1924–1990: Union republic of the Soviet Union 1990–1991: Union Republic with priority of the Uzbek legislation September–December 1991: De facto independent state
The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (UzSSR), also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, the Uzbek SSR, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union. It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the legal political party, from 1925 until 1990. From 1990 to 1991, it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation.
Beginning 20 June 1990, the Uzbek SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty within its borders. Islam Karimov became the republic's inaugural president.
The name, Uzbekistan, literally means "Home of the Free", taken from an amalgamation of uz (Turkic: "self"), bek (Turkic: "master"), and -stan (Persian: "land of"). While the various Uzbek-language official names used throughout the history of the republic all used Uzbekistan, the official Russian names used only the adjective Uzbek.
The first official name of the republic was the Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic. In the official Yaña imlâ-style modified Arabic-based script, this official name in Uzbek was ئوزبيكستان ئيجتيماعى شورالار جومهورييەتى. With the introduction of the Yañalif-based Latin alphabet in 1929, this became Ɵzʙekistan Ьçtьmaьj Şora Çymhyrijəti.[b] Spelling reforms in 1934 changed this to Ozʙekistan Içtimaij Şora Çumhurijəti. In modern Uzbek, this would be Oʻzbekiston Ijtimoiy Sho‘ro Jumhuriyati (Ўзбекистон Ижтимоий Шўро Жумҳурияти). In 1936, like with the other republics of the Soviet Union, the words Socialist and Soviet were reversed in the official name of the Uzbek SSR, Узбекская Советская Социалистическая Республика (Uzbekskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika) in Russian, which was reflected in the Constitution of 1937. With the process of "internationalization of national languages" (i.e. Russification), Arabic-derived words like sho‘ro, ijtimoiy and jumhuriyati were replaced with Russian cognates, and in 1940, Uzbek was switched to Cyrillic script. The new Uzbek name of the republic was Ўзбекистон Совет Социалистик Республикаси (Oʻzbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi).
With the collapse of communism in 1991, the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan upon its declaration of independence on 31 August of that year.
Group of Uzbek women in the old city of Tashkent, 1924
Uzbekistan included the Tajik ASSR until 1929, when the Tajik ASSR was upgraded to an equal status. In 1930, the Uzbek SSR capital was relocated from Samarkand to Tashkent, which remained the capital since. In 1936, Uzbekistan was enlarged with the addition of the Karakalpak ASSR taken from the Kazakh SSR in the last stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. That same year in December, it was renamed to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Further bits and pieces of territory were transferred several times between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan after World War II.
In 1937–38, during the Great Purge, a number of alleged nationalists were executed, including Faizullah Khojaev, the first prime minister.
During the Soviet period, Islam became a focal point for the anti-religious drives of Communist authorities. The government closed most mosques, and religious schools became anti-religious museums.[citation needed] The Soviet period also achieved virtual elimination of illiteracy, even in rural areas. Only a small percentage of the population was literate before 1917; this percentage increased to nearly 100 percent under the Soviets.[1][pageneeded][2][pageneeded]
Another major development, one with future catastrophic impact, was the drive initiated in the early 1960s to substantially increase cotton production in the republic. This drive led to overzealous irrigation withdrawals of irrigation water from the Amu Darya and the subsequent Aral Sea ecological disaster.
The Communist Party was the only legal party in the Uzbek SSR until 1990. The first secretary, or head, of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan was consistently an Uzbek. Long-time leader of the Uzbek SSR was Sharof Rashidov, head of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan from 1959 to 1983. Islam Karimov, leader of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989 and subsequently head of that party's reincarnation, the People's Democratic Party (PDP), became president of the Uzbek SSR in 1990. On 20 June 1990, the Supreme Soviet adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Uzbek SSR, which took over the laws of the Soviet Union days after the Russian SFSR adopted theirs.
Independence
Flag of the Uzbek SSR/Uzbekistan, adopted on 18 November 1991
The Uzbek SSR participated in the referendum in March 1991 as a part of the proposed Union of Soviet Sovereign States. This never came to pass after unsuccessful coup attempt events between 19 and 21 August 1991 in Moscow. In the aftermath, the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan and declared its independence on 31 August 1991, with the Soviet Union dissolving on 26 December 1991. After independence, the 1978 Constitution remained in use. The referendum was confirmed on 29 December 1991.
Like others union republics available in USSR, Uzbek SSR had an executive body of state authority - Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR. Its leader has been a head of government and officially called Chairman of Council of Ministers.
In 1989 its members were:
Minister for Agriculture;
Minister for Aviation;
Minister for Autmotive Industry;
Minister for Culture
Minister for Construction;
Minister for Cotton and Wheat Production;
Minister for Coal Industry;
Minister for Chemical Industry;
Minister for Communications;
Minister for Construction Materials Industry;
Minister for Dairy and Meat Productions;
Minister for Education;
Minister for Electronic Industry;
Minister for Finance;
Minister for Food Industry;
Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Minister for Foreign Economic Relations;
Minister for Gas Industry;
Minister for General Engineering;
Minister for Geology;
Minister for Health Care;
Minister for Heavy Machinery;
Minister for Special Installations;
Minister for Instrumentation, Automation and Control Systems;
Uzbekistan had the strongest Soviet Armed Forces presence of the other Central Asian Republics. Almost all of its troops were personnel of the Turkestan Military District (TurkVO), which was based in Tashkent. Personnel from the TurkVO were distributed between the military of Uzbekistan, as well as the militaries of the other four Central Asian republics when it was dissolved in June 1992. At independence, ethnic Russians filled the ranks of the newly created armed forces, and made up most of the officer corps.
Uzbekistan's energy came from large thermal power plants, including those at Syrdarya, Angren, Tashkent and others. There was also a hydroelectric component to the economy, including the Charvak, Hodzhikentskaya, Gazalkent and Farkhad hydroelectric plants, among others.
The natural gas industry was of importance to the economy of the republic. The Gazly deposits and other and Kashkadarya (Mubarak, Shurtan) area contributed to this industry. Uzbekistan also produced oil (Fergana valley, Bukhara and Surkhandarya region). In terms of minerals, there was production of lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, copper ores (found in the Karamazarskaya group of deposits), and gold (found in the Navoi region, Jizzakh region, and others).
Some of the light industry present in Uzbekistan included the primary processing of cotton, silk cocoons, wool, fiber crops, raw hides, and karakul pelts. Cotton and silk textiles, footwear, garments, and carpets were all produced in Uzbekistan.
The food industry produced oil and fat - mainly oil production from cotton seeds, tinned vegetables, butter and cheese, milk, and meat.
ARTICLE 26. The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of the Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Ferghana, and Khorezm Regions, and the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[5]
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