135,783133,48016,005285,268
FLII Japan.png
Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi 5.7412,51412,1672,39627,078
FLII Malawi.png
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 5.79,2748,70285518,831
FLII GuineaBissau.png
Flag of Laos.svg Laos 5.5992,98680,56419,252192,801
FLII Laos.png
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 5.461,8941,68133,577
FLII Armenia.png
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 5.4656747801,045
FLII Mauritius.png
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 5.4510,0137,2511,94719,211
FLII Bangladesh.png
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 5.422,60518,4601,63242,697
FLII Cuba.png
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 5.35174,415109,77923,494307,687
FLII Sweden.png
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 5.3582,55175,3539,588167,492
FLII Vietnam.png
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 5.2917,51314,11251632,141
FLII Serbia.png
Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 5.227,4186,0448113,543
Flii algeria.png
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 5.192,6281,775474,450
FLII Kosovo.png
Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 5.141,35498702,340
FLII Tunisia.png
Flag of Finland.svg Finland 5.08144,31083,5729,294237,176
FLII Finland.png
Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 5.015,3623,2491588,770
FLII Jamaica.png
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 5.01130,82591,95721,499244,281
FLII Malaysia.png
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 4.9445,48934,9683,19683,653
FLII SouthAfrica.png
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 4.9215,73210,52237926,633
FLII Croatia.png
Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 4.981,70254,8772,895139,475
FLII Guinea.png
Flag of Libya.svg Libya 4.85152017
FLII Libya.png
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia 4.7951,97531,16211,02594,163
FLII Liberia.png
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda 4.72114920206
FLII Antigua.png
Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 4.6527,16412,8384,16444,167
FLII CostaRica.png
Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 4.63120,34066,58411,922198,846
FLII Madagascar.png
Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia 4.56181850266
FLII TheGambia.png
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.5595500145
FLII StKittsNevis.png
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 4.5357,51928,9012,16088,580
FLII Ghana.png
Flag of France.svg France 4.52161,98749,49674,121285,604
FLII France.png
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi 4.56,8823,8414610,769
FLII Burundi.png
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 4.559420101
FLII Liechtenstein.png
Flag of Honduras (2022-present).svg Honduras 4.4857,89923,8023,69285,392
FLII Honduras.png
Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 4.45170490219
FLII Andorra.png
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 4.3677,30336,3817,507121,190
FLII Uganda.png
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 4.3417,6158,165025,781
FLII Slovakia.png
Flag of Spain.svg Spain 4.2382,77046,013133128,916
FLII Spain.png
Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada 4.22221860308
FLII Grenada.png
Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini 4.215,0542,501147,569
FLII Eswatini.png
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 4.228,42713,5584,70246,686
FLII Kenya.png
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 4.1919,8909,36451829,772
FLII Dominican Republic.png
Flag of Israel.svg Israel 4.14170850255
FLII Israel.png
Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 4.058,8372,947011,784
FLII ElSalvador.png
Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 4.017,1162,831129,959
FLII Haiti.png
Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 3.8558,57218,7645,59282,928
FLII Guatemala.png
Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 3.855,6652,1706198,454
FLII Rwanda.png
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 3.7811,0653,791014,856
FLII Slovenia.png
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 3.765411150656
FLII Lebanon.png
Flag of Italy.svg Italy 3.6579,40326,85825106,286
FLII Italy.png
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Cote d'Ivoire 3.64158,01041,0057,288206,303
FLII IvoryCoast.png
Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria 3.6484128201,123
FLII Syria.png
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 3.6377,87020,8479198,808
FLII Belarus.png
Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 3.6365,35617,6464,85887,860
FLII Nicaragua.png
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 3.6111,7933,998015,791
FLII Uruguay.png
Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 3.5910490113
FLII Iraq.png
Flag of Austria.svg Austria 3.5536,66612,4222149,109
FLII Austria.png
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 3.5313,6364,4121018,058
FLII Switzerland.png
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 3.389,54020,183176109,900
FLII Ukraine.png
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 3.0524,4734,8325229,358
FLII Estonia.png
Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 2.79120012
FLII Jordan.png
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 2.7652,51211,85864065,010
FLII SierraLeone.png
Flag of Germany.svg Germany 2.28122,16811,3070133,475
FLII Germany.png
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 2.2518,7292,047020,776
FLII Hungary.png
Flag of Poland.svg Poland 2.24101,8867,1030108,989
FLII Poland.png
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 2.23,11320203,315
FLII Moldova.png
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 2.0938,1642,137040,301
FLII Latvia.png
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechia 1.7132,1611,611033,772
FLII Czechia.png
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1.6529,1492,9173532,101
FLII UK.png
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 1.6224,554930025,484
FLII Lithuania.png
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 1.368,80329709,099
FLII Belgium.png
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 1.121,170001,170
FLII Luxembourg.png
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 1.1117020172
FLII Singapore.png
Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica 1.0653120533
FLII Dominica.png
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 0.925,2839605,378
FLII Ireland.png
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal 0.8225,966553026,519
FLII Portugal.png
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 0.65,2507205,322
FLII Netherlands.png
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 0.564,772218695,059
FLII Egypt.png
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 0.55,7563105,787
FLII Denmark.png
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 0.017007
FLII SanMarino.png
  Countries with high mean FLII (8-10)
  Countries with medium mean FLII (5-7.99)
  Countries with low mean FLII (0-4.99)

Background

The index was authored by a global team of forest conservation experts, including: [1]

InstitutionAuthor(s)
Wildlife Conservation Society, The Bronx H.S. Grantham; A. Duncan; T. D. Evans; K. R. Jones; J. Walston; J. G. Robinson; M. Callow; T. Clements; H. M. Costa; A. DeGemmis; P. R. Elsen; P. Franco; S. Jupiter; A. Kang; S. Lieberman; M. Linkie; M. Mendez; C. Samper; J. Silverman; T. Stevens; E. Stokes; T. Tear; R. Tizard; S. Wang; J. E. M. Watson
University of Queensland, Brisbane H. L. Beyer; S. Maxwell; H. Possingham; J. E. M. Watson
Carleton University, Ottawa R. Schuster
Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto J. C. Ray
United Nations Development Program, Manhattan J. Ervin
World Resources Institute, Washington, DC E. Goldman; R. Taylor
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff S. Goetz; P. Jantz
Montana State University, Bozeman A. Hansen
Rainforest Foundation Norway, Oslo E. Hofsvang
Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas P. Langhammer; R. Mittermeier
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona P. Langhammer
James Cook University, Cairns W. F. Laurance; N. J. Murray
University of Oxford, Oxford Y. Malhi
The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia H. Possingham
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California S. Saatchi
World Wide Fund for Nature Germany, Berlin A. Shapiro
International Institute of Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro B. Strassburg
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia O. Venter
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria P. Visconti

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 . ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   7723057 . PMID   33293507.
  2. Elcacho, Joaquim (2020-12-14). "Descubre con este mapa dónde están los mejores bosques de tu país y del mundo" [Discover with this map where are the best forests in your country and in the world]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  3. "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature-based Solutions Initiative. University of Oxford. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  4. Попова, Марина (2020-12-09). "Прямое влияние человека обошло стороной 40 процентов современных лесов" [Direct human influence bypassed 40 percent of modern forests] (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  5. "New Forest Landscape Integrity Index Reveals that Only 40 Percent of World's Forests Have High Integrity". WCS Newsroom. Wildlife Conservation Society. 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  6. "Forest Landscape Integrity Index". www.forestintegrity.com. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  7. "Forest Landscape Integrity Index - Further Information". www.forestintegrity.com. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  8. Parrish, Jeffrey D.; Braun, David P.; Unnasch, Robert S. (2003). "Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring Ecological Integrity within Protected Areas". BioScience. 53 (9): 851. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0851:AWCWWS]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN   0006-3568.
  9. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 . ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   7723057 . PMID   33293507.