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Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.
Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).
Around 60 countries gained independence from the United Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by around 40 countries that gained independence from France throughout its history.[1] Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.[2][3][4] Many countries have gained independence from other Western European empires, including 23 from Spain, 7 from Portugal, 4 from the Netherlands, 3 from Belgium, and 2 from Italy.[5][6]
An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).
Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See Disputed territories.
Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formalizing national identity. Such dates do not reflect the formation of a state (an independent political entity).[citation needed]
The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.
The International Court of Justice awards the beach of Isla Portillos between the mouth of the San Juan river and Laguna Los Portillos to Costa Rica, leaving just the Laguna Los Portillos and its short strip of beach to Nicaragua, ending their long-standing San Juan River border dispute.[7][8]
The International Court of Justice awards the beach of Isla Portillos between the mouth of the San Juan river and Laguna Los Portillos to Costa Rica, leaving just the Laguna Los Portillos and its short strip of beach to Nicaragua, ending their long-standing San Juan River border dispute.[7][8]
The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries
The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the 1935 Commonwealth constitution
12 June 1898 Independence declared from Spain, but not recognized.[23]
With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia).
The Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799.
1 December 1918
Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as the Kingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark.
1 September 1972
No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117.
The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions.[47][48]
1 2 3 The date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist through governments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.
Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs"
After the Soviet Union ceased to exist, the Russian Federation became an independent state and was recognized by the international community as the successor state of the Soviet Union.
Dinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[46]
In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list takes into account the existence of states (and their predecessor states) in an independent and continuous manner, ignoring historical periods in which states existed in the territories of the current states that were extinguished through conquest and annexation. Periods of colonial rule are also not counted. Foreign military occupations are included when the occupying nation does not have the objective of annexation or when a government in exile exists.
The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g., 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g., 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g., 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).
Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.
In a union such as Czechoslovakia, Poland-Lithuania, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[60]
There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e., not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany or GDR), which was completely abolished after the German reunification in 1990. Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany, not a GDR successor state.
The list does not include states of the Holy Roman Empire or vassal or autonomous states of the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire, as it considers these autonomous subdivisions and not sovereign states. British dominions before the adoption of the Statute of Westminster of 1931 are also not included, as these are also considered autonomous dependent states (similar to present-day Puerto Rico and Greenland) because although they had autonomy in internal affairs, they still depended on the metropole (in this case the United Kingdom) for foreign policy and defense.
The concept of sovereign state should not be confused with that of nation (for example there are even stateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second and Third Bulgarian State)
The PRC government in Beijing considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from the Qing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China.
1864-present: Kingdom of Denmark (It consists of metropolitan Denmark (sometimes called "Denmark proper") and the realm's two autonomous (but not sovereign) regions: the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America)
1297-1814: House of Grimaldi (under the sovereignty of the Republic of Genoa) Grimaldi Man Grimaldi Manis the name formerly given to two human skeletons of the Upper Paleolithic discovered in Italy in 1901. The remains are now recognized as representing two individuals, and are dated to ca. 26,000 to 22,000 years ago (i.e. c. 24000–20000 BC) and classified as part of the wider Early European modern humans population of the late Aurignacian to early Gravettian.
Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification.[91] The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.[citation needed]
1154-1624: Nabhani Dynasty they were rulers of Oman from 1154 until 1624, when the Yaruba dynasty came to power. One of its most visible legacies is Bahla Fort, a large complex of mud-brick buildings on stone foundations that is registered as a UNESCO world heritage site. The Nabhanid dynasty may be a possible ancestor of the Nabhan family, a family of Syrian and Lebanese descent that has influential members in the United States, some of whom immigrated and settled in New York City in the mid-20th century, and some who have influence in Brazil.
Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.
1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States 1503: Brief occupation by Rimini 1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire[citation needed] 301: Traditionally said to have been founded by Saint Marinus[96]
1999–Present Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (a federal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea)
↑ Listed are the six UN member states with limited recognition: China (Bhutan neither recognizes PRC nor ROC; the ROC was recognized as a sovereign country by just 11 countries and Vatican City/Holy See as of Jan 2024), Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), Armenia (not recognized by Pakistan) and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey).
↑ See the Declaration of independence article: "... the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis."
1 2 3 4 5 According to the Badinter Arbitration Committee, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved into five states. This is the result when the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed on 27 April 1992 as a rump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, however, the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat as successor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in the Succession Agreement signed in June 2001.
↑ The Faroe Islands and Greenland were administered by Denmark until 24 March 1948 and 1 May 1979 respectively. They are now autonomous countries with home rule, but remain part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
1 2 3 The annexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The three corresponding Soviet republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state and the three states consider the corresponding Soviet republics to have been illegitimate entities.
↑ The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[37] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
↑ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
↑ Prior to 1999, the Constitution of Ireland claimed that "The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland", but that its laws were only valid in the counties of the Republic.
↑ East Timor had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975, but this occupation was not recognized by the wider global community.
↑ The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[37] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
↑ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
↑ Baikonur is treated as a federal subject of Russia, but its exact status is a topic of dispute between the two countries.[59]
↑ Despite bearing the name "confederation", the Argentine Confederation was viewed internationally by its contemporaries as a single sovereign state, with a central government in charge of foreign relations.
↑ Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Canada becomes completely sovereign, having consulates and embassies in other countries
↑ The Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja) became an extinct state after its reconquest by Spain. Modern state of Chile dates from 1818
↑ Qing conquered and annexed Great Ming in 1644, making Great Ming an extinct state.
↑ Costa Rica celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. Costa Rica did not participate of the attempts to recreate Central America as a unified country.
↑ Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Egyptian state, as an independent sovereign state, dates from 1922
↑ A federal state that emerged from the union of Egypt and Syria; however, Syria left the union in 1961. The only remaining federated state, Egypt, is considered the successor state. This is because the United Arab Republic was a member of the United Nations from February 21, 1958, until September 2, 1971 (ten years after Syria left the union and became a sovereign state again), when its changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
↑ El Salvador celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The Federation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations. The seat of power in the last attempt was located in Honduras.
↑ Approximate date of the establishment of the Zagwe dynasty. Zagwe was one of the kingdoms that emerged from the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum, that became an extinct or abolished state in 960 AD. It is the direct historical predecessor of the Ethiopian Empire, regardless of the Solomonic dynasty of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum having overthrown the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and assumed their throne. Dynastic lineages are irrelevant to current international law, mainly because of the fact of the majority of the states in the current world scenario are republics.
↑ Germans dates their national identity to the establishment of East Francia and to the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1806, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). Throughout the 19th century, confederations were formed between these sovereign states until they all united into a federation in 1867. This federal state that emerged from the merger of these smaller states is considered a new state (a process similar to what happened with the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century and with Yemen, Vietnam, and Tanzania throughout the 20th century).
↑ Honduras celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The Federation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations.
↑ Iran is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the Median Empire and the Achaemenid Empire. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iranian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1501
↑ Iraq is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the Sumerian Civilization and other ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iraqi state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1932
↑ Mongolia celebrates its independence day on December 29th, as on this day in 1911, the country declared its independence from China. However, in 1915, Mongolia again lost its sovereignty, becoming an autonomous state within the Republic of China. In 1921, in the context of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, the country regained its independence; however, China questioned this sovereignty until 1945.
↑ Montenegrins date their national identity to the founding of Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1516. However, the Montenegrin state became an extinct state at the time of the Podgorica Assembly, which led to the annexation and extinction of the Kingdom of Montenegro by the Kingdom of Serbia. The current Montenegrin state emerged in 2006 after separating from Serbia.
↑ The Dutch trace their national identity back to the establishment of the Republic of the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands in 1581 (recognized as an independent nation from the Holy Roman Empire in 1648). However, the last successor state to this country, the Kingdom of Holland, became an extinct state due to annexation by Napoleon Bonaparte's First French Empire. Thus, under modern international law, the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is a new state.
↑ Nicaragua celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The last failed attempt to unify these countries occurred in 1921-1922. However, Nicaragua did not join the other countries in this attempt; the last time it joined a federation was between 1896 and 1898, in the Greater Republic of Central America.
↑ The region was conquered by Portuguese forces under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, and remained under Portuguese control until they were expelled by the Ya'rubids.
↑ Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country
↑ Paraguay refused to join the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine Confederation [future Argentina ], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)
↑ The First Philippine Republic was an unrecognized state and became an extinct state after being terminated by the United States. The Second Philippine Republic was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire became a extinct state after the American reconquest of the archipelago. Modern state of Philippines dates from 1946. However, Filipinos celebrate their independence date on June 12 (the date of establishment of the First Philippine Republic) in order to avoid celebrating their national date on the same day that their former colonizers (the USA) celebrate their national date (July 4).
↑ Russia dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, medieval state that was extinguished when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. A new Russian sovereign state arose and existed continuously and without loss of sovereignty from 1480 until 1922, when of its own accord it ceased to be a sovereign state and became a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the nation again had a sovereign state, with the current Russian sovereign state dating back to 1991. The Russian Federation is regarded as the successor state to the former Soviet Union, inheriting its seat as a UN member state, after a letter by president Boris Yeltsin was received by the secretary-general Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
↑ Saudi Arabia dates its national identity from the establishment of the Emirate of Diriya (First Saudi State), however this state later became extinct, as did the Emirate of Nejd (the Second Saudi State). The Third Saudi State came into being in 1903 when it separated from the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. Through wars of conquest it conquered other states and made a real union with Hejaz. In 1932, Hejaz and Nejd were merged, creating a new state, according to the International Law
↑ As a new state, not as a nation. The current Serbian state emerged in 1992, after the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia ruled that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later Serbia and Montenegro) could not legally be considered a continuation of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but it was a new state. Other Serbian states existed before this date, but ceased to exist due to the conquest by other states or by joining other states (of their own volition) in a federation. It is important not to confuse the concept of state with that of the nation, as a nation the Serbian people have existed since the Middle Ages, and just like other ethnic groups (such as the Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, etc.) it went through periods of its history in which it was a Stateless nation
↑ During the Visigoth kingdom of Toledo, the names of the Visigoth kingdom (Regnum Gothorum) and Spain (Hispaniae or Spaniae) were used more and more frequently as synonymous terms, beginning to have not only a geographical meaning, but also a political one (especially since the year 624, when Swinthila finally defeated the Byzantines and the Visigoths dominated the entire Iberian Peninsula). Historiographers of the time such as Isidore of Seville, Julian of Toledo, John of Biclaro, as well as from abroad, the Franks Gregory of Tours, Fredegar, or Pope Leo II, referred to the Visigoth kingdom or its kings, as Hispania or kings of Hispania. On the other hand, there was an adoption by the Visigoths of the Hispano-Roman culture, with a progressive intention to merge the Gothic and Hispano-Roman societies into a common one, politically (kingdom administered from the capital of Toledo, and in accordance with Roman ecclesiastical power through the Councils of Toledo), religiously (Reccared I converted from Arianism to Chalcedonian Christianity in 589), common legislation (Code of Leovigild, and later Visigothic Code), militarily (army composed of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths), with a monetary unit (Visigothic royal currency from 580 to 710), and linguistically (Visigoths spoke Latin), taking advantage of the pre-existing cohesion left by the Hispania of the Roman Empire.[97]Spain is a unitary state that emerged from the political union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. Using the modern criteria of the United Nations, which considers the date of admission of other states that emerged from political unions (such as Tanzania, Malaysia and Yemen) as the date of the oldest predecessor state to be admitted, it will soon be seen that the oldest state that merged to form modern Spain is the Kingdom of León, one of the states in personal union that integrated the Crown of Castile, with such state dating its origins directly from the Kingdom of Asturias. Spain was until 1715 a composite monarchy, i.e. several small states in personal union, only passing through a political union in 1715 with the Nueva Planta decrees
↑ During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Spain was a governorship of France. In fear of invasion, the King of Portugal went to Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil.
↑ Sudan dates its national identity to the Kingdom of Kerma, Kingdom of Kush and other ancient kingdoms that existed in its territory, i.e Nubia (mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts). However, as an independent sovereign state, the current Sudanese state dates back to 1956.
↑ Syria was one of the founding members of the United Nations, having joined the organization on October 24, 1945. By uniting with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic into a political union, the Second Syrian Republic ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became an extinct state, with Syria becoming a subnational unit of the United Arab Republic. The UAR continued as a single UN member state. On October 13, 1961, following the dissolution of the UAR, Syria resumed its status as an sovereign state and regained its position as a separate member of the United Nations. However, Syrians celebrate 17 April as their independence day, as it was on 17 April 1946 that the nation ceased to be a colony of France.
↑ The United Nations considers Tanzania a new state, resulting from the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
↑ The national identity of Tunisia dates back to the Ancient Carthage. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Tunisian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1956
↑ The Republic of Turkey is the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being known in English as the Turkish War of Independence, Turks call it in their language Kurtuluş Savaşı (lit. Liberation War). "War of Independence" in Turkish is "bağımsızlık savaşı". The country's national date is the Republic Day (Cumhuriyet Bayramı), which commemorates the change of government regime from a monarchy to a republic.
↑ Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans)
↑ Ukraine dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, however this state became an extinct state when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Another state with historical importance for Ukrainians in their national identity is the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which however also became an extinct state. In the 17th century the Ukrainian nation established another Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, however this state became extinct upon being conquered by the Russian Empire. Between 1917 and 1919, two new Ukrainian states was established, being unified in 1919 but again lost its sovereignty by becoming a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. The current Ukrainian sovereign state dates from 1991, emerging after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
↑ The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation,[101] not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.
↑ The United Nations recognizes the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as a new state created by unification.
↑ Yemen is a new state created by the merger of two predecessor states. Legally, both states dissolved to create a single state. When North and South Yemen signed the Unification Agreement (1990), each extinguished its independent international legal personality. This is the central characteristic of a merger union.
↑ Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge University Press.
↑ Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
↑ Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.
1 2 "Country Profile: Philippines"(PDF). Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress. March 2006. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 10, 2012. said: "The Philippines attained independence from Spain on 12 June 1898, and from the United States on 4 July 1946.". Other sources (e.g. The CIA FactbookArchived 2021-01-10 at the Wayback Machine ) say that the Philippine Islands were ceded to the US by Spain in 1898 following the Spanish–American War.
↑ Bautista 2009: "Although by today's standards the 1898 annexation of the Philippines by the U.S. was unlawful, it does not follow that the U.S. claims of sovereignty are unfounded. Under the doctrine of intertemporal law, 'a juridical fact must be appreciated in light of the law contemporary with it, and not the law in force at the time when a dispute in regard to it arises or falls to be settled.' Thus, the legality of any act should be determined in accordance with the law of the time the act was committed, and not by reference to law as it might have become at a later date.'"
↑ Deeley, Furness, and Schofield (2001) The International Boundaries of East Timor p. 8
↑ Tuchscherer, Michel (2000-07-01). "Chronologie du Yémen (1506-1635)". Arabian Humanities. Revue internationale d'archéologie et de sciences sociales sur la péninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula (in French). 8 (8). doi:10.4000/cy.11. ISSN1248-0568.
↑ Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas (in Lithuanian). Vytautas Spečiūnas (compiler). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. 2004. pp.15–78. ISBN5-420-01535-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ Finlayson, Christopher (2021). He Kupu Taurangi: Treaty settlements and the future of Aotearoa New Zealand. Huia Publishers. p.14. ISBN978-1-77550-615-7. OCLC1238026659.
↑ The Regency of Algiers ceased to exist and became an extinct or abolished state when France conquered Algeria. The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is a new state that emerged after separating from the French Republic
↑ Howe, G. Melvyn; Dowsett, Charles James Frank; Mints, Aleksey Aleksandrovich; Suny, Ronald Grigor (23 April 2019). "Armenia: Independence". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
↑ "Federation". australia.gov.au. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 2019-03-12. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
↑ "U.S. Relations With Belize". state.gov. US Department of State. December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
↑ "Botswana". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
↑ "Brazil". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
↑ "Burkina Faso". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
1 2 A. Berhe. (2003). Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia: the Patriots' Movement (1936–1941) and the redefinition of post-war Ethiopia. African dynamics, ISSN1568-1777; vol. 2. Brill, Leiden, ISBN90-04-12624-4.
↑ "Colonization". The African-American Mosaic. Library of Congress. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2009-04-25. Liberia ... was neither a sovereign power nor a bona fide colony of any sovereign nation. ... the United States refused to claim sovereignty over Liberia.
↑ At the end of World War II, the region was abandoned by the Italians. The French and British occupy the region militarily, with the French settling in Fezzan, the British in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. Later the Emirate of Cyrenaica is established as an independent but not internationally recognized country. King Idris I unified the country on December 24, 1951, uniting the territories into a single federal state, named the United Kingdom of Libya, later becoming the unitary Kingdom of Libya
↑ The independent government of the Moroccan Sultan still existed, in nominal form, during the period when the country was a protectorate of European colonial powers. Source: Treaty of Fes
↑ Rose, Leo E.; Margaret W. Fisher (1970). The Politics of Nepal. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p.xi. ISBN0-8014-0574-2. Nepal is of special interest, partly because it is an Asian country that was never reduced to colonial status.
↑ Painter, James E.; Butland, Gilbert James; Service, Elman R.; Nickson, R. Andrew; Williams, John Hoyt (10 May 2019). "Paraguay". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
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