The country has extensive trade relations with the European Union[4] and with several countries globally.[5]As of 2023[update], Pakistan does not recognize two other United Nations member states (Armenia and Israel) and its ties with India remain frozen since 2019.[6][7]
Pakistan's foreign policy seeks to 'promote the internationally recognized norms of interstate relations, i.e. respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States, non-interference in the internal affairs of other State; non-aggression and peaceful settlement of disputes. Pakistan has therefore always sought to develop friendly and cordial relations with all countries of the world'.[14]
In 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of the state of Pakistan, clearly described the principles and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy in a broadcast message, which is featured prominently in a quotation on the homepage of Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website: "The foundation of our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe."[23]
On 15 August 1947, outlining the foreign policy of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam observed:
"Our objective should be peace within and peace without. We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial and friendly relations with our immediate neighbours and with (the) world at large. We have no aggressive designs against any one. We stand by the United Nations Charter and will gladly make our contribution to the peace and prosperity of the world."[24]
Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan's foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations with the neighbouring Soviet Union (USSR) who maintained a close military and ideological interaction with the neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan (in the West) and India (in East).[25] During most of 1947–1991, the USSR support was given to Republic of India, over which it has fought three wars on Kashmir conflict.[25] During the 1960s, Pakistan's relations with and neighbouring Afghanistan have also been extremely difficult due to the latter's contest over the Durand Line.[26][27] The foreign relations with Iran, Turkey,[28]Saudi Arabia[29] and China[30] remain important and based on the extensive cooperation in national security and economical interests in the Persian Gulf and wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries. With the growing influence of the USSR in the region, Pakistan cemented close security relations with China in Asia and United Kingdom and Germany in Europe during most of the Cold War. Pakistan has had a fluctuating relationship with the United States,[31] Pakistan played a crucial role in the establishment of US-China relations in the 1970s, mediating between the Henry Kissenger and Mao Zedong.[32][33][34] At the same time, it also assisted in establishing relationships with other East Asian countries.[34]
In recent years, Pakistan's ties with Russia have moved away from Cold War-era hostilities,[35] and the chill in the relations between Pakistan and the U.S. has further pushed the country towards Russia and China.[36][37] Prime Minister Imran Khan visited Moscow to meet President Vladimir Putin as Russia was launching the invasion of Ukraine.[38][39] He has previously criticised America's “War on Terror“.[40] After the fall of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) -led coalition government in 2022,[41] the emergence of multiple crises has exacerbated the instability of its foreign policy.[42]
China has played a significant role in the development, economy and security of Pakistan, with relationship beginning in 1951 when Pakistan was among the first countries to sever diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (on Taiwan Island) and recognizes the People's Republic of China (PRC) on Mainland China as the sole representative. Since then, both countries have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive special relationship[43][44] and the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military, and technical assistance to Pakistan, and each country considers the other a close strategic ally.[45][46] Since the advent of the 21st century, Pakistan and China have strengthened their relations through bilateral trade, military agreements and supporting each other on key issues. The intensifying US-China Strategic Rivalry has put Pakistan in an extremely difficult situation to maintain ties with both of these states.[42] Bilawal Bhutto Zardari accused UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang were “taken out of context”,[47] and Pakistan supports China's activities for socio-economic development, harmony and peace, and stability.[48]
A cornerstone of the success of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). CPEC contains initiatives worth a total of $62 billion, such as infrastructure, energy, economic zones, and the development of the Gwadar port. A Chinese spokesperson said in 2022 that “the bond of friendship and mutual assistance between the Chinese and Pakistani people is stronger than gold, and the two countries’ iron-clad friendship is deeply rooted in the people and boasts strong vitality.[49]
After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries[50] and made a wholehearted bid for leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for leadership in achieving its unity.[51] The Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, in large part due to its large manpower and military strength.[52] A top-ranking Muslim League leader, Khaliquzzaman, declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity.[53] Such developments (alongside Pakistan's creation) did not get American approval and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite.[54] Since most of the Arab world was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.[55] Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.[56]
Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world. Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Somalia, Azerbaijan, and Eritrea were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.[57] However, Pakistan also masterminded an attack on the Afghan city of Jalalabad during the Afghan Civil War to establish an Islamic government there. Pakistan had wished to foment an 'Islamic Revolution' which would transcend national borders covering Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia.[58]
On the other hand, Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained at times due to sectarian tensions.[59] Iran and Saudi Arabia used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war and by the 1990s, Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban organization in Afghanistan became a problem for Shia-led Iran which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[60] Tensions between Iran and Pakistan intensified in 1998, when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes as Pakistani warplanes bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban.[61][62] Although Iran later established ties with the reestablished Taliban government in Afghanistan,[63] the insurgency in Balochistan has increased friction in relations between Iran and Pakistan.[64] In the 1960s, the problems over the Durand Line escalated with Afghanistan which led to open hostilities in the 1970s. After the Taliban took power in 2021, border clashes between Pakistan and Afghanistan have increased sharply.[63]
In 1955, Pakistan joined the CENTO and the SEATO alliances.[65] Also, in 1956, when Pakistan declared itself a republic, it continued as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1971, Pakistan withdrew itself from the two alliances in a vision of exercising an independent foreign policy. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbours of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985. In 1974, Pakistan became a critical entity in the militarization of the OIC and has historically maintained friendly relations with all the Arab and Muslim countries under the banner of OIC. Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth in 1989. In 2004, Pakistan became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.
At the Astana Summit on 9 June 2017, Pakistan became full members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Pakistan, Iran and China have also established a 'Trilateral Consultation' to discuss counter-terrorism and security.[68]
Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over regional issues. India and Pakistan have fought three conventional wars throughout the 20th century over the issue of Kashmir.[69] There have been attempts to unite the countries but since 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his Muslim League had demanded an independent Pakistan, whose Muslims would have their own government rather than remaining subordinate to India's Hindu majority.[70] There are many sources of tension between the two countries but the issues over terrorism, size disparities and three geostrategic issues: Kashmir, water, and the Siachen Glacier, are the major ones resulting in the attenuated volume of trade and trust deficit.[71] The continuing dispute over the status of Kashmir inflames opinions in both nations and makes friendly relations difficult. Since 2019, Pakistan has frozen in relations with India after India revoked the autonomy of its administered Kashmir.[72] Pakistan is also a member of the Coffee Club to oppose Indian membership in the United Nations Security Council.[73]
The United States has played an important role in the young history of Pakistan, being one of the first countries to recognize their independence on 14 August 1947.[74] Pakistan consistently found themselves on the United States side of issues faced during the Cold War.[75] At the time, Pakistan served as a geostrategic position for United States military bases since it bordered the Soviet Union and China.[76] The relationship between the two countries went through varying levels of friendliness, but these positive relations would fall apart following successful cooperation in fighting the Soviet Union's influence in Central Asia and the subsequent fall of the Soviet Union.[77]
In reaction to Pakistan's new nuclear capacity, the United States in 1992 passed the Pressler Amendment approving sanctions against Pakistan,[78] Relations would restrengthen following 9/11 with Pakistan's warm response following the tragedy. Aid was given to Pakistan for the first time again in 2002, and the 2000s saw an extension of this friendly relationship. The Bush and Obama administrations has concerns regarding Pakistan include regional and global terrorism; Afghan stability; democratization and human rights protection; the ongoing Kashmir problem and Pakistan-India tensions; and economic development.[79] This dynamic would reach a head following a few incidents highlighted by the operation to kill Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad.[80] While America's troubled relationship with Pakistan continues to be eroded by crisis after crisis,[81] bilateral relationship persists of promoting trade and regional economic cooperation, this type of relationship is beneficial for both countries and gives incentive for continuing friendly relations in the early 2010s.[82] However, with the U.S. troops withdrawal, its role in serving as a conduit for the U.S. in Afghanistan has ended.[83]
Recently U.S. stopped military aid to Pakistan, which was about US$2 billion per year.[84] America's deference to India reflects its importance to counter China's influence in Asia. This imposes a ceiling on cooperation with Pakistan, limiting it to the non-strategic domain.[42] Former Prime Minister Imran Khan had named senior U.S. diplomat Donald Lu as the person who was allegedly involved in the "foreign conspiracy" to topple his government through a no-confidence vote tabled by the Opposition. The U.S. has repeatedly dismissed Khan's allegations.[36]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1986 when Mr. Tayyab Siddiqui, the then Pakistani Ambassador to Zimbabwe, presented his credentials to President of Botswana Dr. Quett Masire.[216]
Botswana has diplomatic relations with Pakistan which is covered by the Botswanan Embassy in Beijing, China[260] and an embassy located in Islamabad within the Republic of Yemen.[261] Pakistan's embassy in Botswana is located in Sana'a, Yemen[261] Trade between the 2 nations in 2001/02 accounted for $20 million[261] Mehru Khan of Pakistan and Botswana was crowned Miss NRI Global 2005 winner at an international pageant.[262][263]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1974 when Pakistan's first ambassador to the Central African Republic, Mr. Sha Ansani presented credentials to President Jean Bedel Bokassa.[264]
Pakistani troops were deployed by the UN's Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) to CAR in 2014, as a peacekeeping force.[265][266]
Pakistan's embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited to Congo. Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Kinshasa.[267] Pakistan also has up to 3500 troops in Congo under United Nations Operation in Congo[268]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé d'Affaires.[269]
Pakistan and Egypt, both being Muslim countries, share cordial relations.[citation needed] Both are also members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), as well as "the next eleven" and "D8". After the foundation of Pakistan, it has established diplomatic and trade relations with Egypt.
Relations between Pakistan and Kenya were first historically established in the 1960s, when Pakistan expressed its support for Kenya in getting independence from British rule. Ever since from that time, relations between the two nations have been warm, with both countries having had discussed previously in the Pakistan-Kenya Joint Ministerial Commission session which was hosted in Nairobi in 2004, about boosting bilateral trade and economic relations.[270]
Pakistan and Libya have maintained a diplomatic relationship since 1977.[271] The relationship has been mostly cordial and Libya has provided aid to Pakistan, which in turn renamed the Karachi Football Stadium “the Muammar al Qaddafi Stadium”.[271]
Pakistan had a pivotal role in the plea for independence for Morocco; in 1952, Moroccan delegate Ahmed Bulferg attempted to address the UN security council and was shut down by the French. Pakistani Foreign Minister Sir Zafaullah Khan arranged for Bulferg to receive a Pakistani nationality, and the latter was then able to address the UN in favor of Morocco's independence.[276] Currently the two countries maintain a robust economic and diplomatic relationship, with collaborations in agriculture, import/export, mining, tourism, and more.[277][278]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975[199]
Pakistan maintain cordial relations with Mozambique.[279] In 1976, on the eve of independence of Mozambique, technical support of Pakistani pilots, engineers and maintenance persons were despatched to Mozambique for making their helicopters airworthy and training of their pilots/ technicians.[280] Pakistan also gave nationality to many Muslim Indians in Mozambique after 1961 Indian annexation of Goa.[281]
Pakistan has a High Commission in Abuja and Nigeria has a High Commission in Islamabad, as well as a consulate-general in Karachi. The two states have maintained a close relationship, a relationship which is described by the Nigerian Defence Minister as "friendly" and like a "family tie"[284]
Pakistan recognizes the Federal Government of Somalia as the official national government of Somalia.[287] It maintains strong relations with the Somalian federal authorities, who also have an embassy in Islamabad.[288]
Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Cape Town, and South Africa maintains a High Commission in Islamabad.[289][290] South Africa is also home to more than 2,500 Pakistanis.
Pakistan and South Sudan maintain an economic, import-export relationship.[291] The countries share a cordial relationship as Muslim-majority countries.[291] Pakistan recognised South Sudan after South Sudan was added as a candidate in the United Nations General Assembly.[261]
Sudan maintains a positive relationship with Pakistan on the basis of religion, as they are both Muslim-majority states. The relationship relies on shared values of anti-colonialism and common allies.[291][292] Pakistani troops were also deployed to Sudan as part of the UN peacekeeping force during the second Sudanese civil war.[291]
The two countries are members of the OIC, and the Commonwealth of Nations and share similar regional and international concerns. There is also a preferential trade agreement between the two states.[140]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1965[169]
Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Kampala. Pakistan also provide scholarships to Ugandan students under its technical assistance programme.[294]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1972[192]
Zambia maintains a General Honorary Consulate in Islamabad, whereas Pakistan's embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited as High Commission to Zambia.[273] In February 2008, an 11-member Pakistan Trade Delegation visited Lusaka for exploring bilateral trade cooperation.
Pakistan is represented in Zimbabwe by an embassy in Harare. The Pakistani government has pledged to always "stand by Zimbabwe in its challenging times and continue to render assistance in every way possible in an effort to cement the already cordial relations between the two countries.[295] Pakistan has also helped in structuring Zimbabwe's Armed Forces, The first Head of the Air Force of Zimbabwe was also a Pakistan Air Force Officer Air Marshal Azim Daudpoto who served as a Commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe from July 1983 to January 1986."[295][296]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1951.[297] In 2002, the countries signed an agreement to boost their trade relations.[298]
A memorandum of Understanding with the National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Argentina and the Pakistan Academy of Sciences was signed in 2008[299] he two states signed another memorandum of understanding on cooperation in sanitary and phyto-sanitary issues in relation to trade ties between the Ministry of National Food Security and Research of Pakistan and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries of Argentina.[300]
Diplomatic relationship between Brazil and Pakistan commenced in 1948.[302] Trade Relations between Brazil and Pakistan were established in 1982. Pakistan’s current Commercial Counsellor to Brazil is Dr Muhammad Babar Chohan.[citation needed]
Brazil was the first nation in South America to recognize Pakistan, in 1948, and to establish an embassy in Pakistan's former capital Karachi [303][302] The two states cooperate in fields like defense, education, and import/export, despite some objection from India.[304][305]
Pakistan is represented through its High Commission in Ottawa and consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada is represented through its High Commission in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi. The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million (approximately US$701 million) in 2007.[306] There are also extensive people to people links between Canada and Pakistan with an estimated 22,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.[307]
Relations between the two countries strengthened after Cuba provided humanitarian assistance to the victims of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.[309][310] In 2008, the Pakistani cabinet authorized negotiations for the establishment of a Joint Economic Commission, that was finalized in 2009.[311][312] Both nations continue to strengthen the bilateral relations especially in the fields of higher education, agriculture, industry and science and technology and have also held talks for military cooperation.[309]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967.[313]
Guyana along with Suriname is one of the only 2 member states of the OIC in the Americas. Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Guyana.[314] The Muslims of Guyana provided moral support for the Independence of Pakistan. Many of the Muslims from British Guiana even took Pakistani citizenship after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947 and migrated to Pakistan.[315]
Pakistan maintains an embassy in Mexico City,[319] and Mexico is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Tehran.[320] Both countries are also working on Mechanism of Bilateral Consultations on Issues of Mutual Interest for Mexico and Pakistan.[321]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1967.[177]
Pakistan maintains an embassy in Argentina which is accredited to Paraguay and a consulate in Asuncion.[322]Paraguay maintains an embassy in Egypt accredited to Pakistan and an honorary consulate in Islamabad.[323] Government ministers met in 2005 to explore potential trade opportunities.[324] Bilateral trade in 2010 totaled US$2.4 million per year and growing yearly.[325] Pakistan exports carpets, and has one of the most feared militaries in the world also g side with surgical instruments to Paraguay, whereas Paraguay exports pharmaceuticals[326]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1977.[327]
Pakistan and Suriname both maintain friendly and cooperative relations.[328] Many of Suriname Hindustani Muslim speak Urdu, and maintain cultural link in Pakistan. Surinamese Islamic Association maintains its umberalla headquarters in Islamabad, Pakistan[329]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when Mr. S. M. Khan, Pakistan High Commissioner in Canada, had been cross-appointed concurrently as High Commissioner to Trinidad and Tobago.[160]
Pakistan maintains a consulate general in North Trinidad.[330] Trinidad is also home to a sizeable number of South Asian Muslims who draw links with Pakistan. During the 2010 Pakistan floods, Trinidad Congress of the People party donated US$33,000 worth of aid to Pakistan flood victims.[331]
Pakistan has an honorary consulate in Montevideo.[333] As of 2014 the Pakistani ambassador to Argentina, Imtiaz Ahmad was accredited to Uruguay.[334][335] In 2006 a commercial agreement was celebrated between Pakistan and Mercosur (a trade bloc of which Uruguay is part).[336] There is a Pakistan-Uruguay Chamber of Commerce.[337]
Islamabad and Manama enjoy close co-operations between the two in many fields of brotherhood.[citation needed] Joint initiatives between Bahraini and Pakistani governments have started to further bilateral trades that reached $250 million in 2007.[citation needed] Pakistan Army also maintains an Infantry Battalion and a Squadron of Tanks in Bahrain[citation needed]
Relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh are influenced by the fact that Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan until 1971, when it achieved independence after the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. As part of Shimla Agreement, India sought to make sure that Pakistan would take steps to recognize Bangladesh. Pakistan established full diplomatic relations with Bangladesh on 18 January 1976, and relations improved in the following decades. Both Bangladesh and Pakistan are members of the Commonwealth.
Both countries are member of SAARC. Trade and bilateral relationship between the two countries can be largely regarded as being insignificant, and the diplomatic relationship as being largely symbolic.
Diplomatic relationship between Pakistan and Brunei are very warm and friendly, this is primarily because both are Muslim countries and member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[citation needed] Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Brunei,[342] and Brunei has a High Commission in Islamabad, Pakistan. To further foster ties between the 2 countries, Brunei-Pakistan Friendship Association (BPFA) was created in 2008.[343]
Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the retreat of the Republic Of China in 1949.[345] While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that the PRC would be a reliable friend. India had recognised the PRC a year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations because India was afraid of the PRC. However, with escalating border tensions leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian war, the PRC and Pakistan formed an alliance and India got badly beaten by China. India surrendered and called for retreat. China controlled the area what belonged to China. However, Pakistan and China sorted their border lines Trans-Karakoram Tract professionally.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947 when has been appointed first Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Mr. Zahid Hussain.[346]
Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a number of historical and political issues, and are defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.
India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War and some border skirmishes.
Both India and Pakistan are member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Indonesia has its embassy in Islamabad[348] and a consulate in Karachi and Pakistan has its embassy in Jakarta[349] and a consulate in Medan.[350] Bilateral trade between the two countries is US$800 million but they hope to increase this to US$2 billion.[351] Both nations are members of the Developing 8 and Next Eleven countries.
Tokyo and Islamabad have had healthy relations with each other since the foundation of their diplomacy in 1952. Japan has been part of funding the country with machines to access ground water, as well as aid for improving its sewer and drainage systems.[353][354] Other major projects funded by the Japanese government include the Indus Highway Project, a number of power projects in various provinces of Pakistan, Rural Roads Construction Project and the Children Hospital PIMS Islamabad Project.[355] Presently the Kohat Tunnel Project and the Ghazi Brotha Dam Project are being completed with the help of the Japanese private and government contractors.[356][357]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December 1947 when Mr. Mohammad Pasha El Shuraiki, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Transjordan to Pakistan, presented his credentials.[103]
There are close relations between Jordan and Pakistan.[citation needed]Princess Sarvath wife of Prince Hassan is originally a Pakistani. At the international level Pakistan and Jordan have similar views such as the Israel/Palestine issue.[citation needed]
Relations between the two countries began when Pakistan recognized Kazakhstan on 20 December 1991. On 24 February 1992, diplomatic and consular relations were established during an official visit by Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev to Pakistan.[358] Kazakhstan is an emerging market for Pakistani goods.[359]
After the end of the first Gulf War in 1991, Pakistani army engineers were involved in a programme of mine clearance in the country.[361] Kuwait was also the first country to send aid to isolated mountain villages in Kashmir after the quake of 2005,[362] also offering the largest amount of aid in the aftermath of the quake, US$100 million.[363]
Pakistan extended diplomatic recognition to the Kyrgyz Republic on 20 December 1991. A Protocol for the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan was signed on 10 May 1992.[citation needed]
Lebanon and Pakistan have good relations.[citation needed] Pakistan has also been a steadfast supporter of Lebanon particularly when it was invaded by Israel.[citation needed] Additionally, Pakistan has extended moral, diplomatic and material support to Lebanon and refuses to recognize Israel officially, as a legitimate country in solidarity with the Palestinian, Lebanese and other Middle Eastern countries.[citation needed]
Pakistan has its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has its High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan has brotherly relations with Malaysia. Both are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Nations. There is a trade and cultural pact between the two countries, under which the import and export of various goods is done on fairly large scale.[citation needed] Both countries enjoy close relations and links of mutual friendship and the cooperation has further strengthened.[citation needed]
The Maldives and Pakistan are culturally very close in sharing a Sunni majority. Islamabad supports the Maldivian position in the territorial dispute over the southern Indian colony of Minicoy Island in the Lakshadweep, whose population is Muslim by faith.[citation needed] Both the Maldives and Pakistan are member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Pakistan has an embassy in Yangon,[368] and Burma has an embassy in Islamabad.[369] In January 2012, President Asif Ali Zardari paid a state visit to Yangon, Burma where he met Aung San Suu Kyi and conferred her the "Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Award for Democracy" for her long struggle for democracy. Zardari's children were also present in the ceremony.[370]
Despite an extensive 1982 trade agreement, the volume of bilateral trade remains comparatively small at US$4.8 million.[372] Pakistan's total exports to Nepal are worth US$1.631 million while Nepal's exports to Pakistan tally US$3.166 million.[373] Both countries have recently[when?] stepped up efforts to promote bilateral trade, especially in textiles, oilseeds, extraction of oil and tourism; Pakistan also offered a US$5 million line of credit to Nepal.[373][374][375] Nepal and Pakistan are signatories to the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) and members of the South Asian Economic Union.
The relationship between Muscat and Islamabad is warm, because it is the nearest Arab country to Pakistan and the fact that some 30% of Omanis are of Balochi origin from Pakistan's Balochistan province having settled in Oman over a hundred years ago.[citation needed] Until 1958, Gwadar was part of Oman but was transferred to Pakistan in that year after being sold.[citation needed]
Pakistan fully supports the proposal of the creation of an independent Palestinian state. Due to Pakistan's pro-Palestinian stance, bilateral relations between Pakistan and Israel have continuously wavered over the last few years. Pakistan has also declined to recognise the state of Israel until the "liberation of Palestine" will take place.[377]
Saudi Arabia has also provided extensive religious and educational aid to Pakistan.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for immigration amongst Pakistanis, the number of whom living in Saudi Arabia stands between 900,000 and 1 million.[citation needed]
Saudi Arabia is the largest source of petroleum for Pakistan.[380] It also supplies extensive financial aid to Pakistan and remittance from Pakistani migrants to Saudi Arabia is also a major source of foreign currency.[381]
Sri Lanka's ties with Pakistan have always been good, ever since Pakistan established its small mission in then-Ceylon (later Sri Lanka) in circa 1948–1949.[383] Since then, these relations have gradually developed into very close and cordial ties. Pakistan has been supplying military equipment to the Sri Lanka Armed Forces since 1999.[383] Pakistan has pledged since 2009 to assist in military training and intelligence to form a joint terror fighting force for their two countries.[214] There is a Pakistani High Commission located in Sri Lanka and a Sri Lankan High Commission sit"Sri Lanka"uated in Pakistan.[384][385]
Both countries were on the silk route through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries, Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam after 711 AD were from Syria.[citation needed] During the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (usually referred to as the Ramadan war in Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force.[386] In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the fields of science and technology.[387]
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, established diplomatic relationship with the Republic of Tajikistan in 1992, but cooperation between these two countries started from 1991.[citation needed] Geographically Tajikistan is the nearest Central Asian State to Pakistan – fourteen kilometres between two countries. Many Tajiks have immigrated to Pakistan, notably in the city of Ishkoman where they have integrated into the local population.[citation needed]
Establishing cordial relationships started in 1951, and since has grown into a close diplomacy as trade value between the two nations has grown over US$1 billion. Pakistani universities account for 600 students from Thailand. Thailand enjoyed in 2013 over seventy five thousand tourists from Pakistan. Overall, relations are warm and social and economic exchanges are well developed and continuing to grow.[389]
Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize Turkmenistan as an independent country in December 1991.[citation needed] Exchange of high-level visits during the last 10 years give credence to the fact that Pakistan and Turkmenistan have laid foundation of mutually beneficial relations, friendship and understanding.[citation needed] The two countries have signed 21 Agreements and Memoranda of understanding in the fields of oil and gas, transport, energy, trade, science and culture.[citation needed]
Pakistan was the first country to accord formal recognition to the UAE on its achieving independence.[citation needed] Bilateral relations and mutually beneficial cooperation have progressed steadily ever since.[citation needed] These relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and have since evolved into wide-ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan.[citation needed]
Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported different factions Afghan factions.[397]
However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.[citation needed]
Pakistan's diplomatic relations with Albania are very cordial given that Albania is the[citation needed], and only European country with OIC membership.[294] In Dec 2006, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Mr. Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[398]
Pakistan recognized independence of Azerbaijan 1991 (the second country after Turkey) and the two countries established full diplomatic relations in 1992. Pakistan was one of the first countries to open its embassy in Baku.
Both nations share close relations on the grounds of religion and politics.[citation needed] Pakistan was a staunch supporter of Bosnia during the civil war.[citation needed] Pakistan sent in UN Peacekeeping forces to the former Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars.[citation needed] Pakistan and Bosnia have a free trade agreement.[citation needed]
Belarus' Minsk Tractor Works has played a key role in supplying tractor to Pakistan[403] and establishing the tractor assembly plant in Pakistan.[404] Belarus and Pakistan have also signed agreements on trade-economic cooperation and investments protection.[405] Pakistan ambassador to Russia is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Belarus; however, Belarus maintains an embassy in Islamabad since 2014. In May 2007, Pakistan Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Makhdum Khusro Bakhtyar made an official visit to Belarus and meet with high-ranking government officials of Belarus.[406]
Pakistan and France have high levels of diplomatic meetings and are in good terms with one another.[citation needed] However, these good relations haven't been around very long.[citation needed] Trade between Pakistan and France is increasing and France has donated large funds to help Pakistan with its economic problems.[citation needed]
Germany and Pakistan enjoy closely cordial relations.[citation needed] Germany has taken large measures to aid the South Asian country in its economic and governmental hardship.[citation needed] Commercial trade between Berlin and Islamabad has also been very essential in recent years seeing as Germany is Pakistan's fourth largest trade partner.[citation needed] Also, Germany is home to 35,081 Pakistani immigrants.[citation needed] Overall, the two nations have almost always had a friendly bond.[citation needed]
In modern times, Pakistan's first embassy in Athens was opened in 1975. Greece established an embassy in Islamabad in 1987. There are around 32,500 Pakistani people living and working in Greece.[citation needed]
Both nations have established respective embassies in Pakistan and Italy.[417][418] Italy has offered assistance in Pakistan's private sector in extending credit lines to finance technologies in machinery for manufacturing.[419] Additionally, Italy has given Pakistan the opportunity to be financed the equivalent of US$100 million to advance over fifty development projects in the nation, such as assisting acid attack victims in Punjab.[420] Italy has shown interest in expanding energy and pharmaceutical businesses to the expansive market in Pakistan. There is even an Italian government desire for the implementation of an Italian Chamber of Commerce in the Pakistani economic sphere.[421]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1996[422]
Latvia maintains an honorary consul in Karachi.[420] Whereas the Pakistani ambassador to Sweden is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Latvia.[423] There is also a growing number of Pakistanis (mostly university students) living in Riga.[424]
The Pakistani ambassador to Switzerland is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Liechtenstein. Pakistan diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein is important, despite the small size of Liechtenstein, as Liechtenstein is member of the European Free Trade Association, with which Pakistan is seeking a free trade agreement.[425]
Pakistan maintains cordial diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.[428] Pakistan also maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg.[429]
Norway and Pakistan have strengthened ties.[citation needed] Norway has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Lahore, whereas Pakistan has an embassy in Oslo.
Relationships between Portugal and Pakistan have turned cordial since 2015. The two nations recognize a potential growth in trade and social exchanges. In order to start economic relations in the right direction, investment policy and opportunities for Portuguese companies are now present.[432]
Pakistan has an embassy in Bucharest and an honorary consulate in Iaşi.[434] Romania has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Lahore.[435]
Relations between these two countries have been strained in the past, because of Pakistan's close ties to America and its support for the Afghan rebels during the invasion by the USSR. However, the relations became cordinal in recent years and the Russian Army has been training in Pakistan.[436]
Pakistan established diplomatic relations with San Marino on 12 April 2006. The Pakistani ambassador to Italy is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to San Marino.[246]
Since July 2001, Pakistan has an embassy in Belgrade.[437] Serbia has now closed its embassy in Pakistan after 2001 due to financial or reciprocal reasons because Pakistan's role in the desire for Sanjak's merger with their brethren of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is now represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Beijing (China).[438] However, there is a bone of contention between the two, because of the latter's close relations with, India.[439]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993[231]
The Pakistani ambassador to Austria is cross-accredited be the non-residential ambassador to Slovakia. Relations between Pakistan and the Slovak Republic are cordial and friendly.[citation needed] The two countries have agreements on cultural cooperation and visa abolition (for diplomatic/official passport holders).[citation needed] Some well known Slovak companies like Matador and Mediprogress are active in Pakistan through their agents.[440]
Pakistan recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991. Pakistan has an embassy in Kyiv.[443] Ukraine has an embassy in Islamabad.[444] Ukraine and Pakistan have been cooperating with each other in educational sector as well as cultural exchanges.[citation needed] Pakistan and Ukraine are also heavily cooperating with each other in aerospace engineering, aerospace technologies, bio-medical sciences and science and technology.[citation needed]
Pakistan has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since independence in 1947. It was not a member of the British Commonwealth from 1972 until 1989, because of the Commonwealth's recognition of Bangladesh.[citation needed] It was readmitted to full membership of the Commonwealth in October 1989. It was suspended with the overthrow of the democratically elected government in 1999. Its full membership has been reinstated with the backing of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand for Pakistan's support in the War on Terrorism.[citation needed] Pakistan maintains diplomatic relations with all Commonwealth countries even though it does not have its own High Commission in each capital. The U.K. also has the biggest Pakistani community outside of Pakistan.[citation needed]
Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf visited Australia in 2005[445] and the former Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as well, following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan. He also announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to study in Australia.[446]
Pakistan and Fiji maintain formal diplomatic relationship, they have diplomatic missions in each other's countries. Pakistan used to designate their High Commissioner to Australia as a non-residential High Commissioner to Fiji.[447] Many of Fiji's large Muslim population maintain family links with Pakistan.[448]
Both countries established diplomatic relations before 1992 when the High Commissioner to Australia was cross-accredited as High Commissioner of Pakistan to Tonga (resident in Canberra).[258]
While Pakistan and Tonga maintain diplomatic relationships, they do not have diplomatic missions in each other's country. Pakistan exports to Tonga in 2007 was T$11,655 (approximately US$7,000).[452] Pakistan also has bilateral visa-abolition scheme with Tonga, for all passport types of both the countries.[453]
Pakistan is not a member nor observer of the Arab League but the two entities share a strong relationship. Many of the Arab League nations send soldiers to train in Pakistan's prestigious military academies, and Pakistan frequently is in contact and collaboration with many of the Arab League nations with Pakistani pilots having flown in the two Arab-Israeli Wars.[454] Pakistan has also lobbied for greater representation of the Arab League within the United Nation Security Council.[455]
Pakistan is not a member of ASEAN, but frequently serves as a bridge for the organization to communicate with Asian countries further in the west, with bilateral agreements between ASEAN and Pakistan.[456] While links could still be stronger between Pakistan and the nations that compose ASEAN, both sides have expressed interest in furthering that relationship.[457]
Pakistan and the EU share a strong economic bond that has been emphasized by both parties while sharing similar foreign policies. The two are engaged in serious trade, and frequently work together to enhance each other's economic capability. There have been multiple summitsArchived 3 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine and strategic dialogues between Pakistan and the EU to continue to push the relationship.
Pakistan is a full member of the IMF, and has received monetary assistance from IMF multiple times, each time resulting in a successful bailout for Pakistan.[458][459] IMF also maintains a Resident Representative Office in Pakistan[460]
Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran founded the ECO in 1985 with plans at economic and political cooperation in the region. Through the work of this organization, Iran has free trade agreements with Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan forthcoming shortly.[461][462]
Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally, a special designation from the US for certain non-NATO states, earning the status shortly into the war on terrorism by George W. Bush.[463] This designation comes with certain benefits highlighted by special access to particular military technology or collaboration. The two have cooperated and continue to cooperate on projects like eradicating terrorism in Bosnia and Afghanistan, and offer each other logistic and military support.[464]
Pakistan has used the Organization for Islamic Cooperation in the past to strengthen alliances and settle disputes or disagreements. The 2nd summit of the OIC was in Pakistan, during a time in which Pakistan still did not recognize Bangladesh. Under pressure from other nations, Pakistan would invite a delegation from Bangladesh and here at this summit Pakistan would come to recognize the nation.[465] Pakistan also uses the OIC to push their position on the controversial region of Kashmir.[466]
Pakistan is one of the founding members of SAARC, an organization focused on the economic activities of South Asia.[467] In 2016, a SAARC summit in Pakistan was canceled following boycotts by India, Afghanistan, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, causing some to worry about the future of the organization.[468]
Pakistan and India signed on to be full members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2015, with the process for instatement ending in 2017. The organization shares many interests with Pakistan, and the new membership has been supportedwithin Pakistan and the members of the organization.[469]
Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with 170 out of 193 countries, joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, one week after resuming full independence, and gives its ASEAN membership the highest priority in its foreign relations. Brunei joined the United Nations in September 1984. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the Commonwealth of Nations. Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000. In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.
The Czech Republic is a Central European country, a member of the European Union, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the United Nations. It entertains diplomatic relations with 191 countries of the world, around half of which maintain a resident embassy in the Czech capital city, Prague.
The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Africa, the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Mediterranean's, Africa's and Asia's commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and religious institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.
The foreign relations of Afghanistan are in a transitional phase since the 2021 fall of Kabul to the Taliban and the collapse of the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. No country has recognised the new Taliban-run government, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Although some countries have engaged in informal diplomatic contact with the Islamic Emirate, formal relations remain limited to representatives of the Islamic Republic.
Georgia's location, nestled between the Black Sea, Russia, and Turkey, renders it strategically important. It is developing as the gateway from the Black Sea to the Caucasus and the larger Caspian region, but also serves as a buffer between Russia and Turkey. Georgia has a long and tumultuous relationship with Russia, but it is reaching out to its other neighbours and looking to the West in search of alternatives and opportunities. It signed a partnership and cooperation agreement with the European Union, participates in the Partnership for Peace, and encourages foreign investment. France, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States all have embassies in Tbilisi. Georgia in 2004-2008 sought to become a member of NATO, but did not succeed in the face of strong Russian opposition.
The foreign relations of Ireland are substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United States and United Kingdom are also important. It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU and has traditionally followed a non-aligned foreign policy. Ireland has historically tended towards independence in foreign military policy, thus it is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality.
The foreign relations of Japan are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
The foreign relations of Jordan have been consistently a pro-Western foreign policy.
After independence in 1964, Malta followed a policy of close co-operation with NATO countries. Since 1971, the country sought relations with the rest of the world, including communist countries in Eastern Europe and the non-aligned countries.
The Foreign Relations of the Philippines are administered by the President of the Philippines and the Department of Foreign Affairs. Philippine international affairs are influenced by ties to its Southeast Asian neighbors, China, the United States, and the Middle East.
Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia are the diplomatic and trade relations between Saudi Arabia and other countries around the world. The foreign policy of Saudi Arabia is focused on co-operation with the oil-exporting Gulf States, the unity of the Arab World, Islamic solidarity, and support for the United Nations. In practice, the main concerns in recent years have been relations with the US, the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Iraq, the perceived threat from the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the effect of oil pricing. Saudi Arabia contributes large amounts of development aid to Muslim countries. From 1986 to 2006, the country donated £49 billion in aid.
The foreign relations of South Africa have spanned from the country's time as a Dominion of the British Empire to its isolationist policies under apartheid to its position as a responsible international actor taking a key role in Africa, particularly Southern Africa. South Africa is a member of the United Nations, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations. Considered a possible permanent addition to the United Nations Security Council, South Africa was elected in 2006, 2010 and 2018 by the UN General Assembly to serve on the Security Council. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa was the chair of the African Union from 2020 to 2021, the second time South Africa has chaired the organisation since its formation in 2003.
Foreign relations of Tajikistan are based on a desire to secure foreign investment and promote regional security while ensuring Tajikistan's independence. Sirodjidin Aslov is the current Foreign’s Minister of Tajikistan.
Physically bridging Europe and Asia and being above Africa, Turkey is a secular country that has historically pursued a Western-oriented foreign policy. To this end, Turkey uses its global diplomatic network—the third most extensive—of 252 diplomatic and consular missions.
The foreign relations of Albania are its relations with other governments and peoples. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. The current minister is Igli Hasani. The current ambassador to the United Nations is Ferit Hoxha.
Geography is an important factor in informing Iran's foreign policy. Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the newly formed Islamic Republic, under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini, dramatically reversed the pro-American foreign policy of the last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Since the country's policies then oscillated between the two opposing tendencies of revolutionary ardour to eliminate non-Muslim Western influences while promoting the Islamic revolution abroad, and pragmatism, which would advance economic development and normalization of relations, bilateral dealings can be confused and contradictory.
The foreign relations of Bangladesh are Bangladesh's relationships with foreign countries. The Government of Bangladesh's policies pursue a moderate foreign policy that heavily relies on multilateral diplomacy, especially at the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since its independence in 1971, Bangladesh has stressed its principle of "Friendship towards all, malice towards none" in dictating its diplomacy. As a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Bangladesh has tended to not take sides with major powers. Since the end of the Cold War, Bangladesh has pursued better relations with its neighbours and other nearby states.
Foreign relations of Sri Lanka refers to the diplomatic and commercial relations between Sri Lanka and other countries. Sri Lanka has stressed its principle of "friendship towards all, enmity towards none" in its diplomacy.
India–Turkey relations, also known as the Indo-Turkish relations, are the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Turkey. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between India and Turkey in 1948, political and bilateral relations have been usually characterised by warmth and cordiality, although some sporadic tensions remain due to Turkey's support for Pakistan and India's continued support for Armenia, Greece and Cyprus against Turkey. India has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate–general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and also a consulate-general in Mumbai. As of 2019, the bilateral trade between India and Turkey stood at US$7.8 billion.
↑ Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy. Global Media Publications. p.225. ISBN9788188869152. Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey.
↑ Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy. Global Media Publications. p.37. ISBN9788188869152. Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity.
↑ Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy. Global Media Publications. p.226. ISBN9788188869152. Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world.
↑ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina. Cambridge University Press. p.18. ISBN9781107052123. As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'.
↑ Haqqani, Husain (2013). Magnificent Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding. PublicAffairs. pp.20–21. ISBN9781610393171. Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that this severance may not endure. He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
↑ Roberts, Jeffery J. (2003). The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.134. ISBN9780275978785. The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm...Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.
↑ Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Routledge. ISBN9781136818936. The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom...If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars. Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.
↑ Nasir, Abbas (18 August 2015). "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 4 January 2017. His commitment to jihad – to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil.
↑ Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Taylor & Francis. p.159. ISBN9781136818943. Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare.
↑ Schmetzer, Uli (14 September 1998). "Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 January 2017. KARACHI, Pakistan — Iran, which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan, accused Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan's last Shiite stronghold, which fell hours earlier to the Taliban, the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country.
↑ Constable, Pamela (16 September 1998). "Afghanistan: Arena For a New Rivalry". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 January 2017. Taliban officials accused Iran of providing military support to the opposition forces; Tehran radio accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb the city in support of the Taliban's advance and said Iran was holding Pakistan responsible for what it termed war crimes at Bamiyan. Pakistan has denied that accusation and previous allegations of direct involvement in the Afghan conflict. Also fueling the volatile situation are ethnic and religious rivalries between the Taliban, who are Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan's dominant Pashtun ethnic group, and the opposition factions, many of which represent other ethnic groups or include Shiite Muslims. Iran, a Shiite Muslim state, has a strong interest in promoting that sect; Pakistan, one of the Taliban's few international allies, is about 80 percent Sunni.
↑ Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan: struggling for survival, 1 January-30 September 1948. Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan. 1993. p.XLVI.
↑ Afrique Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p.40. A Tananarive. Deux nouveaux ambassadeurs ont présente leurs lettres de créance ... et Sultan Abdul Aziz Khan , ambassadeur du Pakistan , résidant à Khartoum .
↑ The Diplomat Volume 6. M. Aziz. 1963. p.13. Mr. Nasim Husain, High Commissioner of Pakistan to Ghana has been concurrently appointed as Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea
↑ Administration et diplomatie d'Afrique noire et de Madagascar Volume 2 (in French). Europe-Outremer. 1963. p.332. Mali: Pakistan Ambassadeur ( résidant à Accra ): M. Nasim HUSAIN .
1 2 Africa Research Bulletin. Africa Research, Limited. 1964. p.29.
↑ El libro amarillo de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones de ... por el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1965. pp.XLIV.
↑ Africa Research Bulletin Africa, political, social and cultural series · Volume 1. Africa Research, Limited. 1964. p.80.
↑ List of Diplomatic Missions, Consular Missions, Trade and International Organizations. Tanzania. Protocol Division. 1967. p.2. Pakistan H.E. Mr. M. R. Ahmed 20.2.67
↑ Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East. Part III. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1990. pp.A-25.
↑ Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens Issues 2343-2355 (in French). Rene Moreaux et Cie. 1990. p.2968.
1 2 "Republica Islamică Pakistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova (in Romanian). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
↑ Africa Research Bulletin Political, social, and cultural series · Volume 42. Blackwell. 2005. p.16162. Burundi: President Domitien Ndayizeye was on March 9th presented with the credentials of five new ambassadors respectively from Denmark , Japan , Pakistan , Philippines and Poland . ( Burundi Press Agency , Bujumbura 9/3 )
↑ "Archived copy"(PDF). www.rediex.gov.py. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Royal Government of Bhutan. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
↑ "Pakistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Brunei Darussalam. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
↑ "Diplomatic Relations". Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Brazil. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
↑ Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan: struggling for survival, 1 January-30 September 1948. Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan. 1993. p.XLVI.
↑ "Pain in Pakistan". Fiji Times. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2011. Fiji Muslim League president Hafizud Dean Khan said they were deeply saddened at the violent death of Ms Bhutto. "Pakistan has a significant Muslim population and many families in Fiji have roots and close family ties there.
↑ "Archived copy"(PDF). www.pmo.gov.to. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ Pakistan: Twelfth and Final Review Under the Extended Arrangement, Request for Waivers of Nonobservance of Performance Criteria, and Proposal for Post-Program Monitoring-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Pakistan. Link to PDF on this link https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.aspx?sk=44327.0
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Humayun, Fahd. The Punisher's Dilemma: Domestic Opposition and Foreign Policy Crises, International Studies Quarterly, Volume 68, Issue 1, March 2024, sqae002, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqae002
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