List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

Last updated

Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2024
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>$60,000
$50,000 - $60,000
$40,000 - $50,000
$30,000 - $40,000
$20,000 - $30,000
$10,000 - $20,000
$5,000 - $10,000
$2,500 - $5,000
$1,000 - $2,500
<$1,000
No data Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2024.svg
Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2024
  >$60,000
  $50,000 – $60,000
  $40,000 – $50,000
  $30,000 – $40,000
  $20,000 – $30,000
  $10,000 – $20,000
  $5,000 – $10,000
  $2,500 – $5,000
  $1,000 – $2,500
  <$1,000
  No data

A country's gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is the PPP value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year. This is similar to nominal GDP per capita but adjusted for the cost of living in each country.

Contents

In 2023, the estimated average GDP per capita (PPP) of all of the countries was Int$22,452. [a] For rankings regarding wealth, see list of countries by wealth per adult.

Method

The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita figures on this page are derived from PPP calculations. Such calculations are prepared by various organizations, including the IMF and the World Bank. As estimates and assumptions have to be made, the results produced by different organizations for the same country are not hard facts and tend to differ, sometimes substantially, so they should be used with caution.

Comparisons of national wealth are frequently made based on nominal GDP and savings (not just income), which do not reflect differences in the cost of living in different countries (see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita ); hence, using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing generalized differences in living standards between economies because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather than using only exchange rates, which may distort the real differences in income.

This is why GDP (PPP) per capita is often considered one of the indicators of a country's standard of living, [2] [3] although this can be problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. (See Standard of living and GDP .)

GDP (PPP) and GDP (PPP) per capita are usually measured by international dollar, which is a hypothetical currency that has the same purchasing power in every economy as the U.S. dollar in the United States.

Table

All figures are in current international dollars, and rounded to the nearest whole number.

The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available year's estimates, and can be re-ranked by any of the sources.

*Nearly all country links in the table connect to articles titled "Income in (country or territory)" or to "Economy of (country or territory)".

GDP per capita (current international dollar) by country or  territory, non-sovereign state or non-IMF member 
Country/Territory IMF [4] [5] World Bank [6] CIA [7] [8] [9]
ProjectionYearEstimateYearEstimateYear
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg * 151,1462024143,3422023115,7002021
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore * 148,1862024141,5002023106,0002021
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein * 139,1002009
Flag of Macau.svg Macau * 130,4172024113,183202364,8002021
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland * 127,7502024127,6232023102,5002021
Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco * 115,7002015
Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar * 115,0752024121,125202292,2002021
Flag of Bermuda.svg Bermuda * 106,866202280,3002021
Flag of Norway.svg Norway * 103,4462024104,460202365,7002021
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland * 95,837202492,980202371,0002021
Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei * 91,046202486,446202360,1002021
Flag of the United States.svg United States * 86,601202481,695202363,7002021
Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg Cayman Islands * 85,168202267,5002021
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man * 84,6002014
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark * 83,454202476,688202358,0002021
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands * 81,495202478,215202356,6002021
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino * 80,305202465,718202156,4002020
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan * 79,031202447,8002019
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland * 78,808202477,567202353,6002020
Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana * 78,667202455,263202321,9002021
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates * 77,251202483,903202369,7002021
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands * 76,567202240,0002014
Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong * 75,128202471,482202360,0002021
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium * 73,222202470,456202351,7002021
Flag of Austria.svg Austria * 73,051202473,751202354,1002021
Flag of Malta.svg Malta * 72,942202462,446202344,7002021
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden * 71,731202470,207202353,6002021
Flag of Germany.svg Germany * 70,930202469,338202353,1002021
Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg Falkland Islands * 70,8002015
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia * 69,475202469,115202349,8002021
Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra * 68,612202471,588202349,9002015
Flag of France.svg France * 65,940202461,157202345,0002021
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain * 65,345202463,848202349,4002021
Flag of Finland.svg Finland * 64,657202465,061202348,8002021
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia * 63,118202454,992202344,3002021
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea * 62,960202454,033202344,2002021
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada * 62,766202461,582202347,9002021
Flag of Europe.svg European Union * [n 1] 62,660202460,349202344,1002021
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom * 62,574202458,906202345,0002021
Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar * 61,7002014
Flag of Italy.svg Italy * 60,993202458,755202341,9002021
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus * 59,858 [n 2] 202457,101 [n 2] 202341,700 [n 2] 2021
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic * 56,686202453,817202340,7002020
Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey * 56,6002016
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia * 55,684202454,948202340,0002021
Flag of Spain.svg Spain * 55,089202452,779202337,9002021
Flag of Israel.svg Israel * 54,446202453,434202342,1002021
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania * 53,624202451,877202339,3002021
Flag of Japan.svg Japan * 53,059202450,207202340,8002021
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand * 52,983202454,110202342,9002021
Flag of Aruba.svg Aruba * 52,945202445,236202238,9002021
Flag of Guernsey.svg Guernsey * 52,5002014
Flag of Poland.svg Poland * 51,627202449,464202334,9002021
Flag of Sint Maarten.svg Sint Maarten (Dutch part) * 51,527202335,3002018
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait * 49,736202456,386202343,9002020
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico * 49,594202447,700202332,6002021
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal * 49,237202448,759202333,7002021
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia * 48,811202445,910202331,6002021
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia * 48,008202448,992202338,7002021
Flag of Russia.svg Russia * 47,299202444,104202327,5002022
Flag of Romania.svg Romania * 47,204202447,903202330,8002021
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary * 46,807202445,942202333,6002021
Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg U.S. Virgin Islands * 46,238202137,0002016
Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg Saint Pierre and Miquelon * 46,2002006
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia * 45,632202444,650202331,9002021
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia * 43,527202442,501202332,1002021
Flag of Greece.svg Greece * 42,066202441,187202329,5002021
Flag of Greenland.svg Greenland * 41,8002015
Flag of Oman.svg Oman * 41,652202444,421202334,3002021
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan * 41,366202439,333202326,1002021
Flag of Panama.svg Panama * 41,292202439,695202329,0002021
Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles * 41,078202432,694202328,8002021
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia * 41,022202437,248202326,3002021
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey * 40,283202444,151202331,5002021
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria * 39,185202438,690202324,4002020
Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas * 37,517202435,555202330,2002021
Flag of FLNKS.svg New Caledonia * 35,7002021
Flag of Guam.svg Guam * 35,6002016
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis * 35,276202433,403202326,5002021
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago * 34,987202431,572202323,0002021
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay * 34,440202434,062202322,8002021
Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives * 34,322202424,809202318,8002021
Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg British Virgin Islands * 34,2002017
Flag of Montserrat.svg Montserrat * 34,0002011
Flag of Chile.svg Chile * 33,574202433,285202325,4002021
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus * 32,098202430,752202319,8002021
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius * 32,063202429,499202321,0002021
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro * 31,858202431,216202320,6002021
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda * 31,474202431,802202319,1002021
Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica * 29,779202427,953202321,2002021
Flag of Curacao.svg Curaçao * 29,524202320,8002021
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia * 29,039202427,402202319,8002021
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic * 28,950202425,611202318,6002021
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina * 28,704202429,363202321,5002021
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia * 27,363 [n 3] 202424,681 [n 3] 202315,500 [n 3] 2021
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia * 27,052202425,129202313,0002021
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia * 26,912202424,873202316,5002021
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan * 26,881202417,100201915,0002019
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China * 26,310 [n 4] 202424,558 [n 5] 202317,600 [n 4] 2021
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand * 25,212202423,423202317,1002021
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico * 24,971202425,602202319,1002021
Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg Turks and Caicos Islands * 24,820202318,5002021
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan * 24,698202423,686202314,4002021
 World24,567 [i] 202420,946202217,0002021
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg Northern Mariana Islands * 24,5002016
Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon * 24,129202421,947202313,8002021
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia * 23,376202423,055202314,2002021
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil * 22,123202420,584202314,1002020
Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados * 22,035202419,357202313,8002021
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea * 21,751202418,724202314,6002021
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina * 21,498202422,846202315,7002021
Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia * 21,437202421,548202314,6002021
Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname * 21,404202421,047202314,8002021
Flag of Albania.svg Albania * 21,377202421,395202314,5002021
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt * 20,799202418,817202311,6002021
Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada * 20,306202417,654202313,7002021
Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana * 19,723202419,383202314,8002021
Flag of Iran.svg Iran * 19,607202417,922202312,4002020
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine * 19,603 [n 6] 202418,008 [n 6] 202312,900 [n 6] 2021
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * 19,425202419,876202313,7002021
Flag of France.svg Saint Martin (French part) * 19,3002005
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia * 19,063202418,108202311,7002021
Flag of French Polynesia.svg French Polynesia * 18,6002021
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova * 18,524 [n 7] 202417,384 [n 7] 202314,000 [n 7] 2021
Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica * 18,391202417,599202310,9002021
Flag of Peru.svg Peru * 17,775202416,717202312,5002021
Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria * 17,718202417,027202311,0002021
Flag of Palau.svg Palau * 17,207202417,491202313,8002021
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo * 16,852202415,029202311,9002021
Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan * 16,754202415,022202210,9002021
Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay * 16,642202417,466202313,7002021
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia * 16,542202415,613202311,9002021
Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador * 16,516202415,870202310,7002021
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam * 16,193202415,194202310,6002021
Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji * 16,003202415,047202310,4002021
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa * 15,723202415,847202313,3002021
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg Cook Islands * 15,6002022
Flag of Libya.svg Libya * 15,351202419,641202322,0002021
Flag of Belize.svg Belize * 14,958202414,19520238,8002021
Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala * 14,791202414,06720238,9002021
Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq * 14,757202413,96920239,0002021
Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia * 14,338202413,682202310,4002021
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka * 14,255202214,455202313,4002021
Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador * 13,173202412,54220239,1002021
Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini * 12,963202411,74120238,9002021
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba * 12,3002016
Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica * 12,283202411,47520239,6002021
Flag of Anguilla.svg Anguilla * 12,2002008
Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines * 12,080202410,75620238,1002021
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon * 11,784202212,853202213,0002021
Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia * 11,730202412,75720239,1002021
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan * 11,59620249,72520237,7002021
Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde * 11,397 [n 8] 20249,086 [n 8] 20236,100 [n 8] 2021
Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia * 11,323202410,72720238,1002021
Flag of American Samoa.svg American Samoa * 11,2002016
Flag of India.svg India * 11,112202410,17620236,6002021
Flag of Niue.svg Niue * 11,1002021
Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan * 10,917202410,45220239,2002021
Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru * 10,829202412,671202311,9002021
Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco * 10,61520249,74320238,100 [n 9] 2021
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh * 9,84020249,06620235,9002021
Flag of Laos.svg Laos * 9,72720249,32620237,8002021
Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua * 8,95020248,04420235,6002021
Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti * 8,60120247,20420234,9002021
Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela * 8,404202417,40220117,7042018
Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania * 8,23320246,93420235,3002021
Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia * 8,13720245,62420234,4002021
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana * 7,97520247,46620235,4002021
Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga * 7,81120247,01620226,1002021
Flag of Angola.svg Angola * 7,80120248,04120235,9002021
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Saint Helena, Ascension and
Tristan da Cunha
7,8002010
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan * 7,77320247,10320234,8002021
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast * 7,64820247,79120235,3002021
Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras * 7,60520247,21120235,6002021
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya * 7,15720246,32420234,7002021
Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa * 6,99820246,68120235,5002021
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan * 6,71520246,21220235,2002021
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands * 6,68820247,49120236,0002021
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria * 6,54320246,31820234,9002021
Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu * 6,48020245,76320234,9002021
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Congo * 6,40420246,93320233,2002021
Flag of Syria.svg Syria * 6,37520102,91420212,9002015
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe * 6,20520246,06420234,1002020
Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine * 6,057 [n 10] 20235,888 [n 10] 20235,600 [n 11] 2021
Flag of Tokelau.svg Tokelau * 6,0042017
Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon * 5,56620245,38020233,7002021
Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan * 5,53320245,08220233,9002021
Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal * 5,34820245,18220233,8002021
Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar * 5,20620245,90520234,400 [n 12] 2021
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe * 5,07120243,90020232,1002021
Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal * 5,05620244,83320233,5002021
Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste * 4,69720245,10920235,0002021
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia * 4,68920244,21720233,3002021
Flag of Benin.svg Benin * 4,50120244,24820233,3002021
Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea * 4,32120244,42920232,6002021
Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia * 4,19020244,12620233,2002021
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania * 4,13420243,97220232,6002021
Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia * 4,04520243,10920232,3002021
Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros * 3,86120243,85520233,2002021
Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg Wallis and Futuna * 3,8002004
Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda * 3,74720243,36120232,2002021
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda * 3,64220243,09820232,2002021
Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati * 3,61220243,52220231,9002021
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea * 3,54220244,60720233,7002022
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone * 3,50520241,84720231,6002021
Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia 3,49120243,16320232,1002021
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo * 3,29020243,15520232,1002021
Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho * 3,26020242,79420232,3002021
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau * 3,11020242,63020231,8002021
Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti * 3,03920243,25620232,9002021
Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu * 2,87820243,31520232,8002021
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso * 2,85020242,72720232,2002021
Flag of Mali.svg Mali * 2,84320242,72620232,1002021
Flag of Chad.svg Chad * 2,83220241,96920231,4002021
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands * 2,62720243,03520232,4002021
Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan * 2,51320243,13720233,7002021
Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan * 2,11620222,09320221,5002021
Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen * 1,99620243,43720132,5002017
Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar * 1,99020241,87520231,5002021
Flag of Niger.svg Niger * 1,97820241,81720231,2002021
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia * 1,90220241,81920231,4002021
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia * 1,84420241,61120231,1002021
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg DR Congo * 1,84220241,67120231,1002021
Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea * 1,83220191,62920111,6002017
Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique * 1,73020241,65720231,2002021
Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi * 1,71420241,86820231,5002021
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea * 1,7002015
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic * 1,29620241,13020238002021
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi * 986202495120237002021
Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan * 76320241,14620151,6002017

Footnotes

  1. There is no explicit "GDP (PPP) per capita" World estimate provided by the IMF. For this figure, the GDP (PPP) world value [ii] has been divided by the global population according to the IMF. [iii]
  2. "IMF DataMapper / Datasets / World Economic Outlook (October 2024) / Population". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  1. The EU is included because it is much more than a free-trade association like ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur. -- See: "The World Factbook". CIA. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2022. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. Thus, the inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. -- However, because the EU is an organization and not a sovereign state, it does not receive a ranking in this list.
  2. 1 2 3 Data is for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
  3. 1 2 3 Excludes data for Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
  4. 1 2 IMF and CIA figures exclude Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  5. World Bank figures exclude the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  6. 1 2 3 Figures exclude the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
  7. 1 2 3 Excludes data for Transnistria.
  8. 1 2 3 Referred to as "Cabo Verde".
  9. Includes Western Sahara.
  10. 1 2 Referred to as "West Bank and Gaza" in the IMF and World Bank reports.
  11. CIA registers 2 separate entries for Palestine: "West Bank" and "Gaza Strip". Figures for West Bank include the Gaza Strip -- see "The World Factbook - West Bank". CIA.gov. 15 November 2022.
  12. Referred to as "Burma".

Expanding the coverage of illegal economic activities in Euro area national accounts

The share of the shadow economy is significant in many European countries, ranging from less than 10 to over 40 per cent of GDP. [10] Since 2014, EU member states have been encouraged by Eurostat, the official statistics body, to include some illegal activities. [11] [12] [13]

Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens

There are many natural economic reasons for GDP-per-capita to vary between jurisdictions (e.g. places rich in oil and gas tend to have high GDP-per-capita figures). However, it is increasingly being recognized that tax havens, or corporate tax havens, have distorted economic data which produces artificially high, or inflated, GDP-per-capita figures. [14] It is estimated that over 15% of global jurisdictions are tax havens (see tax haven lists). [15] An IMF investigation estimates that circa 40% of global foreign direct investment flows, which heavily influence the GDP of various jurisdictions, are described as "phantom" transactions. [16]

A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 per cent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 per cent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.

"Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018 [16]

In 2017, Ireland's economic data became so distorted by U.S. multinational tax avoidance strategies (see leprechaun economics), also known as BEPS actions, that Ireland effectively abandoned GDP (and GNP) statistics as credible measures of its economy, and created a replacement statistic called modified gross national income (or GNI*). Ireland is one of the world's largest corporate tax havens.

Ireland has, more or less, stopped using GDP to measure its economy. And on current trends [because Irish GDP is distorting EU-28 aggregate data], the eurozone taken as a whole may need to consider something similar.

Brad Setser, Council on Foreign Relations, "Ireland exports its Leprechaun", 25 April 2018 [17]

The statistical distortions created by the impact on the Irish National Accounts of the global assets and activities of a handful of large multinational corporations have now become so large as to make a mockery of conventional uses of Irish GDP.

Patrick Honohan, ex-Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, 13 July 2016 [18]

A list of the top 15 GDP-per-capita countries from 2016 to 2017, contains most of the major global tax havens (see GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy for more detail):

International Monetary Fund (2017) World Bank (2016) [19] [20]
RankCountry/TerritoryType
1Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar Oil & Gas
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau Tax haven (Sink OFC)
2Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
3Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei Oil & Gas
5Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
6Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Oil & Gas
7Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait Oil & Gas
8Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates Oil & Gas
9Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong Top 10 Tax Haven (Sink OFC)
10Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino Tax haven (Sink OFC)
11Flag of the United States.svg  United States 59,495
12Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia Oil & Gas
13Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
14Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 52,150
15Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain Oil & Gas
RankCountry/TerritoryType
1Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar Oil & Gas
2Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau Tax haven (Sink OFC)
3Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei Oil & Gas
5Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates Oil & Gas
6Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
7Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
8Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Oil & Gas
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
9Flag of the United States.svg  United States 57,467
10Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia Oil & Gas
11Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 51,399
12Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
13Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 50,078
14Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 49,496
15Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 49,175

See also

Notes

  1. There have been no exclusive estimates for the world average by the IMF. 2023 calculattions are based on the global GDP (PPP), and population estimates by the IMF. [1]

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