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Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.
Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).
Around 60 countries gained independence from the United Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by around 40 countries that gained independence from France throughout its history.[1] Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.[2][3][4] Many countries have gained independence from other Western European empires, including 23 from Spain, 7 from Portugal, 4 from the Netherlands, 3 from Belgium, and 2 from Italy.[5][6]
An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).
Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See Disputed territories.
Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formalizing national identity. Such dates do not reflect the formation of a state (an independent political entity).[citation needed]
The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.
↑The date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist through governments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.
In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list takes into account the existence of states (and their predecessor states) in an independent and continuous manner, ignoring historical periods in which states existed in the territories of the current states that were extinguished through conquest and annexation. Periods of colonial rule are also not counted. Foreign military occupations are included when the occupying nation does not have the objective of annexation or when a government in exile exists.
The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g., 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g., 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g., 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).
Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.
In a union such as Czechoslovakia, Poland-Lithuania, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[11]
There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e., not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany or GDR), which was completely abolished after the German reunification in 1990. Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany, not a GDR successor state.
The list does not include states of the Holy Roman Empire or vassal or autonomous states of the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire, as it considers these autonomous subdivisions and not sovereign states. British dominions before the adoption of the Statute of Westminster of 1931 are also not included, as these are also considered autonomous dependent states (similar to present-day Puerto Rico and Greenland) because although they had autonomy in internal affairs, they still depended on the metropole (in this case the United Kingdom) for foreign policy and defense.
The concept of sovereign state should not be confused with that of nation (for example there are even stateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second and Third Bulgarian State)
The PRC government in Beijing considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from the Qing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China.
1864–present: Kingdom of Denmark (It consists of metropolitan Denmark (sometimes called "Denmark proper") and the realm's two autonomous (but not sovereign) regions: the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America)
1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States 1503: Brief occupation by Rimini 1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire[citation needed] 301: Traditionally said to have been founded by Saint Marinus[48]
1999–Present Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (a federal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea)
↑Listed are the six UN member states with limited recognition: China (Bhutan neither recognizes PRC nor ROC; the ROC was recognized as a sovereign country by just 11 countries and Vatican City/Holy See as of Jan 2024), Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey).
↑Since the beginning of the Second Libyan Civil War in 2014, various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups. These include domestic groups such as New General National Congress and local Tuareg groups, and foreign groups such as ISIL.
↑With the ongoing Somali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
123According to the Badinter Arbitration Committee, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved into five states. This is the result when the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed on 27 April 1992 as a rump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, however, the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat as successor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in the Succession Agreement signed in June 2001.
↑The annexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The three corresponding Soviet republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state and the three states consider the corresponding Soviet republics to have been illegitimate entities.
↑controlled only a small part of the country from 1996 to 2001, but still recognized by the UN and most of the world's countries as the legitimate government of Afghanistan
↑Despite bearing the name "confederation", the Argentine Confederation was viewed internationally by its contemporaries as a single sovereign state, with a central government in charge of foreign relations.
↑Austrians date their national identity back to the establishment of the Margraviate of Austria (later the Duchy of Austria and then the Archduchy of Austria) in 970 AD, this being a state of the Holy Roman Empire that only had full sovereignty after the dissolution of the Empire in the 19th century, when Austrian Empire emerged as a full sovereign state, later, this state (then known as Cisleithania) would become one of the constituent states of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. However, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1918, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). The Republic of German-Austria denied any successorship to the Empire of Austria. Thus, in modern international law, Austria emerged as a new state in 1918. Later, the country was annexed by Germany in 1938, which in theory would cause it to lose its sovereignty and extinguish its international legal personality. Austria separated from Germany at the end of World War II in 1945. However the Moscow Conference of 1943 declared the German annexation of Austria in 1938 null and void, so the current Austrian state is considered to be the same state in continuity with the one that emerged in 1918.
↑The medieval Principality of Polotsk became an extinct state after its dissolution in 1307. The first state to use the name Belarus existed from March to December 1918. Modern state of Belarus dates from 1991
↑Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Canada becomes completely sovereign, having consulates and embassies in other countries
↑The Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja) became an extinct state after its reconquest by Spain. Modern state of Chile dates from 1818
↑People's Republic of China consider itself the successor state of the Republic of China, the latter considers itself the successor state of the Great Qing. The latter emerged from Great Jin. History of Chinese dynasties (with the rules of modern international law on state succession): The mythological Xia (if it existed) became an extinct state when it was conquered by Shang. Shang also became an extinct state when it was annexed by Zhou. In turn, Zhou became extinct as a state when it was annexed by Qin. Despite the change of dynasties, Qin and Han are considered the same state. Han became an extinct state when it collapsed into Three Kingdoms, with the three states emerging as new states (a situation similar to what occurred with Austria-Hungary and Yugoslavia in the 20th century). Cao Wei, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, and Chen are dynasties of the same state, which became extinct when conquered by Sui. Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou, Song are dynasties of the same state, which became extinct when it was annexed by the Great Yuan. Great Ming emerged as a new state when separated from Great Yuan but became extinct when conquered by Great Qing. Despite the regime change to a republic and later to a socialist republic, the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China are considered to be the same state as the former Qing dynasty.
↑Qing conquered and annexed Great Ming in 1644, making Great Ming an extinct state.
↑Costa Rica celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. Costa Rica did not participate of the attempts to recreate Central America as a unified country.
↑Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Egyptian state, as an independent sovereign state, dates from 1922
↑A federal state that emerged from the union of Egypt and Syria; however, Syria left the union in 1961. The only remaining federated state, Egypt, is considered the successor state. This is because the United Arab Republic was a member of the United Nations from February 21, 1958, until September 2, 1971 (ten years after Syria left the union and became a sovereign state again), when its changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
↑El Salvador celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The Federation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations. The seat of power in the last attempt was located in Honduras.
↑Approximate date of the establishment of the Zagwe dynasty. Zagwe was one of the kingdoms that emerged from the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum, that became an extinct or abolished state in 960 AD. It is the direct historical predecessor of the Ethiopian Empire, regardless of the Solomonic dynasty of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum having overthrown the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and assumed their throne. Dynastic lineages are irrelevant to current international law, mainly because of the fact of the majority of the states in the current world scenario are republics.
↑Germans dates their national identity to the establishment of East Francia and to the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1806, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). Throughout the 19th century, confederations were formed between these sovereign states until they all united into a federation in 1867. This federal state that emerged from the merger of these smaller states is considered a new state (a process similar to what happened with the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century and with Yemen, Vietnam, and Tanzania throughout the 20th century). The German Democratic Republic (East Germany or GDR), was completely abolished after the German reunification in 1990 and became an extinct state (in fact, it was the most recent case in history). Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany, not a GDR successor state.
↑Honduras celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The Federation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations.
↑Hungarians date their national identity back to the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, later, this state would become one of the constituent states of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. However, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1918, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). Thus, in modern international law, modern Hungary emerged as a new state in 1918, alongside Austria and the now-extinct states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (both extinct in the 1990s)
↑Iran is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the Median Empire and the Achaemenid Empire. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iranian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1501
↑Iraq is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the Sumerian Civilization and other ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iraqi state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1932
↑Mongolia celebrates its independence day on December 29th, as on this day in 1911, the country declared its independence from China. However, in 1915, Mongolia again lost its sovereignty, becoming an autonomous state within the Republic of China. In 1921, in the context of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, the country regained its independence; however, China questioned this sovereignty until 1945.
↑Montenegrins date their national identity to the founding of Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1516. However, the Montenegrin state became an extinct state at the time of the Podgorica Assembly, which led to the annexation and extinction of the Kingdom of Montenegro by the Kingdom of Serbia. The current Montenegrin state emerged in 2006 after separating from Serbia.
↑The Dutch trace their national identity back to the establishment of the Republic of the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands in 1581 (recognized as an independent nation from the Holy Roman Empire in 1648). However, the last successor state to this country, the Kingdom of Holland, became an extinct state due to annexation by Napoleon Bonaparte's First French Empire. Thus, under modern international law, the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is a new state.
↑Nicaragua celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The last failed attempt to unify these countries occurred in 1921-1922. However, Nicaragua did not join the other countries in this attempt; the last time it joined a federation was between 1896 and 1898, in the Greater Republic of Central America.
↑Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country
↑Paraguay refused to join the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine Confederation [future Argentina ], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)
↑The First Philippine Republic was an unrecognized state and became an extinct state after being terminated by the United States. The Second Philippine Republic was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire became an extinct state after the American reconquest of the archipelago. Modern state of Philippines dates from 1946. However, Filipinos celebrate their independence date on June 12 (the date of establishment of the First Philippine Republic) in order to avoid celebrating their national date on the same day that their former colonizers (the USA) celebrate their national date (July 4).
↑Russia dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, medieval state that was extinguished when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. A new Russian sovereign state arose and existed continuously and without loss of sovereignty from 1480 until 1922, when of its own accord it ceased to be a sovereign state and became a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the nation again had a sovereign state, with the current Russian sovereign state dating back to 1991. The Russian Federation is regarded as the successor state to the former Soviet Union, inheriting its seat as a UN member state, after a letter by president Boris Yeltsin was received by the secretary-general Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
↑Saudi Arabia dates its national identity from the establishment of the Emirate of Diriya (First Saudi State), however this state later became extinct, as did the Emirate of Nejd (the Second Saudi State). The Third Saudi State came into being in 1903 when it separated from the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. Through wars of conquest it conquered other states and made a real union with Hejaz. In 1932, Hejaz and Nejd were merged, creating a new state, according to the International Law
↑As a new state, not as a nation. The current Serbian state emerged in 1992, after the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia ruled that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later Serbia and Montenegro) could not legally be considered a continuation of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but it was a new state. Other Serbian states existed before this date, but ceased to exist due to the conquest by other states or by joining other states (of their own volition) in a federation. It is important not to confuse the concept of state with that of the nation, as a nation the Serbian people have existed since the Middle Ages, and just like other ethnic groups (such as the Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, etc.) it went through periods of its history in which it was a Stateless nation
↑Spain is a unitary state that emerged from the political union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. In International Law, Spain emerged as a new state in 1479, with the dynastic union between Castille and Aragon. The two kingdoms began to act externally as a single political entity because they shared the same sovereign and, above all, the same foreign policy. The outside world (non-Spanish foreign leaders) saw a single diplomatic actor: "the Hispanic Monarchy" or "Spain." Internally, however, Castile and Aragon remained separate until 1716, with their own institutions, laws, and administrations. International Law is not interested in internal administrative configurations, but in the presence of a single sovereign subject in external relations. When Philip V of Spain legally unified the kingdoms between 1707 and 1716 in the Nueva Planta decrees, abolishing fueros and local courts, there was no change to the international system: the sovereign was the same, the territory was the same, the treaties remained valid, and the powers recognized absolute continuity. Thus, for International Law, a new State was not born; what occurred was merely an internal reorganization.
↑During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Spain was occupied by France. In fear of invasion, the King of Portugal went to Rio de Janeiro, in the Portuguese colony of Brazil
↑Sudan dates its national identity to the Kingdom of Kerma, Kingdom of Kush and other ancient kingdoms that existed in its territory, i.e Nubia (mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts). However, as an independent sovereign state, the current Sudanese state dates back to 1956.
↑Syria was one of the founding members of the United Nations, having joined the organization on October 24, 1945. By uniting with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic into a political union, the Second Syrian Republic ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became an extinct state, with Syria becoming a subnational unit of the United Arab Republic. The UAR continued as a single UN member state. On October 13, 1961, following the dissolution of the UAR, Syria resumed its status as an sovereign state and regained its position as a separate member of the United Nations. However, Syrians celebrate 17 April as their independence day, as it was on 17 April 1946 that the nation ceased to be a colony of France.
↑The United Nations considers Tanzania a new state, resulting from the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
↑The national identity of Tunisia dates back to the Ancient Carthage. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Tunisian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1956
↑The Republic of Turkey is the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being known in English as the Turkish War of Independence, Turks call it in their language Kurtuluş Savaşı (lit. Liberation War). "War of Independence" in Turkish is "bağımsızlık savaşı". The country's national date is the Republic Day (Cumhuriyet Bayramı), which commemorates the change of government regime from a monarchy to a republic.
↑Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans)
↑Ukraine dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, however this state became an extinct state when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Another state with historical importance for Ukrainians in their national identity is the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which however also became an extinct state. In the 17th century the Ukrainian nation established another Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, however this state became extinct upon being conquered by the Russian Empire. Between 1917 and 1919, two new Ukrainian states was established, being unified in 1919 but again lost its sovereignty by becoming a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. The current Ukrainian sovereign state dates from 1991, emerging after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
↑The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation,[50] not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.
↑The United Nations recognizes the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as a new state created by unification.
↑Yemen is a new state created by the merger of two predecessor states. Legally, both states dissolved to create a single state. When North and South Yemen signed the Unification Agreement (1990), each extinguished its independent international legal personality. This is the central characteristic of a merger union.
↑Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge University Press.
↑Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
↑Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.
↑Finlayson, Christopher (2021). He Kupu Taurangi: Treaty settlements and the future of Aotearoa New Zealand. Huia Publishers. p.14. ISBN978-1-77550-615-7. OCLC1238026659.
↑Wippman, David (1998). "Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing". In Wippman, David (ed.). International Law and Ethnic Conflict. Cornell University Press. p.220. ISBN978-0-8014-3433-4. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
↑The Regency of Algiers ceased to exist and became an extinct or abolished state when France conquered Algeria. The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is a new state that emerged after separating from the French Republic
↑Howe, G. Melvyn; Dowsett, Charles James Frank; Mints, Aleksey Aleksandrovich; Suny, Ronald Grigor (23 April 2019). "Armenia: Independence". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
↑"Federation". australia.gov.au. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 2019-03-12. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
↑"U.S. Relations With Belize". state.gov. US Department of State. December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
↑"Botswana". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
↑"Brazil". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
↑"Burkina Faso". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
12A. Berhe. (2003). Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia: the Patriots' Movement (1936–1941) and the redefinition of post-war Ethiopia. African dynamics, ISSN1568-1777; vol. 2. Brill, Leiden, ISBN90-04-12624-4.
↑At the end of World War II, the region was abandoned by the Italians. The French and British occupy the region militarily, with the French settling in Fezzan, the British in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. Later the Emirate of Cyrenaica is established as an independent but not internationally recognized country. King Idris I unified the country on December 24, 1951, uniting the territories into a single federal state, named the United Kingdom of Libya, later becoming the unitary Kingdom of Libya
↑Rose, Leo E.; Margaret W. Fisher (1970). The Politics of Nepal. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p.xi. ISBN0-8014-0574-2. Nepal is of special interest, partly because it is an Asian country that was never reduced to colonial status.
↑Painter, James E.; Butland, Gilbert James; Service, Elman R.; Nickson, R. Andrew; Williams, John Hoyt (10 May 2019). "Paraguay". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
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