This article needs to be updated.(March 2009) |
Government |
---|
Uzbekistanportal |
Uzbekistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in United Nations-organized groups to help solve the Tajik and Afghan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability. Uzbekistan is an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism and joined the coalitions which have dealt with both Afghanistan and Iraq (although, in 2005, relations with the U.S. were strained after the May 2005 unrest and Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. leave Karshi-Khanabad). It is a member of the United Nations, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It belongs to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Economic Cooperation Organization, which comprises 7 Central Asian countries: Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.
In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the GUAM alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which was formed in 1997 (temporarily making it GUUAM until Uzbekistan withdrew in 2005). Uzbekistan is also a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan is also candidate state of the new Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.
Antti Turunen, the head of the Finnish Foreign Ministry's Eastern European and Central Asian department, led a European Union fact-finding mission to Tashkent, Uzbekistan on August 29, 2006. The Uzbek deputy foreign minister indicated that the Uzbek government was interested in talks with the EU during a visit to Helsinki, Finland in June 2006, just before Finland assumed the EU presidency. Radio Free Europe journalists spoke to Turunen on September 1. Turunen said the visit was inconclusive, but promising enough for the EU to "analyze" to see if the sanctions imposed on Uzbekistan could be lifted. Turunen's visit to Uzbekistan was the first EU visit since October, when sanctions were imposed after the Uzbek government refused to allow an international investigation into the Andijan massacre. [1]
The diplomatic sanctions consisted of a ban on political contacts, aid cuts, and visa bans on officials held responsible for the events in Andijan and their cover-up. Turunen said, "There are many, many open cases on human rights, and we have to now carefully look into what has really been done and what recommendations of [the] international community have been implemented. They indicated [then] that there would be possibilities to again resume ministerial level dialogue, that they might be willing to again discuss all aspects of EU-Uzbek relations, including the events in Andijan. That will be part of the assessment of the sanctions regime and on the basis of that assessment a decision on the fate of the sanctions will be made by mid-November." [1]
Turunen said that the visit went "smoothly" and that Uzbek Foreign Minister Vladimir Norov offered a "warm reception." The EU delegation met with officials from the Justice Ministry, the Attorney General's office, and Uzbek parliament members in a "rather good" atmosphere. He stressed that "the real issue" for the EU is the Uzbek government's response to the Andijan massacre and human rights abuses. "Well, it seems that at the moment the issue with the international inquiry is not on the agenda as such. They are to a certain extent open to discuss on expert level the events that took place in Andijan and we have to now see what this amounts to, what concrete steps towards that direction could be taken. The other issue is they are now willing to engage on human rights, to establish some kind of human rights dialogue or regular meetings on human rights issues which, in itself, is a positive signal." [1]
Although he was unsure what prompted the invitation to EU officials, he said Uzbekistan is trying to overcome its isolation. He said Russia-Uzbek relations and possible EU development of Uzbek energy reserves were not "directly" discussed but that "one might assume in the longer run they look forward to EU investment in this area." If the sanctions are lifted, a "Cooperation Council" meeting with Foreign Minister Norov will take place in Brussels later this autumn. [1]
On 31 March 2009, Uzbekistan and the Sultanate of Oman agreed upon a legal framework that protects Omani investments in central Asia and guarantees trade from both nations is free from double taxation. The Sultanate's government has been pursuing economic diversification and privatisation policies for nearly a decade, having signed similar agreement with thirty of its other trading partners. [2]
List of countries which Uzbekistan maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date [3] |
---|---|---|
1 | Australia | 26 December 1991 |
2 | China | 2 January 1992 |
3 | Vietnam | 17 January 1992 |
4 | Egypt | 23 January 1992 |
5 | Mongolia | 25 January 1992 |
6 | Denmark | 25 January 1992 |
7 | Japan | 26 January 1992 |
8 | South Korea | 29 January 1992 |
9 | North Korea | 7 February 1992 |
10 | United Kingdom | 18 February 1992 |
11 | United States | 19 February 1992 |
12 | Saudi Arabia | 20 February 1992 |
13 | Malaysia | 21 February 1992 |
14 | Israel | 21 February 1992 |
15 | Finland | 26 February 1992 |
16 | France | 1 March 1992 |
17 | Hungary | 3 March 1992 |
18 | Turkey | 4 March 1992 |
19 | Germany | 6 March 1992 |
20 | Belgium | 10 March 1992 |
21 | New Zealand | 11 March 1992 |
22 | Greece | 16 March 1992 |
23 | Mexico | 16 March 1992 |
24 | Spain | 17 March 1992 |
25 | India | 18 March 1992 |
26 | Poland | 19 March 1992 |
27 | Russia | 20 March 1992 |
28 | Italy | 24 March 1992 |
29 | Syria | 24 March 1992 |
30 | Austria | 25 March 1992 |
31 | Canada | 7 April 1992 |
32 | Sweden | 8 April 1992 |
33 | Philippines | 13 April 1992 |
34 | Oman | 22 April 1992 |
35 | Thailand | 6 May 1992 |
36 | Switzerland | 7 May 1992 |
37 | Iran | 10 May 1992 |
38 | Pakistan | 10 May 1992 |
39 | Yemen | 25 May 1992 |
40 | Bahrain | 29 May 1992 |
41 | Luxembourg | 10 June 1992 |
42 | Norway | 10 June 1992 |
43 | Indonesia | 23 June 1992 |
44 | Algeria | 30 June 1992 |
45 | Lithuania | 5 August 1992 |
46 | Portugal | 12 August 1992 |
47 | South Africa | 12 August 1992 |
48 | Ukraine | 25 August 1992 |
49 | Nigeria | 28 August 1992 |
50 | Laos | 10 September 1992 |
51 | Bulgaria | 12 September 1992 [4] |
52 | Afghanistan | 13 October 1992 |
53 | Bangladesh | 15 October 1992 |
— | Holy See | 17 October 1992 |
54 | Tajikistan | 20 October 1992 |
55 | Kazakhstan | 23 October 1992 |
56 | United Arab Emirates | 25 October 1992 |
57 | Latvia | 3 November 1992 |
58 | Netherlands | 24 November 1992 |
59 | Tunisia | 26 November 1992 |
60 | Czech Republic | 1 January 1993 |
61 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993 |
62 | Turkmenistan | 8 January 1993 |
63 | Belarus | 21 January 1993 |
64 | Jordan | 15 February 1993 |
65 | Kyrgyzstan | 16 February 1993 |
66 | Malta | 25 February 1993 |
67 | Brazil | 30 April 1993 |
68 | Iraq | 19 June 1993 |
69 | Guinea | 24 June 1993 |
70 | Argentina | 9 September 1993 |
71 | Morocco | 11 October 1993 |
72 | Ghana | 28 October 1993 |
73 | Albania | 23 November 1993 |
74 | Zambia | 1 February 1994 |
75 | Kuwait | 8 July 1994 |
76 | Chad | 16 August 1994 |
77 | Georgia | 19 August 1994 |
78 | Moldova | 23 August 1994 |
79 | Chile | 15 September 1994 |
— | State of Palestine | 25 September 1994 |
80 | Estonia | 25 November 1994 |
81 | Maldives | 7 December 1994 |
82 | North Macedonia | 31 December 1994 |
83 | Slovenia | 16 January 1995 |
84 | Serbia | 18 January 1995 |
85 | Croatia | 6 February 1995 |
86 | Cambodia | 7 September 1995 |
87 | Azerbaijan | 2 October 1995 |
88 | Romania | 6 October 1995 |
89 | Senegal | 6 October 1995 |
90 | Armenia | 27 October 1995 |
91 | Venezuela | 26 April 1996 |
92 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 14 May 1996 |
93 | Brunei | 20 June 1996 |
94 | Ethiopia | 15 July 1996 |
95 | Jamaica | 8 August 1996 |
96 | Mali | 13 February 1997 |
97 | Singapore | 8 April 1997 |
98 | Cyprus | 30 May 1997 |
99 | Iceland | 25 September 1997 |
100 | Ireland | 7 November 1997 |
101 | Qatar | 27 November 1997 |
102 | Uruguay | 25 May 1998 |
103 | Lebanon | 22 October 1998 |
104 | Mauritius | 4 August 1999 |
105 | Namibia | 30 August 1999 |
106 | Sri Lanka | 11 October 1999 |
107 | Peru | 22 December 1999 |
108 | Myanmar | 8 February 2001 |
109 | Costa Rica | 7 June 2001 |
110 | Paraguay | 27 August 2001 |
111 | Angola | 31 May 2002 |
112 | Sudan | 6 January 2005 |
113 | Comoros | 21 May 2005 |
114 | Benin | 17 August 2005 |
115 | Cuba | 13 March 2006 |
116 | Montenegro | 19 December 2006 |
117 | Guatemala | 9 February 2007 |
118 | Nicaragua | 23 February 2007 |
119 | Honduras | 26 April 2007 |
120 | Dominican Republic | 28 September 2007 |
121 | Zimbabwe | 18 January 2008 |
122 | Mauritania | 2 July 2008 |
123 | Andorra | 1 December 2009 |
124 | Fiji | 16 June 2010 |
125 | Libya | 27 October 2010 |
126 | Ecuador | 17 July 2011 |
127 | Colombia | 2 October 2012 |
128 | Bolivia | 28 November 2012 |
129 | Monaco | 29 November 2013 |
130 | El Salvador | 3 December 2014 |
131 | Nepal | 26 January 2018 |
132 | Grenada | 11 October 2019 |
133 | San Marino | 3 February 2021 |
134 | Dominica | 14 May 2021 |
135 | Panama | 29 November 2021 |
136 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 9 March 2022 |
137 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 10 May 2022 |
138 | Antigua and Barbuda | 13 June 2022 |
139 | Guyana | 10 October 2022 |
140 | Sierra Leone | 28 April 2023 |
141 | Trinidad and Tobago | 15 June 2023 |
142 | Uganda | 18 January 2024 |
143 | Belize | 5 March 2024 |
144 | Liechtenstein | 5 March 2024 |
145 | Gambia | 14 March 2024 |
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | ||
Albania | 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1993. [5] |
Armenia | 1995 |
|
Azerbaijan | 1995 | |
Belarus | 1992 |
|
Bulgaria | 1992-09-12 | See Bulgaria–Uzbekistan relations |
Burkina Faso | 1992 | Burkina Faso recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on January 25, 1992. [12] |
China | 3 January 1992 [13] | See China–Uzbekistan relations |
Comoros | 2005 |
|
Cuba | 2006 |
|
Djibouti | 1992 | Djibouti recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on January 6, 1992. However both countries have not yet established diplomatic relations. [14] |
Germany | 1992 | See Germany–Uzbekistan relations |
India | 18 March 1992 | See India–Uzbekistan relations
|
Indonesia | 23 June 1992 | See Indonesia–Uzbekistan relations
|
Iran | 1991 |
|
Japan | 26 January 1992 [21] |
|
Kyrgyzstan | See Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan relations
| |
Malaysia | 1992 [23] | See Malaysia–Uzbekistan relations
|
Mexico | 14 January 1992 |
|
Mauritania | 2 July 2008 |
|
Pakistan | See Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations
| |
Poland | 1992-03-19 | See Poland–Uzbekistan relations |
Romania | 1995-10-06 | See Romania–Uzbekistan relations
|
Russia | 1992 |
|
South Korea | 29 January 1992 [29] | See South Korea–Uzbekistan relations
|
Spain | See Spain–Uzbekistan relations | |
Tajikistan |
| |
Turkey | March 4, 1992 [31] | See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations
|
Turkmenistan | ||
Ukraine | 1992 | The development of cultural and humanitarian cooperation remains one of the important areas of bilateral relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The legal framework in this sphere consists of ten bilateral agreements, the most important of which is the "Agreement between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of culture." Cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of science and education is carried out taking into account the ancient traditions of interaction between scientific and educational institutions, the presence of a large Ukrainian diaspora and the established legal framework. | Inter-parliamentary cooperation with the Republic of Uzbekistan is currently in the making. The deputy group of friendship with the Republic of Uzbekistan was established in the Verkhovna Rada. Uzbekistan has clearly expressed its position on the events in Ukraine: the rejection of force options and the use of political efforts to resolve the problems that have arisen, through negotiations, based on the fundamental norms of international law and the UN Charter.
United States | 1992 | See United States–Uzbekistan relations
|
Kyrgyzstan has close relations with other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, particularly Kazakhstan and Russia, given the historical legacy of the Soviet Union. It also has close relations with Turkey as well, given their shared heritage as Turkic languages.
Foreign relations of Tajikistan are based on a desire to secure foreign investment and promote regional security while ensuring Tajikistan's independence. Sirodjidin Aslov is the current Foreign’s Minister of Tajikistan.
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan, is the name of the unified armed forces of Uzbekistan, consisting of the Ground Force and the Air and Air Defence forces under the defence ministry. Paramilitary units include the National Guard, a Frontier Service and a River Force. It is reported to be the largest and the strongest in Central Asia.
Mongolia has diplomatic relations with all 192 UN states, the Holy See, the State of Palestine and the European Union.
Antti Turunen is the head of the Finnish Foreign Ministry's Eastern European and Central Asian department. He is also Representative of the UN Secretary General for Georgia. He was also the Permanent Representatives of Finland to the OSCE in Vienna between 2007–2010.
Prior to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) posed the greatest threat to the Karimov administration. In 2002 the IMU was reclassified as terrorist by the United States. Since the invasion, the IMU has been greatly weakened due to US military actions which cut off its supply of resources and killed its leader, Juma Namangani.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Uzbekistan:
Greece–Kyrgyzstan relations are foreign relations between Greece and Kyrgyzstan. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992. Greece is represented in Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Almaty (Kazakhstan). Kyrgyzstan is represented in Greece through a non resident ambassador based in Bishkek. Kyrgyz consular representation in Greece is made by the Kazakh consulate in Athens. What is now Kyrgyzstan was settled by Scythians and was conquered by Alexander the Great.
On 13 May 2005, protests erupted in Andijan, Uzbekistan. At one point, troops from the Uzbek National Security Service (SNB) fired into a crowd of protesters. Estimates of those killed on 13 May range from 187, the official count of the government, to several hundred. A defector from the SNB alleged that 1,500 were killed. The bodies of many of those who died were allegedly hidden in mass graves following the massacre.
Armenians in Central Asian states: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, were mainly settled there during the Soviet era for various reasons.
The China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway (CKU) is a transport corridor centered on Kyrgyzstan. It is envisioned to "interlink Pakistan, China and Kyrgyzstan, with strategic nodes extending to Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan."
South Korea-Uzbekistan relations are the international relations between South Korea and Uzbekistan.
Latvia–Uzbekistan relations are bilateral relations between Latvia and Uzbekistan. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 3 November 1992. Both countries were Soviet socialist republic of the USSR from 1940 until 1991. Latvia has an embassy in Tashkent which is also accredited to Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, and in which Estonia issues visas to Uzbeks, and Uzbekistan has an embassy in Riga which is also accredited to Lithuania. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
The C5+1 is a diplomatic summit that has been held every year since 2015 between the foreign ministers of the five Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, with the United States Secretary of State to discuss and work on common issues of concern to improve and strengthen the U.S. relationship with the five Central Asian states, but to also enhance the relations between the individual nations in Central Asia. The format is used to discuss regional issues such as the war in Afghanistan, the Syrian civil war, the War on terror, combatting drug and human trafficking, economic issues regarding trade relations, job growth in the region, and combatting environmental issues.