Economy of the European Union

Last updated

Economy of the European Union
Tour Eiffel - night (2016).jpg
Currency Euro (EUR, €) and 7 others
Calendar year
Trade organisations
 WTO, G20, G7 and others
Country group
Statistics
PopulationIncrease Neutral.svg 449,206,579 (EU27, 2024 est.) [6]
GDP
  • Increase2.svg $19.403 trillion (nominal; 2024) [7]
  • Increase2.svg $28.044 trillion (PPP; 2024) [7]
GDP growth
  • Increase2.svg 0.6% (2023) [7]
  • Increase2.svg 1.1% (2024f) [7]
  • Increase2.svg 1.6% (2025f) [7]
GDP per capita
  • Increase2.svg $43,194 (nominal; 2024)
  • Increase2.svg $62,660 (PPP; 2024) [7]
GDP by sector
  • 6.3% (2023) [7]
  • 2.6% (2024f) [7]
  • 2.3% (2025f) [7]
Population below poverty line
Decrease Positive.svg 21.3% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE for EU27, 2023) [9]
Steady2.svg 29.6 low (EU27, 2023) [10]
  • 0.900 very high (2018) [11]
  • 0.816 very high IHDI (2018) [11]
Labour force
  • Increase2.svg 212,646,000 (EU27, 2023) [12]
  • Increase2.svg 75% employment rate (EU27, 2023) [13]
  • Increase2.svg 75% employment rate (EA20, 2023) [13]
Labour force by occupation
Unemployment
  • Steady2.svg 5.9% (EU27, September 2024) [14]
  • Steady2.svg 6.3% (EA20, September 2024) [14]
Average gross salary
€2,792 monthly (2021) [15]
€2,351 monthly (2023) [16]
Main industries
External
Exports$9.712 trillion (2023 est.) [8]
Export goods
machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, aircraft, plastics, iron and steel, wood pulp and paper products, alcoholic beverages, furniture
Main export partners
Imports$9.004 trillion (2023 est.) [8]
Import goods
fuels and crude oil, machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, precious gemstones, textiles, aircraft, plastics, metals, ships
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • €4 trillion (inward, 2012) [18]
  • €5.2 trillion (outward, 2012) [19]
Increase2.svg €161.6 billion; 1.1% of GDP (2015) [20]
$13.05 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) [8]
Increase2.svg −€2,557.4 billion; 17.5% of GDP (2015) [21]
Public finances
  • Decrease Positive.svg 88.1% of GDP (EU27; 2021) [22]
  • Increase2.svg €12.741 trillion (EU27; 2021) [22]
  • €675.8 billion deficit (EU27; 2021) [22]
  • −4.7% of GDP (2021) [22]
Revenues46.9% of GDP (EU27; 2021) [22]
Expenses51.6% of GDP (EU27; 2021) [22]
Economic aiddonor: ODA, $87.64 billion [24]
  • Scope: [26]
  • AAA
  • Outlook: Stable
$0.6 trillion (2010) [27]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Eurozone's inflation Euro inflation.webp
Eurozone's inflation

The economy of the European Union is the joint economy of the member states of the European Union (EU). It is the second largest economy in the world in nominal terms, after the United States, and the third largest at purchasing power parity (PPP), after China and the US. The European Union's GDP is estimated to be $19.40 trillion (nominal) in 2024 [7] or $28.04 trillion (PPP), representing around one-sixth of the global economy. [28] Germany has the biggest national GDP of all EU countries, followed by France and Italy. In 2023, the social welfare expenditure of the European Union (EU) as a whole was 26.8% of its GDP. [29] [30] [31]

Contents

The euro is the second largest reserve currency and the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. [32] [33] [34] The euro is used by 20 of its 27 members, overall, it is the official currency in 26 countries, in the eurozone and in six other European countries, officially or de facto. The EU as a region has produced the world's second-highest number of Nobel laureates in the economics field. [35]

The European Union economy consists of an internal market of mixed economies based on free market and advanced social models. For instance, it includes an internal single market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour. [8] The GDP per capita (PPP) was $60,688 in 2023, [7] compared to $82,715 in the United States, $51,399 in Japan and $24,503 in China. [36] There are significant disparities in GDP per capita (PPP) between member states ranging from $151,146 in Luxembourg to $39,185 in Bulgaria. [37] With a medium Gini coefficient of 29.6, [38] the European Union has a more egalitarian distribution of income than the world average. [39] [40]

EU investments in foreign countries total $9.1 trillion, while the foreign investments made in the union total $5.1 trillion in 2012, by far the highest foreign and domestic investments in the world. [41] [42] Euronext is the main stock exchange of the Eurozone and the world's fourth largest by market capitalisation. [43] The European Union's largest trading partners are China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Russia, Turkey, Japan, Norway, South Korea, India, and Canada. [44] In 2022, public debt in the union was 83.5% of GDP, with disparities between the lowest rate, Estonia with 18.5%, and the highest, Greece with 172.6%. [45]

There has been general growth in GDP per capita and employment, but regional differences within EU nations remain, with considerable discrepancies between capital and non-capital areas, particularly in younger Member States. [46] In North-Western Europe, nearly 75% of women are part of the workforce, compared to roughly 68% in Southern Europe. [47] [48]

Currency

The Eurozone or euro area (dark blue) represents around 350 million people. The euro is the second-largest reserve currency in the world. BlueEurozone.svg
The Eurozone or euro area (dark blue) represents around 350 million people. The euro is the second-largest reserve currency in the world.

Beginning in the year 1999 with some EU member states, now 20 out of 27 EU states use the euro as official currency in a currency union. The remaining 7 states continue to use their own currency with the possibility to join the euro later. The euro is the most widely used currency in the EU.

Since 1992, the Maastricht Treaty sets out rigid economic and fiscal convergence criteria for the states joining the euro. Starting 1997, the Stability and Growth Pact has been started to ensure continuing economic and fiscal stability and convergence.

Denmark is not a part of the eurozone due to its special opt-outs concerning the later joining of the euro. In contrast, the remaining states can effectively opt out by choosing when or whether to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which is the preliminary step towards joining. They are, however, committed to join the euro by their Treaties of Accession.

Starting with Greece in 2009, five of the 20 eurozone states have been struggling with a sovereign debt crisis, commonly called the European debt crisis. All these states started reforms and got bailout packages (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Cyprus). As of 2015, all countries but Greece have recovered from their debt crisis.[ needs update ] Other non-eurozone states also experienced a debt crisis and also went through successful bailout programmes, i.e. Hungary, Romania and Latvia (the latter before it joined the eurozone). [49]

Budget

The EU has a long-term budget, named Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), of €1,082.5 billion for the period 2014–2020, representing 1.02% of the EU-28's GNI. [50]

The overall budget for the period 2021-2027 is of €1.8 trillion combining the MFF of €1,074.3 billion with an extraordinary recovery fund of €750 billion, known as Next Generation EU, to support member states hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. [51]

Sectors

Services

The services sector is by far the most important sector in the European Union, making up 64.7% of GDP, compared to the manufacturing industry with 23.8% of GDP and agriculture with only 1.5% of GDP. [52]

Financial services are well developed within the Single Market of the Union. Companies have a greater reliance on bank lending than in the United States, although a shift towards companies raising more funding through capital markets is planned through the CMU initiative, the EU plan put forward by the Commission in September 2015 to mobilise the free movement of capital within the EU. [53] The plan aims "to establish the building blocks of an integrated capital market in the EU by 2019". [54] The CMU initiative comprises 33 measures in all. [55] The plan was updated in 2017 and in 2019, since not a single legislation will deliver the CMU. [56] The Commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union, Mairead McGuinness, former Vice-President of the European Parliament, is responsible for delivery of the initiative. [57] [58] [59] [60]

According to the Global Financial Centres Index, the two largest financial centres in Europe, London and Zürich, are outside the European Union. [61] The two largest financial centres remaining within the EU will then be Frankfurt and Luxembourg.

In the European Investment Bank's Investment survey 2021, 58% of firms in the service sector were expecting long term effects of COVID-19. [62] [63] 56% of EU enterprises received governmental help to handle the pandemic's effects. [64] [65] [66]

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on sales. 49% of all EU enterprises claimed that their sales decreased since the start of 2020. [64] [67] The pandemic has affected sectors differently, with the number of enterprises losing money in the hotels, restaurants, arts, and leisure industries reaching roughly 25% compared to previous times, and transportation also being affected. [68] [69] [70]

Without government assistance, 35% of European small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in manufacturing and services indicated their businesses would not have survived the effects of the pandemic. [62] [71]

In 2020, 86% of enterprises reported previous-year investment activity, while in 2021 only 79% reported investment. 23% of EU firms changed their investment plans in 2021, with only 3% reporting a higher amount. [64] [72] The highest proportion of enterprises that have reduced their investment plans due to a drop in sales are in Poland, where 49% of firms have reduced investment, and in Belgium, where 47% of firms stated the same. [64] [73]

Most green or digital businesses in the EU operate in manufacturing (33%) or infrastructure (30%). The service sector has the greatest percentage of businesses that have not engaged in digitalisation or the green transition (41%). [74] [75]

EU enterprises were growing in terms of innovation in 2023. 39% of EU enterprises created or introduced new goods, processes, or services in the previous fiscal year, compared to 57% of US firms. In the EU, over 12% of businesses introduced ideas that were novel to the country or the global market. [76] [77] [78] Investment in intangible assets (research and development, software, training, or business processes) by EU enterprises accounted for around 38% of overall investment. Businesses in the EU were also optimistic about 2023, with 14% more predicting an increase rather than a drop in investment. [79]

Agriculture

The agricultural sector is supported by subsidies from the European Union in the form of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In 2013 this represented approximately €45 billion (less than 33% of the overall budget of €148 billion) of the EU's total spending. [80] [ needs update ] It was used originally to guarantee a minimum price for farmers in the EU. This is criticised as a form of protectionism, inhibiting trade, and damaging developing countries; one of the most vocal opponents was the United Kingdom, the second largest economy within the union until its withdrawal in January 2020, which repeatedly refused to give up the annual UK rebate unless the CAP should undergo significant reform; France, the biggest beneficiary of the CAP and the union's third largest (now its second-largest) economy, is its most vocal proponent. The CAP is however witnessing substantial reform. In 1985, around 70% of the EU budget was spent on agriculture. In 2011, direct aid to farmers and market-related expenditure amount to just 30% of the budget, and rural development spending to 11%. By 2011, 90% of direct support had become non-trade-distorting (not linked to production) as reforms have continued to be made to the CAP, its funding and its design. [81]

Tourism

The European Union is a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from outside of the Union and citizens travelling inside it. Internal tourism is made more convenient by the Schengen treaty and the euro. All citizens of the European Union are entitled to travel to any member state without the need of a visa.

France is the world's number one tourist destination for international visitors, followed by Spain, Italy, and Germany. It is worth noting, however, that a significant proportion of international visitors to EU countries are from other member states.

Energy

Wind power stations in Cerova, Slovakia VTE cerova.jpg
Wind power stations in Cerová, Slovakia

The European Union has uranium, coal, oil, and natural gas reserves. There are six oil producers in the European Union, primarily in North Sea oilfields. The United Kingdom, whilst it was a member of the European Union was by far the largest producer; Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania and the Netherlands produce oil. The European Union produced 19.8 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of crude oil in 2019. The EU is one of the largest consumers of oil, consuming much more than it can produce. It consumed about 350 Mtoe in 2019, importing 96.8% of the oil. The largest suppliers are Russia, Iraq, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, and Norway. Transport is the largest consumer of oil, at 66.1% in 2019. [82]

All countries in the EU have committed to the Kyoto Protocol, and the European Union is one of its biggest proponents. The European Commission published proposals for the first comprehensive EU energy policy on 10 January 2007. [83]

During the green transition, workers in carbon-intensive industries are more likely to lose their jobs. In the years to come, the transition to a carbon-neutral economy will put more jobs at danger in regions with higher percentages of employment in carbon-intensive industries. [84] [85] [86] Employment opportunities by the green transition are associated with the use of renewable energy sources or building activity for infrastructure improvements and renovations. [87]

Energy costs remain a major obstacle to investment to 46% of EU firms. 34% of EU firms say that stricter climate standards and regulations will affect their business over the next five years. This is compared to 42% of US firms. [88] 27% of companies in the European Union see sustainability and the green transition as a business opportunity. [89] [90]

Companies

The European Union's member states are the birthplace of many of the world's largest leading multinational companies, and home to its global headquarters. Among these are distinguished companies ranked first in the world within their industry/sector, like Allianz and AXA, which are the two largest financial service providers in the world by revenue; WPP plc and Publicis which are the world's largest advertising agencies by revenue; Amorim, which is the world's largest cork-processing and cork producer company; ArcelorMittal, which is the largest steel company in the world; Christian Dior SE [91] which is the biggest fashion group in the world and Inditex is the world’s second biggest fashion group; Groupe Danone, which has the world leadership in the dairy products market. [92]

Anheuser-Busch InBev is the largest beer company in the world; L'Oréal Group, which is the world's largest cosmetics and beauty company; LVMH, which is the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate; Nokia Corporation, which was the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones; Shell plc, Électricité de France, TotalEnergies, Eni which are one of the largest energy corporations in the world; and Stora Enso, which is the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of production capacity, in terms of banking and finance the EU has some of the world's largest notably BNP Paribas, HSBC, Crédit Agricole, Grupo Santander, Société Générale and Groupe BPCE the largest bank in Europe in terms of Market Capitalisation and assets. [93]

Many other European companies rank among the world's largest companies in terms of turnover, profit, market share, number of employees or other major indicators. A considerable number of EU-based companies are ranked among the world's top-ten within their sector of activity. Europe is also home to many prestigious car companies such as Aston Martin, Alpine, BMW, Bugatti, Ferrari, Jaguar, Lamborghini, Land Rover, Maserati, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Volvo, as well as volume manufacturers such as Automobile Dacia, Citroën, Fiat, Opel, Peugeot, Renault, Seat, Volkswagen and more.

In Europe, 33% of jobs are within enterprises that have not digitally transformed. These companies were also less likely to train their employees throughout the COVID-19 outbreak. [64] [94] Across the European Union, the most commonly mentioned investment barrier is the lack of trained labor. 75% of businesses in transition regions found this to be problematic. Numerous reasons, such as demographics and rising demand for skills that are less common on the market, such as those needed to support digitalization activities, might contribute to the lack of competent workers. [95] In all areas of Europe, digital businesses have produced "better" employment with greater earnings than their non-digital counterparts. Additionally, they are more inclined to recognize and reward individuals who do well. [96] [97]

The EU lags significantly behind the US and China in venture capital investments, with the EU capturing only 5% of global venture capital compared to 52% in the US and 40% in China. [98]

Venture capital funds in the EU account for just 5% of the global total, whereas those in the United States and China secure 52% and 40%, respectively. The financing gap for EU scale-ups (companies that have achieved a valuation between $500 million and $10 billion) is significant, with companies raising 50% less capital than those in Silicon Valley. This disparity exists across industries and is unaffected by the business cycle or year of establishment. [98] [99]

European scale-ups face significant challenges in securing sufficient financing compared to their counterparts in the United States. Venture capital in the EU has been historically lower, amounting to only 0.3% of the EU's annual GDP. This is compared to almost 0.19% in the United States. While the EU has about 50% of the number of companies with a market valuation below $500 million compared to the United States, this share drops to 10-15% for companies with valuations between $500 million and $10 billion. [98]

The following is a list of the largest EU based stock market listed companies in 2022. The ordered by revenue in millions of US Dollars and is based on the Fortune Global 500.

Fortune top 10 EU corporations by revenue (2022) [100]
World rankCorporationTickerRevenues ($m)Profits ($m)Assets ($m)EmployeesHeadquartersIndustry
8 Volkswagen Group VWAGY$295,819.8$18,186.6$601,028.4672,789 Flag of Germany.svg Wolfsburg Motor vehicle and parts
27 TotalEnergies TTE$184,634$16,032$293,458101,309 Flag of France.svg Courbevoie Petroleum refining
29 Stellantis STLA$176,663$16,789.1$195,297.9281,595 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Hoofddorp Motor vehicle and parts
38 Mercedes-Benz Group DMLRY$158,306.1$27,200.8$295,427.8172,425 Flag of Germany.svg Stuttgart Motor vehicle and parts
47 Allianz ALIZY$144,516.6$7,815.2$1,295,530.8155,411 Flag of Germany.svg Munich Insurance: Life, health
48 AXA AXAHY$144,446.8$8,623.9$881,733.392,398 Flag of France.svg Paris Insurance: Life, health
56 Fortum —$132,894.2$873.7$170,164.619,140 Flag of Finland.svg Espoo Energy
59 BMW Group BMWYY$131,521.6$14,639.6$260,972.2118,909 Flag of Germany.svg MunichMotor vehicle and parts
62 Deutsche Telekom DTEGY$128,630.8$4,937.4$320,209.9216,528 Flag of Germany.svg Bonn Telecommunications
72 Assicurazioni Generali ARZGY$117,155$3,366.1$666,537.874,621 Flag of Italy.svg Trieste Insurance: Life, health

Economies of member states

Wealth

The twelve new member states of the European Union have enjoyed a higher average percentage growth rate than their elder members of the EU. Slovakia has the highest GDP growth in the period 2005–2015 among all countries of the European Union (See Tatra Tiger). Notably the Baltic states have achieved high GDP growth, with Latvia topping 11%, close to China, the world leader at 9% on average for the past 25 years (though these gains have been in great part cancelled by the late-2000s recession). [101]

Reasons for this growth include government commitments to stable monetary policy, export-oriented trade policies, low flat-tax rates and the utilisation of relatively cheap labour. In 2015 Ireland had the highest GDP growth of all the states in EU (25.1%). The current map of EU growth is one of huge regional variation, with the larger economies suffering from stagnant growth and most of the newer states enjoying sustained, robust economic growth.

The European Union's financial system is characterized by a large banking sector, with bank assets comprising 300% of GDP, compared to 85% in the United States. However, the EU has relatively small capital markets, with listed equity making up only 68% of GDP compared to 170% in the United States, and a limited presence of hedge funds and private equity funds. [102]

Approximately 26% of European scale-ups are acquired through mergers and acquisitions, a figure comparable to San Francisco but lower than the 37% observed in cities such as London. [103]

In mid-2021, the European Union's gross saving rate was 18% of gross disposable income, higher above the prior COVID-19 pandemic average of 11–13%. [64] [104] In the second quarter of 2020, families' primary income fell by 7.3% compared to the second quarter of 2019, and their secondary income (from social security payments and other transfers) increased by 6.5% of gross income. [64] [105] [106]

Although EU27 GDP is rising, the percentage of gross world product is decreasing because of the emergence of economies such as China, India and Brazil.

Population and GDP per capita of European countries (2010) EU-GDP-Population.svg
Population and GDP per capita of European countries (2010)

In the tables below, colours indicate best and worst performer of the year concerned.

EU member states by real GDP growth rates [107]
Member state20132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Yearly growth
(2013–2023)
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 0.00.71.02.02.32.41.5-6.64.24.8-0.81.05
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 0.51.62.01.31.61.82.2-5.36.93.01.41.54
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria -0.50.93.43.02.72.74.0-4.07.73.91.82.33
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia -0.4-0.42.53.63.43.03.4-8.513.07.03.12.65
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus -6.6-1.83.46.65.75.65.5-3.49.95.12.52.95
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 0.02.35.42.55.23.23.0-5.53.62.4-0.31.96
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 0.91.62.33.22.82.01.5-2.46.82.71.92.11
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 1.53.01.93.25.83.84.0-1.07.2-0.5-3.02.35
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland -0.9-0.40.52.83.21.11.2-2.42.81.3-1.00.75
Flag of France.svg  France 0.61.01.11.12.31.91.8-7.56.42.50.71.08
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 0.42.21.52.22.71.01.1-3.83.21.8-0.21.09
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece -2.50.5-0.2-0.51.11.71.9-9.38.45.62.00.79
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1.84.23.72.24.35.44.9-4.57.14.6-0.92.98
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 1.28.824.51.89.38.55.36.615.19.4-3.27.94
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy -1.80.00.81.31.70.90.5-9.08.34.00.90.69
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 2.01.93.92.43.34.00.6-3.56.73.0-0.32.18
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 3.63.52.02.54.34.04.70.06.32.4-0.33.00
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 3.22.62.35.01.31.22.9-0.97.21.4-1.12.28
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 5.57.69.63.410.97.47.1-8.212.58.15.66.32
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands -0.11.42.02.22.92.42.0-3.96.24.30.11.77
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 0.93.84.43.05.15.94.4-2.06.95.30.23.45
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal -0.90.81.82.03.52.82.7-8.35.76.82.31.75
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 0.34.13.22.98.26.03.9-3.75.74.12.13.35
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 0.62.75.21.92.94.02.5-3.34.81.91.62.20
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia -1.02.82.23.24.84.53.5-4.28.22.51.62.55
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain -1.41.43.83.03.02.32.0-10.96.76.22.72.80
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1.22.74.52.12.62.02.0-2.26.12.7-0.22.14
Flag of Europe.svg  European Union (27)-0.11.62.32.02.82.11.8-5.66.03.50.41.52
Eurozone (20)-0.21.42.01.92.61.81.6-6.15.93.40.41.34
EU member states by GDP (nominal) in millions of € [108]
Member state20132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Change from2013 to 2023Change in percentage
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 321.192330.114342.084355.666367.295383.234395.707380.318406.232448.007473.227152.03547.33%
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 392.880403.003416.701430.085445.050460.051478.676460.748507.930554.044582.583189.70348.29%
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 42.05643.02545.79848.75252.50256.20061.53161.60871.06085.80193.94851.892123.39%
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 44.60744.19445.49947.65450.32953.20256.13150.94758.89868.37076.47231.86571.43%
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 18.04017.48317.94419.01420.31221.67523.17822.08724.92827.77729.75711.71764.95%
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechia 160.470158.992170.527179.146196.739213.505229.407220.311246.012286.977317.387156.91797.79%
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 259.531265.636272.193282.265294.355301.017308.546312.118345.236382.309376.430116.89945.04%
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 18.91120.04820.63121.74823.83425.93227.95127.43031.16936.01137.68218.77199.26%
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 203.497205.855210.192215.717224.706231.905238.518236.387248.764266.124273.32069.82334.31%
Flag of France.svg  France 2,117.1892,149.7652,198.4322,234.1292,297.2422,363.3062,437.6352,317.8322,502.1182,639.0922,803.100685.91132.40%
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 2,811.3502,927.4303,026.1803,134.7403,267.1603,365.4503,474.1103,403.7303,617.4503,876.8104,121.1601,309.81046.59%
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 178.114176.072175.363174.448177.379180.616185.181167.540184.575207.854225.19747.08326.43%
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 102.240106.264112.791116.256127.025136.055146.555137.920153.980168.550196.39194.15192.09%
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 179.286195.470263.507269.725298.528327.441356.357375.250434.070506.282504.620325.334181.46%
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 1,612.7511,627.4061,655.3551,695.7871,736.5931,771.3911,796.6491,661.2401,821.9351,962.8462,085.376472.62529.31%
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 22.79123.62624.57225.37126.98429.15430.57330.11033.34938.38640.31017.51976.87%
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 35.04036.58137.34638.89042.27645.51548.95949.87356.47867.39972.04837.008105.62%
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 49.09551.79154.14256.20858.16960.12162.43264.52472.36177.52979.31030.21561.54%
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 7.9448.7519.99710.54111.93713.04414.29713.35215.32417.43219.38211.438143.98%
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 660.463671.560690.008708.337738.146773.987813.055796.530870.587958.5491,032.841372.37856.38%
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 388.356406.413429.835424.735465.773499.004532.505526.147576.383654.594747.748359.39292.54%
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 170.676173.187179.393186.381195.509204.998214.490201.033216.494243.957267.38496.70856.66%
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 142.936150.529160.289167.497186.399206.201224.767221.076242.260281.761324.369181.433126.93%
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 74.49376.35580.12681.26584.67089.87594.43093.444100.256109.645122.15647.66363.98%
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 36.45437.63438.85340.44343.01145.87648.58247.04552.27957.03863.09026.63673.07%
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 1,020.6771,032.6081,078.0921,114.4201,162.4921,203.8591,245.5131,119.0101,222.2901,346.3771,462.070441.39343.25%
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 439.807435.641452.424464.968475.647467.163475.342478.882538.597551.781540.695100.88822.94%
Flag of Europe.svg  European Union (27)11,516.14111,782.56412,215.76512,548.31413,075.68013,534.33614,019.67413,471.03314,639.39815,919.17716,962.3915,446.25047.29%
Eurozone (20)9,980.50510,213.92810,568.98310,864.26211,275.01511,653.03212,042.89611,517.20712,474.43613,507.07414,372.4654,391.96044.01%
EU member states by GDP (nominal) per capita in € [108]
Member state20132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Change from2013 to 2023Change inpercentage
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 38,21038,99039,89040,92042,00043,59044,74042,72045,27049,40052,25014,43038.15%
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 35,21035,95036,96037,96039,13040,26041,66039,93043,84847,43049,54014,77042.48%
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 5,7905,9606,3806,8407,4208,0008,8208,88010,33013,27014,5808,790151.81%
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 10,48010,43010,81011,42012,19013,00013,80012,59014,88017,50019,7009,23088.16%
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 20,93020,51021,17022,33023,63024,91026,28024,76027,69030,43032,1009,53042.22%
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechia 15,28015,14016,23017,04018,70020,27021,74020,98023,43026,67029,18013,90090.97%
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 46,24047,07047,90049,27051,06051,95053,04053,54058,97064,73063,29017,05036.87%
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 14,32015,24015,71016,53018,12019,66021,10020,64023,43027,04027,59013,27092.67%
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 37,57037,88038,57039,58041,08042,32043,44043,04045,23048,17049,28011,71031.17%
Flag of France.svg  France 32,08032,42033,02033,43034,23035,04035,98034,08036,67038,55040,8008,98028.22%
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 34,86036,15037,05038,07039,53040,59041,81040,93043,48046,26048,75014,62042.84%
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 16,41016,27016,30016,19016,45016,73017,10015,42017,06019,53020,9204,51027.48%
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 10,33010,77011,46011,85012,98013,92015,00014,15015,86017,41020,48010,15098.26%
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 38,81042,01056,12056,80062,16067,37072,32075,35086,49098,99095,29056,480145.53%
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 26,74026,98027,48028,21028,94029,58030,08027,95030,82032,98035,4408,45031.31%
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 11,32011,85012,43012,95013,90015,13015,98015,84017,71020,35021,44010,12089.40%
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 11,85012,48012,86013,56014,95016,25017,52017,84020,11023,82025,07013,220111.56%
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 90,36093,09095,07096,33097,52098,890100,700102,350113,050118,710118,77031,14035.54%
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 18,68020,17022,49023,19025,54026,93028,33025,91029,57032,77035,34016,66089.19%
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 39,30039,82040,73041,59043,09044,92046,88045,67049,65054,15057,77018,80048.24%
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 10,09010,56011,18011,05012,12012,99013,87013,72015,10017,30019,8409,75096.63%
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 16,30016,64017,35018,06019,02019,95020,84019,47020,99023,53025,7409,44057.91%
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 7,1507,5608,0908,5009,51010,58011,56011,43012,63014,92017,0309,880138.18%
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 13,76014,09014,78014,96015,57016,50017,32017,11018,43019,98022,0908,33060.54%
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 17,70018,25018,83019,59020,82022,14023,26022,37024,80027,05029,75012,05068.07%
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 21,91022,23023,23023,99024,98025,76026,44023,63025,82028,28030,3208,27037.51%
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 46,02045,26046,48046,99047,73046,26046,39046,42051,91053,69052,0406,87015.21%
Flag of Europe.svg  European Union (27)26,01026,58027,50028,19029,32030,29031,31030,05032,69035,44037,61011,84045.94%
Eurozone (20)29,24029,87030,82031,59032,71033,73034,76033,19035,95038,73040,99011,99041.34%
EU member states by Gini coefficients [10]
Member state201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 27.427.627.027.627.227.227.926.827.527.026.727.8
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 26.326.525.925.926.226.326.125.725.125.424.124.9
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 35.033.635.435.437.037.740.239.640.840.039.738.4
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 31.230.930.930.230.429.829.929.729.228.329.228.5
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 29.231.032.434.833.632.130.829.131.129.329.429.4
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 25.224.924.625.125.025.124.524.024.024.224.924.8
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 26.626.526.827.727.427.727.627.927.527.327.027.7
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 31.932.532.935.634.832.731.630.630.530.530.631.9
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 25.825.925.425.625.225.425.325.926.226.525.726.6
Flag of France.svg  France 30.830.530.129.229.229.329.328.529.229.229.329.8
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 29.028.329.730.730.129.529.131.129.730.531.228.8
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 33.534.334.434.534.234.333.432.331.031.432.431.4
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 26.927.228.328.628.228.228.128.728.028.027.627.4
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 29.830.530.731.129.829.530.628.928.328.326.927.9
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 32.532.432.832.432.433.132.733.432.832.532.932.7
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 35.135.735.235.535.434.534.535.635.234.535.734.3
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 33.032.034.635.037.937.037.636.935.435.135.436.2
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 27.228.030.428.728.531.030.931.332.331.229.629.5
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 27.227.127.927.728.128.528.328.728.030.331.231.1
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 25.825.425.126.226.726.927.127.426.828.226.426.3
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 31.130.930.730.830.629.829.227.828.527.226.826.3
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 34.234.534.234.534.033.933.532.131.931.233.032.0
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 33.534.034.635.037.434.733.135.134.833.834.332.0
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 25.725.324.226.123.724.323.220.922.820.921.821.2
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 23.823.724.425.024.524.423.723.423.923.523.023.1
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 34.034.233.734.734.634.534.133.233.032.133.032.0
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 26.026.026.026.926.727.628.027.027.626.926.827.6
Flag of Europe.svg  European Union 30.530.430.630.930.830.630.330.430.230.030.229.6
Eurozone 30.630.530.731.030.730.730.430.630.230.030.229.6

Labour market

Unemployment rate by country in the EEA in March 2019 EU Unemployment.svg
Unemployment rate by country in the EEA in March 2019

The EU unemployment rate was 6.1% in 2023. The euro area unemployment rate was 6.6%. Among the member states, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in the Czech Republic (2.0% in 2019), Poland (2.8% in 2023) and Germany (3.0% in 2019), and the highest in Greece (27.8% in 2013) and Spain (24.8% in 2012). [109]

Unemployment rate

The following table shows the history of the unemployment rate for all European Union member states:

Unemployment rate by country [109]
Member state200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 5.75.24.95.25.76.06.16.55.95.24.86.06.24.85.1
Flag of Belgium.svg  Belgium 8.08.47.27.68.68.78.77.97.26.05.55.86.35.65.5
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 7.911.312.313.313.912.410.18.67.26.25.26.15.24.24.3
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 9.211.713.716.017.317.316.213.111.28.56.67.47.56.86.1
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 5.46.37.911.915.916.115.013.011.18.47.17.67.26.35.8
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 6.77.36.77.07.06.15.14.02.92.22.02.62.82.22.6
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 6.47.77.87.87.46.96.36.05.85.15.05.65.14.55.1
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 13.516.612.39.98.67.36.46.85.85.44.56.96.25.66.4
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 8.38.68.07.98.38.79.48.98.77.56.87.77.76.87.2
Flag of France.svg  France 9.19.39.29.810.310.310.310.19.49.08.48.07.97.37.3
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 7.36.65.55.15.04.74.43.93.63.23.03.73.73.23.1
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 9.812.918.124.827.826.625.023.921.819.717.917.614.712.511.1
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 9.710.810.710.79.87.56.65.04.03.63.34.14.03.64.1
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 12.614.615.415.513.811.99.98.46.75.85.05.96.24.54.3
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 7.98.58.510.912.412.912.011.711.310.69.99.39.58.17.7
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 17.719.716.315.111.910.99.99.78.77.46.38.17.66.96.5
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 13.817.815.413.411.810.79.17.97.16.26.38.57.16.06.9
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 5.14.44.95.15.95.96.76.35.55.65.66.85.34.65.2
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 6.96.96.46.26.15.75.44.74.04.04.14.93.83.53.5
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 5.46.16.06.88.28.47.97.05.94.94.44.94.23.53.6
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 8.510.010.010.410.69.27.76.35.03.93.33.23.42.92.8
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 11.212.613.516.617.214.613.011.59.27.26.67.16.76.26.5
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 8.49.09.18.79.08.68.47.26.15.34.96.15.65.65.6
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 12.014.313.513.914.113.111.59.68.16.55.76.76.86.15.8
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 5.97.38.28.910.19.79.08.06.65.14.45.04.84.03.7
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 17.919.921.424.826.124.522.119.617.215.314.115.514.913.012.2
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 8.58.77.98.18.18.07.57.16.86.56.98.58.97.57.7
Flag of Europe.svg  European Union 9.310.110.111.111.611.010.29.38.37.46.87.27.16.26.1
Unemployment rates in selected European countries and in the EU28 between 01/2004 and 04/2014 Unemployment in Europe.jpg
Unemployment rates in selected European countries and in the EU28 between 01/2004 and 04/2014

Public finance

Public finance (with limits according to the Maastricht criterion)
Member statePublic deficit as % of GDP (2022)
(E.U. limit : –3%) [110] 		Public debt as % of GDP (2022)
(E.U. limit : 60%) [111] 		HICP inflation rate (2021)
Max. 4.9% (as of 1 June 2022) [112] [113] 		Long-term interest rate (2021)
Max. 2.6% (as of 1 June 2022) [112] [114]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria –3.278.42.8–0.09
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium –3.9105.13.2–0.01
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria –2.822.92.80.19
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 0.468.42.70.45
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 2.186.52.30.37
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic –3.644.13.31.90
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 3.330.11.9–0.06
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia –0.918.44.50.06
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland –0.973.42.1–0.09
Flag of France.svg  France –4.7111.62.10.01
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany –2.666.33.2–0.37
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece –2.3171.30.60.88
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary –6.273.35.23.06
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 1.644.72.40.06
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy –8.0144.41.90.81
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia –4.440.83.20.00
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania –0.638.44.60.16
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 0.224.63.5–0.36
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta –5.853.40.70.5
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 0.051.02.8–0.33
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland -3.749.15.21.95
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal –0.4113.90.90.30
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania –6.247.34.13.62
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia –2.057.82.8–0.08
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia –3.069.92.00.07
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain –4.8113.23.00.35
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 0.733.02.70.27
Flag of Europe.svg  European Union –3.484.02.90.39
Eurozone –3.691.52.60.06

Trade

The European Union-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement would form one of the world's largest free trade areas. Press conference EU-Mercosul on June 26, 2019 (VII).jpg
The European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.
10 largest trading partners (2016, UK included in the EU before Brexit) 10 largest EU trading partners.png
10 largest trading partners (2016, UK included in the EU before Brexit)

The European Union is the largest exporter in the world [115] and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services. [116] [117] Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members. [118]

The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries. The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government. [118]

In 2023, over half of EU enterprises exported products or services (51%), while 53% imported goods or services. [119] [120] [121] Slovenia, Slovakia, Austria, and the Czech Republic are the countries with the most exporting businesses, Malta and Cyprus have the fewest. [122] [123]

44% of EU firms that import from China reported facing transport and logistics problems in 2023, compared to 22% of firms that import solely from within the European Union. [124] 34% of EU firms were impacted by disruptions in logistics and transport. [125]

In 2023, the share of EU exports to the United States rose to 21%, compared to 14% in 2010. [126]


Trade with partner country groupings (2012) [127]
PartnerImports
(mil €)		 %
total		Exports
(mil €)		 %
total		Total
trade
(mil €)		 %
total
Total EU1,791,727100%1,686,774100%3,478,501100%
ACP 99,1965,5%86,6525,1%185,8485,3%
Andean Community 17,7281,0%11,7380,7%29,4670,8%
ASEAN 100,0355,6%81,3244,8%181,3605,2%
BRIC 577,51332,2%345,19820,5%922,71126,5%
CACM 9,5460,5%5,3540,3%14,9000,4%
EU Candidate Countries 55,3863,1%89,6545,3%145,0404,2%
CIS 273,50515,3%172,64110,2%446,14612,8%
EFTA 208,73911,7%186,22211,0%394,96111,4%
Latin America Countries 109,9786,1%110,2976,5%220,2756,3%
MEDA (excl. EU and Turkey)73,3414,1%92,8125,5%166,1534,8%
Mercosur 49,1962,7%50,2663,0%99,4612,9%
NAFTA 255,65714,3%351,09020,8%606,74617,4%
Main trading partners 2008–2011
Main trade partners [128] 2008200920102011
Exports (million euro)Imports (million euro)Total Trade (million euro)ExportsImportsTotal TradeExportsImportsTotal TradeExportsImportsTotal Trade
Total EU1,319,8191,582,9322,902,7511,101,7461,234,3172,336,0631,360,0591,531,0432,891,1021,561,8901,726,5143,288,404
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 247,818182,351430,169203,587154,862358,449242,451173,067415,518263,791191,555455,346
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 78,276247,815326,09182,391214,238296,629113,426282,509395,935136,372293,693430,065
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 104,843178,294283,13765,587118,122183,70986,134160,709246,843108,355199,922308,277
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 100,53782,348182,88588,69380,570169,263110,40185,228195,629142,02293,202235,224
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 43,69895,888139,58637,47668,864106,34041,91478,981120,89546,67893,813140,491
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 42,34776,177118,52435,93258,23394,16543,94867,258111,20649,01869,549118,567
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 54,41545,963100,37844,38536,22880,61361,74742,397104,14473,09648,143121,239
Flag of India.svg  India 31,34929,54060,88927,47725,41452,89134,86633,30868,11240,55839,90680,464
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 25,49139,56565,05621,59632,37053,96627,95739,39167,34832,51036,17568,685
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 26,30235,85562,15721,57425,92647,50031,46633,23864,70435,75238,93974,691
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 25,46825,04350,51121,93419,28541,21926,75824,69751,45529,88530,70860,593
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 22,21316,13738,35020,40414,57934,98324,55018,76043,31027,25619,18446,440
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 20,80024,59745,39716,08319,22935,31221,75520,40642,16126,21221,80748,019
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 21,08122,00143,08219,06811,76630,83423,21616,30039,51626,40128,44054,841
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 11,59524,06935,66010,02117,87527,89614,78224,13838,92016,21224,23040,532
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 21,78612,25834,04419,66713,27732,94427,25014,30241,55230,76310,96941,732
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 26,68913,78540,47421,9309,92331,85326,95512,45439,40931,15914,94446,103
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 15,39128,25943,65014,80717,41032,21715,58421,06936,65317,27927,84445,123
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 5,83635,30841,1446,48420,87027,3547,08729,23036,3172,09310,44412,537
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 21,97613,98135,59715,98810,13526,12321,34213,74835,09023,90816,98540,893
Trade balance, EU28 (as of 2018 before Brexit)
Sources: Eurostat [ext_lt_intertrd] [129]
Trade balance, EU27 (as of 2020 post Brexit)
Sources: Eurostat, December 2019

Euro area international trade in goods surplus €23.1 bn €23.4 bn surplus for EU27

Regional variation

Comparing the richest areas of the EU can be a difficult task. This is because the NUTS 1 & 2 regions are not homogenous, some of them being very large regions, such as NUTS-1 Hesse (21,100 km2) or NUTS-1 Île-de-France (12,011 km2), whilst other NUTS regions are much smaller, for example NUTS-1 Hamburg (755 km2). An extreme example is Finland, which is divided for historical reasons into mainland Finland with 5.3 million inhabitants and Åland, an autonomous archipelago with a population of 27,000, or about the population of a small Finnish city.

One problem with this data is that some areas are subject to a large number of commuters coming into the area, thereby artificially inflating the figures. It has the effect of raising GDP but not altering the number of people living in the area, inflating the GDP per capita figure. Similar problems can be produced by a large number of tourists visiting the area. The data is used to define regions that are supported with financial aid in programs such as the European Regional Development Fund. The decision to delineate a Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) region is to a large extent arbitrary (i.e. not based on objective and uniform criteria across Europe), and is decided at European level (See also: Regions of the European Union).

NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions

The top 10 NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions with the highest GDP per capita are almost all, except one, in the first fifteen-member states: Prague is the only one in the 13 new member states that joined in May 2004, January 2007 and July 2013. The leading regions in the ranking of NUTS-2 regional GDP per inhabitant in 2019 were the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (260%), the Southern region of Ireland (240%), and Prague, Czech Republic (205%). Figures for these three regions, however, were artificially inflated by the commuters who do not reside in these regions ("Net commuter inflows in these regions push up production to a level that could not be achieved by the resident active population on its own. The result is that GDP per inhabitant appears to be overestimated in these regions and underestimated in regions with commuter outflows.". [130] Another example of artificial inflation is Groningen. The calculated GDP per capita is very high because of the large natural gas reserves in this region, but Groningen is one of the poorest parts in the Netherlands.

Among the 16 NUTS-2 regions exceeding the 160% level in 2020, two were in Belgium, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands and one each in the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden, as well as in the single region Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

The NUTS Regulation lays down a minimum population size of 3 million and a maximum size of 7 million for the average NUTS-1 region, whereas a minimum of 800,000 and a maximum of 3 million for NUTS-2 regions. [131] This definition, however, is not respected by Eurostat. For example, the région of Île-de-France, with 11.6 million inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-2 region, while the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, with only 664,000 inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-1 region.

Among the lowest regions in the ranking in 2021 most were in Bulgaria, with the lowest figure recorded in South-Central Region. Among the poorest 20 regions, six were in Greece, five in Bulgaria, three in Hungary, two in France and one each in Croatia, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of the Czech Republic</span>

The economy of the Czech Republic is a developed export-oriented social market economy based in services, manufacturing, and innovation that maintains a high-income welfare state and the European social model. The Czech Republic participates in the European Single Market as a member of the European Union, and is therefore a part of the economy of the European Union. It uses its own currency, the Czech koruna, instead of the euro. It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The Czech Republic ranks 16th in inequality-adjusted human development and 24th in World Bank Human Capital Index, ahead of countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom or France. It was described by The Guardian as "one of Europe's most flourishing economies".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Estonia</span>

The economy of Estonia is rated advanced by the World Bank, i.e. with high quality of life and advanced infrastructure relative to less industrialized nations. Estonia is a member of the European Union, eurozone and OECD The economy is heavily influenced by developments in the Finnish and Swedish economies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Latvia</span>

The economy of Latvia is an open economy in Europe and is part of the European Single Market. Latvia is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1999, a member of the European Union since 2004, a member of the Eurozone since 2014 and a member of the OECD since 2016. Latvia is ranked the 14th in the world by the Ease of Doing Business Index prepared by the World Bank Group. According to the Human Development Report 2023/24 by the United Nations Development Programme, has a HDI score of a 0.879. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly developed, along with timber and wood processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronic devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Luxembourg</span>

The economy of Luxembourg is largely dependent on the banking, steel, and industrial sectors. Citizens of Luxembourg enjoy the highest per capita gross domestic product in the world, according to an IMF estimate in 2022. Among OECD nations, Luxembourg has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social welfare expenditure stood at roughly 21.9% of GDP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Poland</span>

The economy of Poland is an emerging and developing, high-income, industrialized, mixed economy that serves as the sixth-largest in the European Union by nominal GDP and fifth-largest by GDP (PPP). Poland boasts the extensive public services characteristic of most developed economies and is one of few countries in Europe to provide no tuition fees for undergraduate and postgraduate education and with universal public healthcare that is free at a point of use. Since 1988, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalisation but retained an advanced public welfare system. It ranks 20th worldwide in terms of GDP (PPP), 21st in terms of GDP (nominal), and 21st in the 2023 Economic Complexity Index. Among OECD nations, Poland has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 22.7% of GDP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Romania</span>

The economy of Romania is a developing high-income mixed economy, with a high degree of complexity. It ranks 12th in the European Union by total nominal GDP and 7th largest when adjusted by purchasing power (PPP). The World Bank notes that Romania's efforts are focused on accelerating structural reforms and strengthening institutions in order to further converge with the European Union. The country's economic growth has been one of the highest in the EU since 2010, with 2022 seeing a better-than-expected 4.8% increase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Slovakia</span>

The economy of Slovakia is based upon Slovakia becoming an EU member state in 2004, and adopting the euro at the beginning of 2009. Its capital, Bratislava, is the largest financial centre in Slovakia. As of Q1 2018, the unemployment rate was 5.72%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Slovenia</span>

The economy of Slovenia is a developed mixed economy. The country enjoys a high level of prosperity and stability as well as above-average GDP per capita by purchasing power parity at 91% of the EU average in 2023. The nominal GDP in 2023 is 68.108 billion USD, nominal GDP per capita (GDP/pc) in 2023 is USD 32,350. The highest GDP/pc is in central Slovenia, where the capital city Ljubljana is located. It is part of the Western Slovenia statistical region, which has a higher GDP/pc than eastern Slovenia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Investment Bank</span> Investment bank of the European Union

The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union's investment bank and is owned by the 27 member states. It is the largest multilateral financial institution in the world. The EIB finances and invests both through equity and debt solutions companies and projects that achieve the policy aims of the European Union through loans, equity and guarantees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of the Netherlands</span>

The economy of the Netherlands is a highly developed market economy focused on trade and logistics, manufacturing, services, innovation and technology and sustainable and renewable energy. It is the world's 18th largest economy by nominal GDP and the 28th largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) and is the fifth largest economy in European Union by nominal GDP. It has the world's 11th highest per capita GDP (nominal) and the 13th highest per capita GDP (PPP) as of 2023 making it one of the highest earning nations in the world. Many of the world's largest tech companies are based in its capital Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city, such as IBM, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, Cisco, Uber, Netflix and Tesla. Its second largest city Rotterdam is a major trade, logistics and economic center of the world and is Europe's largest seaport. Netherlands is ranked fifth on global innovation index and fourth on the Global Competitiveness Report. Among OECD nations, Netherlands has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 25.3% of GDP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Belgium</span>

The economy of Belgium is a highly developed, high-income, mixed economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Austria</span>

The economy of Austria is a highly developed social market economy, with the country being one of the fourteen richest in the world in terms of GDP per capita. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised. In recent years, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Among OECD nations, Austria has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 29.4% of GDP.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel and revenue numbers fall below certain limits. The abbreviation "SME" is used by many national agencies and international organizations such as the World Bank, the OECD, European Union, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Europe</span>

The economy of Europe comprises about 748 million people in 50 countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regional policy of the European Union</span> Regional policy of the EU

The Regional Policy of the European Union (EU), also referred as Cohesion Policy, is a policy with the stated aim of improving the economic well-being of regions in the European Union and also to avoid regional disparities. More than one third of the EU's budget is devoted to this policy, which aims to remove economic, social and territorial disparities across the EU, restructure declining industrial areas and diversify rural areas which have declining agriculture. In doing so, EU regional policy is geared towards making regions more competitive, fostering economic growth and creating new jobs. The policy also has a role to play in wider challenges for the future, including climate change, energy supply and globalisation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warsaw metropolitan area</span> Urban area in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

The Warsaw metropolitan area is the metropolitan area of Warsaw, the capital of Poland. The metropolitan area covers ten counties in the Masovian Voivodeship, with an area of 6,100 km2 (2,400 sq mi) and a population of around 3.5 million in 2022. The area constitutes a separate NUTS 2 unit, as well as a separate police region with a dedicated Capital Metropolitan Police Headquarters, both of them carved out from the Masovian Voivodeship as an exception, as Polish NUTS 2 areas and police regions are in general identical to the territories of voivodeships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severozapaden Planning Region</span> Planning region in Bulgaria

Severozapaden, is a region of Bulgaria. The capital is the city of Pleven. The region has the lowest-ranked economy in Bulgaria and the European Union, with a GDP per capita (PPS) of €9,300 or 31% of EU28 average (2017). It includes five administrative divisions or oblasts: Vidin Province, Vratsa Province, Montana Province, Lovech Province and Pleven Province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severen Tsentralen Planning Region</span> Planning region in Bulgaria

Severen Tsentralen Planning Region is a planning region of Bulgaria, encompassing five Bulgarian provinces: Ruse, Veliko Tarnovo, Gabrovo, Targovishte and Razgrad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severoiztochen Planning Region</span> Planning region in Bulgaria

Severoiztochen Planning Region is a planning region in Bulgaria.The region includes four provinces: Targovishte Province, Varna Province, Shumen Province and Dobrich Province.

Housing in Europe includes modern and traditional styles.

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