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This is the map and list of European countries by monthly average wage (annual divided by 12 months) gross and net income (after taxes) average wages for full-time employees in their local currency and in euros. The chart below reflects the average (mean) wage as reported by various data providers. The salary distribution is right-skewed, therefore more than 50% of people earn less than the average gross salary. Thus, the median figures provided further below might be more representative than averages.
These figures will shrink after income tax is applied. In certain countries, actual incomes may exceed those listed in the table due to the existence of grey economies. In some countries, social security, contributions for pensions, public schools, and health are included in these taxes.
The countries and territories have a net average monthly salary of:
Purple | above €3,000 |
Green | €2,000 to €2,999 |
Blue | €1,000 to €1,999 |
Orange | €500 to €999 |
Red | below €500 |
The countries and territories on the map have gross average monthly salaries (taxable income) of:
Purple | above €5,000 |
Green | €3,000 to €4,999 |
Blue | €2,000 to €2,999 |
Orange | €1,000 to €1,999 |
Red | below €1,000 |
The countries and territories on the map have a net average monthly salary (adjusted for living costs in PPP) of:
Purple | above $4,000 |
Green | $3,000 to $3,999 |
Blue | $2,000 to $2,999 |
Orange | $1,499 to $1,999 |
Red | below $1,500 |
State | Net in local currency | Gross in local currency | Exchange rate to € | Date (Quarter) | Gross (€) | Net (€) | Net (PPP) [1] [2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | ALL 58,410 [3] | ALL 71,486 [3] | 0.0099 [4] | 2023-Q3 | 707 | 578 | 1,239 |
Armenia | ֏ 196,995 [5] | ֏ 269,994 [6] | 0.0024 [7] | 2023-Q3 | 648 | 473 | 1,195 |
Austria | €3,269 [8] | €4,779 [8] | 1 | 2022 | 4,779 | 3,269 | 4,484 |
Azerbaijan | ₼ 659 [9] | ₼ 766 [10] | 0.55 [11] | 2022-Q1 | 423 | 364 | 1,189 |
Belarus | BYN 1,698 [12] | BYN 1,971 [13] | 0.277 [14] | 2023-10 | 546 | 470 | 1,722 |
Belgium | €2,463 [15] | €3,832 [16] | 1 | 2022-Q3 | 3,832 | 2,463 | 3,450 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | BAM 1,328 [17] | BAM 2,052 [18] | 0.5113 [19] | 2024-1 | 1,050 | 679 | 2,070 |
Bulgaria | BGN 1,686 [20] | BGN 2,173 [21] | 0.5113 [22] | 2023-12 | 1,110 | 861 | 2,212 |
Croatia | €1,239 [23] | €1,695 | 1 | 2024-01 | 1,695 | 1,239 | 2,711 |
Cyprus | €1,904 [24] | €2,217 [25] | 1 | 2023-Q1 | 2,217 | 1,904 | 3,358 |
Czech Republic | CZK 36,330 [26] | CZK 46,013 [27] | 0.0395 [28] | 2023-Q4 | 1,816 | 1,434 | 2,663 |
Denmark | DKK 30,971 [29] | DKK 45,481 [30] [31] | 0.134 [32] | 2021 | 6,093 | 4,149 | 4,894 |
Estonia | €1,474 [33] | €1,868 [34] | 1 | 2023-09 | 1,868 | 1,474 | 2,339 |
Finland | €2,366 [35] | €3,974 [36] | 1 | 2023-Q3 | 3,974 | 2,366 | 2,827 |
France | €2,464 [37] | €3,530 [38] | 1 | 2022-Q2 | 3,530 | 2,464 | 3,556 |
Georgia | ₾1,444 [39] | ₾1,805 [40] | 0.34 [41] | 2023-Q2 | 613 | 490 | 1,225 |
Germany | €2,781 (without addons) [42] | €4,323 (without addons) [43] | 1 | 2023-04 | 4,323 | 2,781 | 4,667 |
Greece | €1,098 [44] | €1,381 [45] | 1 | 2023-Q2 | 1,381 | 1,098 | 2,230 |
Hungary | HUF 427,700 [46] | HUF 621,200 [46] | 0.002596 [47] | 2023-11 | 1,596 | 1,099 | 2,505 |
Iceland | ISK 490,000 [48] [49] | ISK 721,000 [50] | 0.00689 [51] | 2018 | 4,969 | 3,377 | 3,296 |
Ireland | €3,367 [52] | €4,548 [53] | 1 | 2023-Q4 | 4,548 | 3,367 | 4,029 |
Italy | €1,740 [54] | €2,479 [55] [56] | 1 | 2022-Q1 | 2,479 | 1,740 | 2,802 |
Kazakhstan | ₸ 294,308 [57] | ₸ 365,502 [58] | 0.00198 [59] | 2023-Q2 | 731 | 589 | 1,416 |
Kosovo | €446 [60] | €521 [60] | 1 | 2022 | 521 | 446 | 1,242 |
Latvia | €1,167 | €1,610 [61] | 1 | 2023-Q4 | 1,610 | 1,167 | 2,084 |
Lithuania | €1,304 [62] | €2,110 [63] | 1 | 2023-Q4 | 2,110 | 1,304 | 2,570 |
Luxembourg | €3,699 [64] | €5,411 [65] | 1 | 2020 | 5,411 | 3,699 | 4,321 |
Malta | €1,448 [66] | €1,829 [67] | 1 | 2023-Q3 | 1,829 | 1,448 | 2,459 |
Moldova | MDL 10,731.6 [68] | MDL 13,401.1 [69] | 0.053226 [70] | 2023-Q4 | 714 | 571 | 1,291 |
Montenegro | €821 [71] | €1,026 | 1 | 2024-02 | 1,026 | 821 | 2,023 |
Netherlands | €3,145 [72] | €4,191 [73] | 1 | 2022-Q1 | 4,191 | 3,145 | 4,199 |
North Macedonia | MKD 39,998 [74] | MKD 60,036 [75] | 0.0162 [76] | 2023-12 | 973 | 648 | 1,970 |
Norway | NOK 38,920 [77] | NOK 53,150 [78] | 0.0884 [79] | 2022-Q3 | 4,700 | 3,442 | 4,382 |
Poland | PLN 5,625 [80] | PLN 7,767 [81] | 0.230 [82] | 2023-Q4 | 1,783 | 1,291 | 2,753 |
Portugal | €1,227 [83] [84] | €1,670 [85] | 1 | 2023-Q4 | 1,670 | 1,227 | 2,220 |
Romania | RON 4,876 [86] | RON 7,990 [86] | 0.20115 [87] | 2024-02 | 1,607 | 981 | 2,232 |
Russia | ₽ 64,127 [88] | ₽ 73,709 [89] | 0.0101 [90] | 2023 | 744 | 647 | 2,036 |
San Marino | €3,237 [91] | €3,237 | 1 | 2023-09 | 3,237 | 3,237 | 5,066 |
Serbia | RSD 95,836 [92] | RSD 132,372 [92] | 0.00853 [93] | 2024-01 | 1,130 | 820 | 2,151 |
Slovakia | €1,092 [94] | €1,430 [95] | 1 | 2023 | 1,430 | 1,092 | 1,884 |
Slovenia | €1,594 [96] | €2,427 | 1 | 2023-11 | 2,427 | 1,594 | 2,757 |
Spain | €1,910 [97] | €2,471 [98] | 1 | 2023-Q2 | 2,471 | 1,910 | 3,148 |
Sweden | SEK 35,724 [99] | SEK 47,149 [100] | 0.0899 [101] | 2023-09 | 4,213 | 2,885 | 3,666 |
Switzerland | CHF 5,247 [102] | CHF 6,665 [103] | 1.06 [104] | 2020 | 7,073 | 5,569 | 5,232 |
Turkey | ₺ 20,910 [105] | ₺ 26,132 [106] [107] | 0.029 [108] | 2023-Q4 | 784 | 627 | 2,150 |
Ukraine | ₴ 17,937 [109] | ₴ 16,306 [110] | 0.025 [111] | 2023-Q3 | 391 | 448 | 1,297 |
United Kingdom | £2,145 [112] | £2,691 [113] | 1.166 [114] | 2023-09 | 3,138 | 2,502 | 3,127 |
a Excluding social and private benefits
Country | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
in EUR (€) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
Albania | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 325 | 343 | 346 | 365 | 396 | |
Armenia | - | 35 | 46 | 49 | 50 | 53 | 66 | 91 | 120 | 159 | 194 | 189 | 207 | 208 | 219 | 269 | 287 | 323 | 328 | 326 | 303 | |
Austria | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2,988 | 3,086 | 3,191 | 3,277 | 3,410 | 3,492 | 3,540 | 3,625 | 3,728 | 3,817 | 3,880 | 3,973 | 4,081 | 4,164 | 4,261 | |
Belgium | - | 2,238 | 2,293 | 2,401 | 2,441 | 2,531 | 2,662 | 2,703 | 2,766 | 2,837 | 2,936 | 3,027 | 3,103 | 3,192 | 3,258 | 3,300 | 3,414 | 3,445 | 3,489 | 3,558 | ||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 232 | 257 | 276 | 306 | 337 | 367 | 382 | 407 | 444 | 488 | 569 | 616 | 622 | 650 | 660 | 660 | 659 | 659 | 665 | 675 | 697 | |
Bulgaria | 94 | 103 | 115 | 123 | 132 | 140 | 150 | 166 | 184 | 220 | 279 | 311 | 331 | 351 | 374 | 396 | 420 | 449 | 485 | 530 | 586 | |
Croatia | - | - | 638 | 677 | 724 | 743 | 798 | 844 | 906 | 961 | 1,044 | 1,051 | 1,054 | 1,049 | 1,048 | 1,048 | 1,042 | 1,058 | 1,030 | 1,080 | 1,139 | |
Cyprus | - | - | - | - | - | 1,468 | 1,507 | 1,561 | 1,636 | 1,699 | 1,801 | 1,870 | 1,915 | 1,967 | 1,988 | 1,945 | 1,892 | 1,882 | 1,879 | 1,892 | 1,939 | |
Czech Republic | - | - | 371 | 422 | 504 | 516 | 547 | 616 | 690 | 755 | 906 | 883 | 944 | 995 | 997 | 964 | 936 | 975 | 1,027 | 1,126 | 1,243 | |
Denmark | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5,799 | 4,960 | 5,037 | 5,144 | 5,190 | 5,246 | 5,331 | 5,412 | 5,531 | 5,626 | |
Estonia | - | - | 314 | 352 | 393 | 430 | 466 | 516 | 601 | 725 | 825 | 784 | 792 | 839 | 887 | 949 | 1,005 | 1,065 | 1,146 | 1,221 | 1,310 | |
Finland | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2,555 | 2,634 | 2,734 | 2,876 | 2,971 | 3,040 | 3,109 | 3,206 | 3,284 | 3,308 | 3,333 | 3,368 | 3,395 | 3,465 | |
Georgia | - | - | - | 51 | 55 | 52 | 66 | 90 | 125 | 161 | 244 | 239 | 253 | 271 | 336 | 350 | 349 | 357 | 359 | 353 | 376 | |
Germany | 2,447 | 2,518 | 2,551 | 2,617 | 2,701 | 2,783 | 2,846 | 2,901 | 2,950 | 3,023 | 3,103 | 3,141 | 3,227 | 3,311 | 3,391 | 3,449 | 3,527 | 3,612 | 3,703 | 3,771 | 3,880 | |
Hungary | 281 | 305 | 337 | 403 | 504 | 541 | 578 | 638 | 648 | 736 | 792 | 712 | 735 | 763 | 771 | 777 | 770 | 800 | 845 | 961 | 1,035 | |
Iceland | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3,358 | 2,461 | 2,662 | 2,850 | 3,036 | 3,239 | 3,636 | 4,183 | 4,963 | 5,865 | 5,645 | |
Ireland | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3,682 | 3,698 | 3,697 | 3,669 | 3,708 | 3,726 | 3,736 | 3,755 | 3,803 | 3,867 | 3,966 | |
Kazakhstan | - | 91 | 107 | 131 | 140 | 137 | 168 | 206 | 258 | 313 | 343 | 327 | 397 | 441 | 528 | 540 | 508 | 513 | 377 | 409 | 400 | |
Kosovo | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 431 | 444 | 482 | 510 | 519 | 528 | 558 | |
Latvia | 190 | 201 | 213 | 227 | 246 | 274 | 300 | 350 | 430 | 566 | 682 | 655 | 633 | 660 | 685 | 716 | 765 | 818 | 859 | 926 | 1,004 | |
Lithuania | - | - | 281 | 285 | 294 | 311 | 333 | 370 | 433 | 522 | 623 | 596 | 576 | 593 | 615 | 646 | 677 | 714 | 774 | 840 | 924 | |
Luxembourg | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3,647 | 3,776 | 3,909 | 4,051 | 4,168 | 4,276 | 4,376 | 4,487 | 4,616 | 4,734 | 4,811 | 4,848 | 5,007 | 5,143 | |
Malta | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
Moldova | - | - | 35 | 47 | 54 | 57 | 72 | 84 | 103 | 124 | 165 | 177 | 181 | 196 | 223 | 225 | 224 | 221 | 231 | 274 | 325 | |
Montenegro | - | - | 158 | 176 | 251 | 271 | 303 | 326 | 433 | 497 | 609 | 643 | 715 | 722 | 727 | 726 | 723 | 725 | 751 | 765 | 766 | |
North Macedonia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 378 | 396 | 430 | 491 | 495 | 500 | 501 | 500 | 510 | 525 | 535 | 549 | 579 | |
Norway | - | 2,709 | 2,911 | 3,069 | 3,511 | 3,406 | 3,374 | 3,642 | 3,793 | 4,025 | 4,149 | 4,044 | 4,584 | 4,889 | 5,298 | 5,251 | 5,064 | 4,758 | 4,661 | 4,751 | 4,753 | |
Poland | 319 | 404 | 480 | 562 | 553 | 501 | 505 | 591 | 636 | 711 | 837 | 717 | 807 | 825 | 841 | 870 | 904 | 932 | 928 | 1,003 | 1,076 | |
Portugal | 678 | 700 | 729 | - | 817 | 850 | 878 | 907 | 934 | 963 | 1,008 | 1,034 | 1,075 | 1,084 | 1,095 | 1,093 | 1,093 | 1,097 | 1,108 | 1,133 | 1,170 | |
Romania | 149 | 118 | 142 | 162 | 170 | 177 | 202 | 275 | 325 | 418 | 478 | 435 | 452 | 467 | 463 | 489 | 524 | 575 | 626 | 706 | 965 | |
Serbia | - | - | - | - | 218 | 255 | 283 | 307 | 377 | 485 | 561 | 470 | 460 | 517 | 508 | 537 | 524 | 506 | 516 | 544 | 580 | |
Slovakia | - | - | 379 | 410 | 485 | 510 | 566 | 614 | 656 | 719 | 773 | 745 | 769 | 786 | 805 | 824 | 858 | 883 | 912 | 954 | 1,013 | |
Slovenia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1,157 | 1,213 | 1,285 | 1,391 | 1,439 | 1,495 | 1,525 | 1,525 | 1,523 | 1,540 | 1,556 | 1,585 | 1,627 | 1,682 | |
Spain [115] | - | - | 1,443 | 1,493 | 1,550 | 1,670 | 1,718 | 1,764 | 1,832 | 1,937 | 2,014 | 2,065 | 2,126 | 2,157 | 2,169 | 2,183 | 2,206 | 2,204 | 2,213 | 2,243 | 2,295 | |
Sweden | 2,083 | 2,203 | 2,403 | 2,302 | 2,412 | 2,499 | 2,586 | 2,617 | 2,701 | 2,790 | 2,821 | 2,627 | 2,977 | 3,210 | 3,423 | 3,538 | 3,452 | 3,420 | 3,463 | 3,499 | 3,373 | |
Ukraine | 55 | 41 | 46 | 65 | 75 | 77 | 89 | 126 | 164 | 195 | 234 | 175 | 214 | 239 | 296 | 309 | 221 | 173 | 183 | 237 | 276 | |
United Kingdom | - | 2,660 | 3,054 | 3,163 | 3,262 | 3,068 | 3,220 | 3,342 | 3,445 | 3,522 | 3,172 | 2,904 | 3,021 | 3,033 | 3,268 | 3,177 | 3,371 | 3,773 | 3,442 | 2,451 | 2,389 |
Country | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average monthly salary | |||||||||||||||
Gross EUR | Net EUR | Net PPP in $ | |||||||||||||
2000 | 2005 | 2009 | 2014 | 2018 | 2000 | 2005 | 2009 | 2014 | 2018 | 2000 | 2005 | 2009 | 2014 | 2018 | |
Albania | 325 | 396 | |||||||||||||
Armenia | 46 | 91 | 189 | 287 | 303 | ||||||||||
Azerbaijan | 105 | 266 | 426 | 271 | |||||||||||
Belgium | 2,293 | 2,703 | 3,027 | ||||||||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 276 | 407 | 616 | 659 | 697 | 190 | 275 | 404 | 424 | 449 | 616 | 846 | 1,099 | 1,194 | 1,252 |
Bulgaria | 115 | 166 | 311 | 420 | 580 | 90 | 130 | 244 | 329 | 450 | 384 | 490 | 750 | 1,018 | 1,325 |
Croatia | 638 | 844 | 1,051 | 1,042 | 1,139 | 436 | 591 | 724 | 725 | 842 | 1,010 | 1,236 | 1,386 | 1,502 | 1,755 |
Cyprus | 1,561 | 1,870 | 1,895 | 1,939 | |||||||||||
Czech Republic | 371 | 547 | 883 | 936 | 1,243 | ||||||||||
Estonia | 314 | 516 | 784 | 1,005 | 1,310 | 246 | 411 | 637 | 799 | 1,098 | 676 | 981 | 1,264 | 1,445 | 1,900 |
Finland | 2,555 | 2,971 | 3,308 | 3,465 | |||||||||||
France | 1,626 | 1,825 | 2,003 | 2,194 | 1,844 | 2,107 | 2,342 | 2,676 | |||||||
Georgia | 90 | 239 | 349 | 376 | |||||||||||
Germany | |||||||||||||||
Greece | |||||||||||||||
Hungary | 337 | 638 | 712 | 770 | 1,035 | 215 | 416 | 442 | 504 | 688 | 613 | 928 | 1,017 | 1,209 | 1,627 |
Iceland | 5,393 | 3,665 | |||||||||||||
Ireland | 3,698 | 3,736 | 3,966 | ||||||||||||
Italy | 1,771 | 2,074 | 2,262 | 2,381 | 2,464 | ||||||||||
Kazakhstan | 107 | 206 | 327 | 508 | 400 | ||||||||||
Kosovo | 482 | 558 | 430 | 498 | |||||||||||
Latvia | 213 | 350 | 655 | 765 | 1,004 | 154 | 250 | 486 | 560 | 742 | 478 | 649 | 1,006 | 1,118 | 1,455 |
Lithuania | 281 | 370 | 596 | 677 | 924 | 201 | 266 | 464 | 527 | 720 | 506 | 690 | 1,067 | 1,166 | 1,548 |
Malta | |||||||||||||||
Montenegro | 158 | 326 | 643 | 723 | 766 | 97 | 213 | 463 | 477 | 511 | 456 | 745 | 1,251 | 1,321 | 1,320 |
North Macedonia | 491 | 510 | 579 | 168 | 206 | 326 | 347 | 395 | 591 | 727 | 1,095 | 1,130 | 1,200 | ||
Poland | 480 | 623 | 766 | 957 | 1,134 | ||||||||||
Portugal | 729 | 907 | 1,034 | 1,093 | 1,170 | ||||||||||
Romania | 142 | 275 | 435 | 524 | 965 | 107 | 212 | 321 | 382 | 579 | 472 | 684 | 877 | 1,014 | 1,474 |
Russia | 86 | 245 | 423 | 665 | 574 | 75 | 213 | 368 | 578 | 499 | 265 | 584 | 1,157 | 1,346 | 1,647 |
Slovakia | 379 | 614 | 745 | 858 | 1,013 | ||||||||||
Slovenia | 1,157 | 1,439 | 1,540 | 1,682 | 736 | 930 | 1,005 | 1,093 | 1,206 | 1,440 | 1,656 | 1,815 | |||
Serbia | 307 | 470 | 524 | 580 | 210 | 338 | 380 | 420 | 267 | 690 | 949 | 1,101 | 1,204 | ||
Spain | 1,443 | 1,764 | 2,065 | 2,206 | 2,295 | ||||||||||
Sweden | 2,403 | 2,617 | 2,627 | 3,452 | 3,373 | ||||||||||
United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||
Ukraine | 46 | 126 | 175 | 221 | 276 |
The economy of Romania is a high-income mixed economy. It has a highly complex economy, ranked 12th in the European Union by total nominal GDP and 7th largest when adjusted by purchasing power parity. The World Bank notes that Romania's efforts are focused on accelerating structural reforms and strengthening institutions in order to further converge with the European Union. The country's economic growth has been one of the highest in the EU since 2010, with 2022 seeing a better-than-expected 4.8% increase.
In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA). The Social Security Act was passed in 1935, and the existing version of the Act, as amended, encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs.
A pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE), or pay-as-you-go (PAYG) in Australia, is a withholding of taxes on income payments to employees. Amounts withheld are treated as advance payments of income tax due. They are refundable to the extent they exceed tax as determined on tax returns. PAYE may include withholding the employee portion of insurance contributions or similar social benefit taxes. In most countries, they are determined by employers but subject to government review. PAYE is deducted from each paycheck by the employer and must be remitted promptly to the government. Most countries refer to income tax withholding by other terms, including pay-as-you-go tax.
Payroll taxes are taxes imposed on employers or employees, and are usually calculated as a percentage of the salaries that employers pay their employees. By law, some payroll taxes are the responsibility of the employee and others fall on the employer, but almost all economists agree that the true economic incidence of a payroll tax is unaffected by this distinction, and falls largely or entirely on workers in the form of lower wages. Because payroll taxes fall exclusively on wages and not on returns to financial or physical investments, payroll taxes may contribute to underinvestment in human capital, such as higher education.
A payroll is a list of employees of a company who are entitled to receive compensation as well as other work benefits, as well as the amounts that each should obtain. Along with the amounts that each employee should receive for time worked or tasks performed, payroll can also refer to a company's records of payments that were previously made to employees, including salaries and wages, bonuses, and withheld taxes, or the company's department that deals with compensation. A company may handle all aspects of the payroll process in-house or can outsource aspects to a payroll processing company.
A salary is a form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. It is contrasted with piece wages, where each job, hour or other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis. Salary can also be considered as the cost of hiring and keeping human resources for corporate operations, and is hence referred to as personnel expense or salary expense. In accounting, salaries are recorded in payroll accounts.
Income tax in the Netherlands is regulated by the Wet inkomstenbelasting 2001.
Household income is a measure of the combined incomes of all people sharing a particular household or place of residence. It includes every form of income, e.g., salaries and wages, retirement income, near cash government transfers like food stamps, and investment gains.
Personal income is an individual's total earnings from wages, investment interest, and other sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median weekly personal income of $1,037 for full-time workers in the United States in Q1 2022. For the year 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the median annual earnings for all workers was $41,535; and more specifically estimates that median annual earnings for those who worked full-time, year round, was $56,287.
A maximum wage, also often called a wage ceiling, is a legal limit on how much income an individual can earn. It is a prescribed limitation which can be used to effect change in an economic structure, but its effects are unrelated to those of minimum wage laws used currently by some states to enforce minimum earnings.
Taxes in Germany are levied by the federal government, the states (Länder) as well as the municipalities (Städte/Gemeinden). Many direct and indirect taxes exist in Germany; income tax and VAT are the most significant.
The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. Women are generally found to be paid less than men. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. The latter typically takes into account differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education and job experience. In other words, the adjusted values represent how much women and men make for the same work, while the non-adjusted values represent how much the average man and woman make in total. In the United States, for example, the non-adjusted average woman's annual salary is 79–83% of the average man's salary, compared to 95–99% for the adjusted average salary.
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