Stabilisation and Association Process

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Map of the states which have participated in the European Union's Stabilisation and Association Process, with the date of entry into force of its Stabilization and Association Agreement (and the date of lapse of the agreement for Croatia when it became an EU member state). .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} EU member states SAA in force Stabilisation and Association Agreements.svg
Map of the states which have participated in the European Union's Stabilisation and Association Process, with the date of entry into force of its Stabilization and Association Agreement (and the date of lapse of the agreement for Croatia when it became an EU member state).
  EU member states
  SAA in force

In talks with countries that have expressed a wish to join the European Union, the EU typically concludes Association Agreements in exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in that country. In exchange, the country may be offered tariff-free access to some or all EU markets (industrial goods, agricultural products, etc.), and financial or technical assistance.

Contents

Overview

Stabilisation and Association agreements are part of the EU Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). At present, the countries of the Western Balkans are the focus of the SAP. Specific Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAA) have been implemented with various Balkan countries which explicitly include provisions for future EU membership of the country involved. SAAs are similar in principle to the Europe Agreements signed with the Central and Eastern European countries in the 1990s and to the Association Agreement with Turkey.

SAAs are based mostly on the EU's acquis communautaire and predicated on its promulgation in the cooperating states legislation. The depth of the policy harmonization expected by SAA is less than for EU member states; some policy areas in the Acquis may not be covered by a given SAA.

The EU's relations with the Western Balkans states were moved from the "External Relations" to the "Enlargement" policy segment in 2005. As of 2022, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia are officially recognized as candidates for membership. Kosovo is not recognised as a candidate country, but as a potential candidate. [1]

As of April 2016, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia have SAA's in force. Croatia formerly had a SAA, but it lapsed when they acceded to the EU in 2013.

The agreement with Kosovo was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. [2] [3] As a result, an EU representative in Kosovo explained that "unlike SAA with other countries of the region, this one will be exclusively the EU agreement. The EU will co-sign it as a legal entity." [4] The agreement did not need to be individually ratified by each member state, some of which have not recognized the independence of Kosovo. [5] The representative went on to say that "since Kosovo is not recognized by the five member states, we had to issue a directive saying that the signing of the agreement will not signify that the EU or any of the countries recognize Kosovo as a state." [4]

Stabilisation and Association Process

Event North Macedonia [6] Croatia [7] Albania [8] Montenegro [9] [Note 1] Bosnia and
Herzegovina [11] 		Serbia [12] [Note 2] Kosovo* [13] [Note 3]
SAA negotiations start2000-04-052000-11-242003-01-312005-10-102005-11-252005-10-102013-10-28 [15]
SAA initialled2000-11-242001-05-142006-02-282007-03-152007-12-042007-11-072014-07-25 [16]
SAA/IA signature2001-04-092001-10-292006-06-122007-10-152008-06-162008-04-292015-10-27 [17]
Interim Agreement:
EC ratification2001-04-272002-01-302006-06-122007-10-152008-06-162009-12-08N/A [Note 4]
SAP state ratification2001-04-272002-01-302006-10-092007-11-142008-06-202008-09-22N/A [Note 4]
entry into force2001-06-012002-03-012006-12-012008-01-012008-07-012010-02-01N/A [Note 4]
Deposit of the instrument of ratification:
SAP state2001-04-272002-01-302006-11-092007-11-132009-02-262008-09-222016-02-26
Austria 2002-09-062002-03-152008-05-212008-07-042009-09-042011-01-13N/A
Belgium 2003-12-292003-12-172008-10-222010-03-292010-03-292012-03-20N/A
Bulgaria entered the EU later2008-05-302009-03-132010-08-12N/A
Croatia entered the EU laterN/A
Cyprus entered the EU later2008-05-302008-11-202009-07-022010-11-26N/A
Czech Republic entered the EU later2008-05-072009-02-192009-07-232011-01-28N/A
Denmark 2002-04-102002-05-082008-04-242008-06-252009-05-262011-03-04N/A
Estonia entered the EU later2007-10-172007-11-222008-09-112010-08-19N/A
Finland 2004-01-062004-01-062007-11-292009-03-182009-04-072011-10-21N/A
France 2003-06-042003-06-042009-02-122009-07-302011-02-102012-01-16N/A
Germany 2002-06-202002-10-182009-02-192009-11-162009-08-142012-02-24N/A
Greece 2003-08-272003-08-272009-02-262010-03-042010-09-202011-03-10N/A
Hungary entered the EU later2007-04-232008-05-142008-10-222010-11-16N/A
Ireland 2002-05-062002-05-062007-06-112009-06-042009-06-042011-09-29N/A
Italy 2003-10-302004-10-062008-01-072009-10-132010-09-082011-01-06N/A
Latvia entered the EU later2006-12-192008-10-172009-11-122011-05-30N/A
Lithuania entered the EU later2007-05-172009-03-042009-05-042013-06-26N/A
Luxembourg 2003-07-282003-08-012007-07-042009-06-112010-12-222011-01-21N/A
Malta entered the EU later2008-04-212008-12-112010-01-072010-07-06N/A
Netherlands 2002-09-092004-04-302007-12-102009-01-292009-09-302012-02-27N/A
Poland entered the EU later2007-04-142009-02-062010-04-072012-01-13N/A
Portugal 2003-07-142003-07-142008-07-112008-09-232009-06-292011-03-04N/A
Romania entered the EU later2009-01-152010-01-082012-05-22N/A
Slovakia entered the EU later2007-07-202008-07-292009-03-172010-11-11N/A
Slovenia entered the EU later2007-01-182008-02-072009-03-102010-12-07N/A
Spain 2002-10-042002-10-042007-05-032009-03-122010-06-152010-06-21N/A
Sweden 2002-06-252003-03-272007-03-212009-03-112009-09-142011-04-15N/A
United Kingdom 2002-12-172004-09-032007-10-162010-01-122010-04-202011-08-11N/A
European Communities or
European Union and Euratom 		2004-02-252004-12-212009-02-262010-03-292015-04-302013-07-222016-02-24 [Note 5]
SAA entry into force2004-04-012005-02-012009-04-012010-05-012015-06-012013-09-012016-04-01 [21]
EU membership (SAA lapsed)(TBD)2013-07-01(TBD)(TBD)(TBD)(TBD)(TBD)

N/A: Not applicable.

  1. ↑ Montenegro started negotiations in November 2005 while a part of Serbia and Montenegro (SiM). Separate technical negotiations were conducted regarding issues of sub-state organizational competency. A mandate for direct negotiations with Montenegro was established in July 2006. Direct negotiations were initiated on 26 September 2006 and concluded on 1 December 2006. [10]
  2. ↑ Serbia started negotiations in November 2005 while part of SiM, with a modified mandate from July 2006.
  3. ↑ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 UN member states (with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition) and 92 states not recognizing it, while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The European Union remains divided on its policy towards Kosovo, with five EU member states not recognizing its independence. The EU launched a Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism for Kosovo on 6 November 2002 with the aim of aligning its policy with EU standards. On 10 October 2012 the European Commission found that there were no legal obstacles to Kosovo signing a SAA with the EU, as independence is not required for such an agreement. [14]
  4. 1 2 3 No Interim Agreement associated with Kosovo's SAA was concluded. [18]
  5. ↑ Kosovo's SAA was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. As a result, unlike previous SAAs Kosovo's is exclusively between it and the EU and Euratom, and the member states are not parties independently. [15] [19] [20]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "Enlargement: Pre Acceding Countries & Candidate countries: Potential Candidate Countries". European Union. Archived from the original on 23 February 2006.
  2. ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations successfully completed". European External Action Service. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  3. ↑ "EU starts the Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations with Kosovo". European Commission. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Kosovo to negotiate on Stabilisation and Association Agreement". 27 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  5. ↑ "Kosovo Launches Crucial SAA Talks With EU". Balkan Insight. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  6. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Macedonia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  7. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Croatia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  8. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Albania". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  9. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Montenegro". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  10. ↑ "EU, Montenegro complete negotiations on pre-membership deal to bring country closer to bloc". International Herald Tribune. The Associated Press. 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  11. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Bosnia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  12. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Serbia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  13. ↑ "SAA Agreement with Kosovo*". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  14. ↑ "Feasibility Study for a Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo" (PDF). European Commission. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  15. 1 2 "EU starts the Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations with Kosovo". European Commission. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  16. ↑ "Stabilization and Association Agreement is initialled". Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Kosovo. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  17. ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo signed". European Commission. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  18. ↑ "Kosovo to negotiate on Stabilisation and Association Agreement". 27 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  19. ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations successfully completed". European External Action Service. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  20. ↑ "Kosovo Launches Crucial SAA Talks With EU". Balkan Insight. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  21. ↑ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part". EUR-Lex. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
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