Foreign relations of Turkey

Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

Foreign relations of Turkey refers to the diplomatic and trade ties between Turkey and other nations. ^[1] As of December 2024, Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with 189 member states of the United Nations. ^{[2] [3] [4]}

Prior to declaring war against the Axis powers on February 23, 1945, ^[5] Turkey's primary ally had been the United States, with both countries aiming to contain Soviet expansion. ^{[6] [7]} In support of the United Nations, Turkey contributed personnel to the Korean War in 1950 and joined NATO in 1952. ^[8]

Turkey's relations with the Arab World and Iran have been strained due to its recognition of Israel in 1949, and its alliance with Israel during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ^{[9] [1]} This subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990. ^{[10] [11] [12]}

History

Historically, the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime. ^[13] The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence, but Turkey followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936. ^[14]

In the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey. In response, Britain and France negotiated a tripartite treaty with Turkey in 1939 in which they gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities. ^[15] After threats from Germany and the Soviet Union, Turkey maintained neutrality. ^[16] It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides, but by 1944, as the eventuality of German defeat grew more evident, chrome sales to Germany halted. ^{[17] [18] [19]}

After 1945

Northern Cyprus has been occupied by Turkey since 1974.

Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the European Union Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. ^{[21] [22]} In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law. The negotiations, which have been effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2025. ^[23]

According to the United States government, the other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the United States. ^{[24] [25]} The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support to the countries. In 1948, both Turkey and Greece were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies. ^[26]

Turkey joined NATO in 1952, strengthening its bilateral ties with the United States. In the following decades, Turkey benefited from American political, economic, and diplomatic support—particularly on critical issues such as its longstanding bid for European Union membership. ^[27] In the post–Cold War era, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Balkans. ^[28]

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia. ^[29] The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, is a part of Turkey's foreign policy goal to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars. The border remains closed as of 2025, opening only twice to allow aid to pass through. ^{[30] [31]} In 2022, Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks to normalize the relationship between the two countries. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries. ^[32]

Under the AKP government (2002–present), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has expanded in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, though this doctrine has been accused of Neo-Ottomanism. ^{[33] [34]} Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey and internationally. In the West, there exists a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese ^[35] orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power, and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat. ^[36]

Diplomatic relations

Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with Armenia. ^[37] Turkey formerly maintained diplomatic relations with Cyprus and Taiwan.

List of countries with which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations:

#	Country	Date
1	Albania	15 December 1923 [38]
2	United Kingdom	2 February 1924 [39]
3	Italy	1 March 1924 [40]
4	Romania	20 April 1924 [41]
5	Hungary	7 May 1924 [42]
6	Japan	6 August 1924 [43]
7	Spain	27 September 1924 [44]
8	France	7 October 1924 [40]
9	Czech Republic	11 October 1924 [45]
10	Russia	8 November 1924 [46]
11	Austria	11 November 1924 [47]
12	Finland	9 December 1924 [48]
13	Denmark	26 January 1925 [49]
14	Belgium	10 February 1925 [50]
15	Switzerland	23 March 1925 [40]
16	Greece	1 April 1925 [40]
17	Egypt	8 May 1925 [51]
18	Sweden	1 August 1925 [47]
19	Netherlands	5 August 1925 [47]
20	Chile	30 January 1926 [52]
21	Afghanistan	24 February 1926 [41]
22	Portugal	28 May 1926 [53]
23	Argentina	29 June 1926 [54]
24	Serbia	21 July 1926 [50]
25	Bulgaria	30 October 1926 [40]
26	United States	17 February 1927 [55]
27	Brazil	8 September 1927 [56]
28	Iraq	16 January 1928 [57]
29	Mexico	12 July 1928 [58]
30	Iran	21 October 1928 [47]
31	Poland	25 October 1928 [59]
32	Saudi Arabia	3 August 1929 [60]
33	Norway	8 October 1930 [50]
34	Uruguay	8 December 1933 [61]
35	Canada	25 November 1943 [62]
36	Yemen	4 March 1946 [63]
37	Lebanon	8 March 1946 [64]
38	Syria	8 March 1946 [64] [65]
39	Luxembourg	10 July 1946 [66]
40	Jordan	31 March 1947 [67]
41	India	15 August 1947 [68]
42	Pakistan	30 November 1947 [69]
43	Sri Lanka	4 February 1948 [70]
44	Philippines	13 June 1949 [71]
45	Israel	10 January 1950 [50]
46	Indonesia	12 February 1950 [72]
47	Bolivia	26 July 1950 [73]
48	Costa Rica	21 September 1950 [74]
49	Dominican Republic	21 September 1950 [75]
50	Ecuador	21 September 1950 [76]
51	El Salvador	21 September 1950 [77]
52	Honduras	21 September 1950 [78]
53	Nicaragua	21 September 1950 [79]
54	Panama	21 September 1950 [80]
55	Peru	21 September 1950 [81] [82]
56	Venezuela	29 December 1950 [83]
57	Ireland	2 October 1951 [84]
58	Germany	21 June 1952 [85]
59	Cuba	25 November 1952 [86]
60	Libya	30 December 1952 [87]
61	Paraguay	11 September 1953 [88]
62	Morocco	17 April 1956 [89]
63	South Korea	8 March 1957 [90]
64	Sudan	20 July 1957 [91]
65	Tunisia	22 July 1957 [40]
66	Iceland	25 November 1957 [92]
67	Ethiopia	23 December 1957 [40]
68	Thailand	12 May 1958 [93]
69	Laos	20 June 1958 [94]
70	Liberia	1 August 1958 [95]
71	Myanmar	2 September 1958 [96]
72	Guatemala	16 September 1958 [97]
73	Ghana	30 October 1958 [98]
74	Haiti	14 November 1958 [99]
75	Colombia	10 April 1959 [100]
—	Holy See	25 January 1960 [101]
—	Cyprus (suspended)	16 August 1960 [102]
76	Nigeria	16 February 1961 [103]
77	Cameroon	11 October 1962 [104] [105]
78	Guinea	11 October 1962 [105]
79	Nepal	15 November 1962 [106]
80	Togo	6 December 1962 [107]
81	Madagascar	30 January 1963 [108]
82	Gabon	1 February 1963 [109]
83	Mali	17 April 1963 [110]
84	Algeria	30 June 1963 [111]
85	Tanzania	5 July 1963 [112]
86	Senegal	17 October 1963 [113]
87	Kuwait	10 January 1964 [114]
88	Malaysia	17 June 1964 [115]
89	Ivory Coast	14 July 1964 [116]
90	Somalia	13 December 1965 [117]
91	Gambia	1965 [118]
92	Australia	28 February 1967 [119]
93	Niger	30 March 1967 [120]
94	Malta	10 October 1967 [121]
95	Kenya	30 March 1968 [122]
96	Singapore	12 February 1969 [123]
97	Cambodia	3 May 1969 [124]
98	Mongolia	24 June 1969 [125]
99	Malawi	4 August 1969 [126]
100	Uganda	18 September 1969 [127]
101	Chad	27 January 1970 [128]
102	Burkina Faso	6 April 1970 [129]
103	Mauritania	14 April 1970 [130]
104	Sierra Leone	15 February 1971 [131]
105	Zambia	25 February 1971 [132]
106	Jamaica	30 March 1971 [133]
107	China	4 August 1971 [134]
108	Trinidad and Tobago	22 May 1972 [135]
109	Barbados	20 September 1972 [136]
110	Qatar	20 March 1973 [137]
111	United Arab Emirates	21 March 1973 [138]
112	Bahrain	12 April 1973 [139]
113	Guyana	2 May 1973 [140]
114	Oman	18 June 1973 [141]
115	Bangladesh	22 February 1974 [142]
116	Benin	29 March 1974 [143]
117	Bahamas	5 November 1974 [144]
118	Grenada	8 May 1975 [145]
119	Democratic Republic of the Congo	22 October 1975 [146]
120	Fiji	17 November 1975 [147]
121	Guinea-Bissau	1975 [148]
122	Tonga	26 January 1976 [149]
123	Nauru	27 April 1976 [150]
124	Suriname	29 June 1976 [151]
125	Mauritius	18 October 1976 [152]
126	Vietnam	7 June 1978 [153]
127	New Zealand	12 December 1978 [154]
128	Solomon Islands	8 March 1979 [155]
129	Samoa	12 April 1979 [156]
130	Maldives	28 May 1979 [157]
131	Papua New Guinea	30 May 1979 [158]
132	Cape Verde	24 June 1979 [159]
133	Djibouti	25 June 1979 [160]
134	Tuvalu	19 July 1979 [161]
135	Comoros	22 August 1979 [162]
136	Central African Republic	29 January 1980 [163]
137	Rwanda	18 February 1980 [164]
138	Burundi	30 April 1980 [165]
139	Angola	9 July 1980 [166]
140	Equatorial Guinea	16 September 1980 [167]
141	Lesotho	1980 [168]
142	Botswana	20 January 1981 [169]
143	Eswatini	20 January 1981 [170]
144	Mozambique	20 January 1981 [171]
145	Republic of the Congo	9 November 1981 [172]
146	São Tomé and Príncipe	1981 [173]
147	Zimbabwe	2 July 1982 [174]
—	Northern Cyprus	1983 [175]
148	Brunei	27 June 1984 [176]
149	Belize	November 1987 [177]
150	Namibia	27 March 1990 [178]
151	Lithuania	3 September 1991 [179]
152	Latvia	22 October 1991 [180]
153	Estonia	23 October 1991 [181]
—	State of Palestine	19 December 1991 [182]
154	Azerbaijan	14 January 1992 [183]
155	Kyrgyzstan	29 January 1992 [184]
156	Tajikistan	29 January 1992 [185]
157	Moldova	3 February 1992 [186]
158	Turkmenistan	29 February 1992 [187]
159	Kazakhstan	2 March 1992 [188]
160	Ukraine	3 March 1992 [189]
161	Uzbekistan	4 March 1992 [190]
162	Belarus	25 March 1992 [191]
163	Georgia	21 May 1992 [192]
164	Croatia	26 August 1992 [193]
165	North Macedonia	26 August 1992 [194]
166	Slovenia	26 August 1992 [195]
167	Bosnia and Herzegovina	29 August 1992 [196]
168	Liechtenstein	2 October 1992 [197]
169	South Africa	12 October 1992 [198]
170	Slovakia	1 January 1993 [199]
171	Eritrea	19 July 1993 [200]
172	Seychelles	22 June 1995 [201]
173	Vanuatu	14 July 1995 [202]
174	Andorra	8 October 1998 [203]
175	Antigua and Barbuda	June 1999 [204]
176	North Korea	27 June 2001 [205]
177	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	4 April 2002 [206]
178	Timor-Leste	20 May 2002 [207]
179	Saint Lucia	25 May 2005 [208]
180	San Marino	12 October 2005 [209]
181	Dominica	13 April 2006 [210]
182	Palau	2 May 2006 [211]
183	Montenegro	3 July 2006 [212]
184	Federated States of Micronesia	6 December 2006 [213]
—	Kosovo	18 February 2008 [214]
185	Marshall Islands	11 April 2008 [215]
186	Monaco	28 May 2008 [216]
187	Kiribati	20 June 2008 [217]
—	Cook Islands	20 October 2008 [218]
188	Saint Kitts and Nevis	3 June 2010 [219]
189	South Sudan	9 July 2011 [220]
190	Bhutan	26 September 2012 [221]
—	Niue	7 June 2014 [222]

Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
European Union	September 1963	See European Union–Turkey relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Vilnius, July 2023
NATO	February 1952	See Turkey in NATO

Africa

There has been a revival in Turkey's relationships within Africa after 1998, and civil society is the leading factor in this process. ^[223] Initially, this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marked a new stage in Turkey's interest in developing relations with Africa. ^[224] Turkey, since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent. ^{[225] [226]}

Northern Africa

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Algeria	30 June 1963 [227]	See Algeria–Turkey relations Algeria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Algiers. [228] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.17 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.03/1.14 billion USD). [229] 213,333 Algerian tourists visited Turkey in 2017. [229] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Algiers. [230]	X
Egypt	8 May 1925 [231]	See Egypt–Turkey relations Egypt has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Cairo [232] and a consulate general in Alexandria. [233] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.25 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.06/2.19 billion USD). [234] 100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017. [234] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Cairo since 2010. [235]	√ [236]
Libya	30 December 1952 [237]	See Libya–Turkey relations Libya has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tripoli. [238] and a consulate general in Misurata. [239] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD). [240] 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018. [240]	X
Mauritania	14 April 1970 [130]	See Mauritania–Turkey relations Mauritania has an embassy in Ankara. [241] Turkey has an embassy in Nouakchott. [241] Trade volume between the two countries was 245 million USD in 2019. [241] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nouakchott. [241]	X
Morocco	17 April 1956 [242]	See Morocco–Turkey relations Morocco has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Rabat. [243] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD). [244] 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017. [244] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.	√ [236]
Sudan	20 July 1957 [91]	See Sudan–Turkey relations Sudan has an embassy in Ankara. [91] Turkey has an embassy in Khartoum. [91] Trade volume between the two countries was 434 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 361/73 million USD). [91] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Khartoum.	X
Tunisia	1956 [245]	See Tunisia–Turkey relations Tunisia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tunis. [246] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.09 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 904/182 million USD). [247] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Tunis.	√ [236]

Sub–Saharan Africa

Since 2008, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa have flourished due to a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans. Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million ^[248] in 1998 to US$5.08 ^[249] billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885, when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence. ^[250] Relations were restored in the 1950s, ^[251] and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969. ^[252]

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad. ^[253]

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region, ^[248] providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011 ^[254] including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa. ^[253]

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Angola	9 July 1980 [255]	See Angola–Turkey relations Angola has an embassy in Ankara. [256] Turkey has an embassy in Luanda. [256] Trade volume between the two countries was 212 million USD in 2019. [256] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Luanda since 27 October 2021. [257]	X
Benin	29 March 1974 [258]	See Benin–Turkey relations Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021. Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou. [259] Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019. [259] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014. [259]	X
Botswana	20 January 1981 [260]	Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Gaborone. [261] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019. [261]	X
Burkina Faso	6 April 1970 [262]	See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations Burkina Faso has an embassy in Ankara. [263] Turkey has an embassy in Ouagadougou. [263] Trade volume between the two countries was 52.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 31.4/20.8 million USD). [263]	X
Burundi	30 April 1980 [264]	See Burundi–Turkey relations Burundi has an embassy in Ankara. [265] Turkey has an embassy in Bujumbura. [265] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD). [265]	X
Cameroon	9 August 1963 [266]	See Cameroon–Turkey relations Cameroon has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Yaoundé. Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD). [267] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.	X
Cape Verde	24 June 1979 [268]	See Cape Verde–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde. [269] Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019. [269]	X
Central African Republic	18 February 1980 [270]	See Central African Republic–Turkey relations Central African Republic has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. [271] The Turkish ambassador in Yaoundé to Cameroon is also accredited to the Central African Republic. [271] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.81 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.84/1.97 million USD). [271]	X
Chad	27 January 1970 [272]	See Chad–Turkey relations Chad has an embassy in Ankara. [273] Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena. [273] Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD). [273] There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since 12 December 2013. [273]	X
Comoros	22 August 1979 [274]	See Comoros–Turkey relations The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey. [275] The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros. [275] Trade volume between the two countries was 21.1 million USD in 2019. [275]	X
Congo	9 November 1981 [172]	See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations Congo has an embassy in Ankara. [276] Turkey has an embassy in Brazzaville. [276] Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD). [276]	X
Côte d'Ivoire	14 July 1964 [116]	See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ankara. [277] Turkey has an embassy in Abidjan. [277] Trade volume between the two countries was 409.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 220.9/188.8 million USD). [277] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abidjan since July 2012. [277]	X
Democratic Republic of Congo	22 October 1975 [146]	See Democratic Republic of Congo–Turkey relations Democratic Republic of Congo has an embassy in Ankara. [278] Turkey has an embassy in Kinshasa. [278] Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019. [278]	X
Djibouti	25 June 1979 [160]	See Djibouti–Turkey relations Djibouti has an embassy in Ankara. [279] Turkey has an embassy in Djibouti. [279] Trade volume between the two countries was 252 million USD in 2019. [279]	X
Eritrea	19 July 1993 [200]	See Eritrea–Turkey relations The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey. [280] Turkey has an embassy in Asmara. [280] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019. [280]	X
Equatorial Guinea	16 September 1980 [167]	See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Ankara. [281] Turkey has an embassy in Malabo. [281] Trade volume between the two countries was 23.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 20.2/3.6 million USD). [281] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malabo since 7 February 2020. [281]	X
Eswatini	20 January 1981 [282]	The Embassy of the Eswatini in Brussels to Belgium is also accredited to Turkey. [283] The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Eswatini. [283] Trade volume between the two countries was 309 thousand USD in 2019. [283]	X
Ethiopia	30 January 1926, severed in 1936, re-established 23 December 1957 [284]	See Ethiopia–Turkey relations Ethiopia has an embassy in Ankara. [285] Turkey has an embassy in Addis Ababa. [285] Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD). [285]	X
Gabon	1 February 1963 [286]	See Gabon–Turkey relations Gabon has an embassy in Ankara. [287] Turkey has an embassy in Libreville. [287] Trade volume between the two countries was 38.9 million USD in 2018. [287]	X
Gambia	1965 [118]	See Gambia–Turkey relations Gambia has an embassy in Ankara. [118] Turkey has an embassy in Banjul. [118] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018. [118]	X
Ghana		See Ghana–Turkey relations Ghana has an embassy in Ankara. [288] Turkey has an embassy in Accra. [288] Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018. [288]	Pending Ratification [236]
Guinea		See Guinea–Turkey relations Guinea has an embassy in Ankara. [289] Turkey has an embassy in Conakry. [289] Trade volume between the two countries was 136.7 million USD in 2019. [289] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Conakry since 30 January 2017. [289]	X
Guinea Bissau		See Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations Guinea Bissau has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bissau. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.95 million USD in 2019. [290]	X
Kenya	30 March 1968 [122]	See Kenya–Turkey relations Kenya has an embassy in Ankara. [291] Turkey has an embassy in Nairobi. [291] Trade volume between the two countries was 234 million USD in 2019. [291] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nairobi since 20 February 2009. [291]	X
Lesotho	1980 [168]	The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey. [292] The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho. [292] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD). [292]	X
Liberia	1 August 1958 [95]	See Liberia–Turkey relations The Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is also accredited to Turkey. [293] The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia. [293] Trade volume between the two countries was 191.9 million USD in 2019. [293]	X
Madagascar		See Madagascar–Turkey relations Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey. [294] Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo. [294] Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD). [294]	X
Mali	17 April 1963 [295]	See Mali–Turkey relations Mali has an embassy in Ankara. [296] Turkey has an embassy in Bamako. [296] Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD). [296]	X
Malawi	4 August 1969 [126]	See Malawi–Turkey relations The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey. [297] The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi. [297] Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD). [297]	X
Mauritius	18 October 1976 [152]	See Mauritius–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mauritius in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey. [298] The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to Mauritius. [298] Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019. [298] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Mauritius since 15 December 2015. [298]	√ [236]
Mozambique	20 January 1981 [299]	See Mozambique–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey. [300] Turkey has an embassy in Maputo. [300] Trade volume between the two countries was 153 million USD in 2019. [300]	X
Namibia	27 March 1990 [178]	See Namibia–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek. [301] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD). [301]	X
Niger	30 March 1967 [120]	See Niger–Turkey relations Niger has an embassy in Ankara. [302] Turkey has an embassy in Niamey. [302] Trade volume between the two countries was 72 million USD in 2019. [302]	X
Nigeria	16 February 1961 [303]	See Nigeria–Turkey relations Nigeria has an embassy in Ankara. [304] Turkey has an embassy in Abuja. [304] Trade volume between the two countries was 726 million USD in 2019. [304] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abuja, Lagos and Port-Harcourt. [304]	X
Rwanda	18 February 1980 [305]	See Rwanda–Turkey relations Rwanda has an embassy in Ankara. [306] Turkey has an embassy in Kigali. [306] Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD). [306]	X
São Tomé and Príncipe		The Embassy of São Tomé and Príncipe in Lisbon is also accredited to Turkey. [307] The Turkish ambassador in Libreville to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe. [307] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 million USD in 2019. [307]	X
Senegal	17 October 1963 [308]	See Senegal–Turkey relations Senegal has an embassy in Ankara. [309] Turkey has an embassy in Dakar. [309] Trade volume between the two countries was 292 million USD in 2019. [309] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dakar. [309] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Dakar.	X
Seychelles	22 June 1995 [310]	See Seychelles–Turkey relations The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey. [311] The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles. [311] Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD). [311]	X
Sierra Leone	15 February 1971 [131]	See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations Sierra Leone has an embassy in Ankara. [312] Turkey has an embassy in Freetown. [312] Trade volume between the two countries was 53.4 million USD in 2019. [312] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Freetown. [312]	X
Somalia	13 December 1965 [117]	See Somalia–Turkey relations Somalia has an embassy in Ankara. [313] Turkey has an embassy in Mogadishu and a consulate general in Hargeisa. [313] Trade volume between the two countries was 250.8 million USD in 2019. [313] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mogadishu.	X
South Africa	12 October 1992 [314]	See South Africa–Turkey relations South Africa has an embassy in Ankara. [315] Turkey has an embassy in Pretoria. [315] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 552.5/757.5 million USD). [315] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cape Town and Durban since 2015. [315] 3,600 Turkish citizens reside in South Africa. [315] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Johannesburg.	X
South Sudan	9 July 2011 [220]	See South Sudan–Turkey relations South Sudan has an embassy in Ankara. [316] Turkey has an embassy in Juba. [316] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 million USD in 2019. [316]	X
Tanzania	5 July 1963 [317]	See Tanzania–Turkey relations Tanzania has an embassy in Ankara. [318] Turkey has an embassy in Dar es Salaam. [318] Trade volume between the two countries was 151 million USD in 2015. [318] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro since 2010. [318]	X
Togo	6 December 1962 [319]	See Togo–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Lomé (planned). [320] Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019. [320]	X
Uganda	18 September 1969 [127]	See Turkey–Uganda relations Uganda has an embassy in Ankara. [321] Turkey has an embassy in Kampala. [321] Trade volume between the two countries was 40 million USD in 2018. [321]	X
Zambia	25 February 1971 [132]	See Turkey–Zambia relations Zambia has an embassy in Ankara. [322] Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka. [322] Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD). [322] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018. [322]	X
Zimbabwe	2 July 1982 [174]	See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations Zimbabwe has an embassy in Ankara. [323] Turkey has an embassy in Harare. [323] Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD). [323]	X

Americas

Southern Cone

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Argentina	29 June 1926 [54]	See Argentina–Turkey relations President Erdoğan with then-president Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires. Argentina has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Buenos Aires. Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Buenos Aires via São Paulo commenced in December 2013 and are taking place daily. [324] Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD. [324] 64,483 Argentine tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Chile	30 January 1926 [52]	See Chile–Turkey relations President Erdoğan and Sebastián Piñera Chile has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Santiago. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Chile–Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 July 2009 and has been in effect since 1 March 2011. [325] Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD. [325] 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Chile was the first country in Latin America torecognized Turkey.	√ [236]
Paraguay	11 September 1953 [88]	See Paraguay–Turkey relations Paraguay has an embassy in Ankara. [326] Turkey has an embassy in Asunción. [326] Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD). [326] 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Uruguay	8 December 1933 [61]	See Turkey–Uruguay relations Uruguay has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. [327] Turkey has an embassy in Montevideo. [327] Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD). [327] 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

North America

Country	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Canada	25 November 1943 [62]	See Canada–Turkey relations Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and Consulates General in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020). [328] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.46 billion USD in 2019. [328] 139,164 Canadian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada. [328]	X
Mexico	12 July 1928 [58]	See Mexico–Turkey relations President Erdoğan visiting Mexico with former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Mexico has an embassy in Ankara [329] and a consulate in Istanbul. [330] Turkey has an embassy in Mexico City. [331] Both countries are members of OECD, G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Mexico City and Cancún were launched in August 2019. [332] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 602/678 million USD). [332] 66,557 Mexican tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mexico City.	X
United States	13 September 1831, relations broke off 20 April 1917, re-established 17 February 1927 [333]	See Turkey–United States relations Presidents Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies. United States has an embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul and a Consulate in Adana. Turkey has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami and New York City. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, San Francisco, Seattle (starts 9 March 2022) and Washington, D.C. 578,074 American tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Washington, D.C. Following its NATO membership in 1952 and subsequent hosting of the United States Air Force in Incirlik Air Base, Turkey became the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank, the directly bordering Warsaw Pact countries. Turkey participated with the United States during the Korean War of the early 1950s and the Gulf War of 1990.	X

Caribbean

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Antigua and Barbuda	June 1999 [204]	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Antigua and Barbuda. [334] Trade volume between the two countries was 12.5 million USD in 2019. [334]	X
Bahamas	5 November 1974 [144]	See Bahamas–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. [335] Trade volume between the two countries was 86.1 million USD in 2019. [335]	X
Barbados	20 September 1972 [136]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Barbados. [336] Trade volume between the two countries was 8.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.45/0.05 million USD). [336]	X
Cuba	25 November 1952 [86]	See Cuba–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Havana. [337] Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD). [337] The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873. [338]	X
Dominica	13 April 2006 [210]	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Dominica. [339] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.6 million USD in 2019. [339]	X
Dominican Republic	28 November 1951 [340]	See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Santo Domingo. [341] Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD). [341]	X
Grenada	8 May 1975 [145]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Grenada. [342] Trade volume between the two countries was 910 thousand USD in 2019. [342]	X
Haiti	1950 [343]	See Haiti–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti. [343] Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 128.9/0.8 million USD). [343]	X
Jamaica	30 March 1971 [133]	See Jamaica–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica. [344] Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD). [344]	X
St. Kitts and Nevis		The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to St. Kitts and Nevis. [345] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.9 million USD in 2019. [345]	X
St. Lucia	25 May 2005 [208]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Lucia. [346] Trade volume between the two countries was 3 million USD in 2019. [346]	X
St. Vincent and Grenadines	4 April 2002 [347]	See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Vincent and Grenadines. [348] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.3 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.8/6.5 million USD). [348]	X
Trinidad and Tobago	22 May 1972 [135]	See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Port of Spain. [349] Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD). [349]	X

Central America

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Belize	November 1987 [350]	See Belize–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize. [351] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD). [351]	X
Costa Rica	21 September 1950 [74]	See Costa Rica–Turkey relations Costa Rica has an embassy in Ankara. [352] Turkey has an embassy in San Jose. [352] Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD). [352]	X
El Salvador	21 September 1950 [77]	El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador. Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD). [353]	X
Guatemala	1952 [354]	See Guatemala–Turkey relations Guatemala has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate in Istanbul. [355] Turkey has an embassy in Guatemala City. [355] Trade volume between the two countries was 63.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 53.5/10 million USD). [355]	X
Honduras	4 April 1950 [356]	The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras. [357] Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD). [357]	X
Nicaragua	21 September 1950 [77]	See Nicaragua–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Managua. [358] Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey. [358] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD). [358]	X
Panama	14 April 1950 [359]	See Panama–Turkey relations Panama has an embassy in Ankara. [360] Turkey has an embassy in Panama. [360] Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD). [360]	X

Latin America, rest of

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Bolivia	26 July 1950 [73]	See Bolivia–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in La Paz. [361] Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD). [361] 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Brazil	8 September 1927 [362]	See Brazil–Turkey relations Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brazil has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. [363] Turkey has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate general in São Paulo. [363] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo. [363] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD). [363] 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Colombia	10 April 1959 [100]	See Colombia–Turkey relations Colombia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD). [364] 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [365]	X
Ecuador	11 December 1959 [366] [367]	See Ecuador–Turkey relations Ecuador has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Quito and a consulate general in Guayaquil. Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD). [368] 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Guyana	2 May 1973 [140]	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Guyana. [369] Trade volume between the two countries was 29.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.6/1 million USD). [369]	X
Peru	1952 [370]	See Peru–Turkey relations Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. [371] Turkey has an embassy in Lima. [371] Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD). [371] 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Suriname	29 June 1976 [372]	See Suriname–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Suriname. [373] Trade volume between the two countries was 18.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 18.1/0.1 million USD). [373]	X
Venezuela	29 December 1950[ citation needed ]	See Turkey–Venezuela relations Turkey has an embassy in Caracas and an honorary consulate in Maracaibo. [374] Venezuela has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD). [375] [374]	X

Asia and Oceania

Turkic states

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Azerbaijan	14 January 1992 [376]	See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Kars and Consular Mission in Iğdır. [376] Turkey has an embassy in Baku and Consulates General in Nakhchivan and Ganja. [376] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and OSCE. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.63/2.55 billion USD). [377] 901,723 Azeri tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Azerbaijan-Turkey relations have been described as "one nation with two states" due to a common culture and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Azerbaijan in November 1991. [376] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Baku.	X
Kazakhstan	2 March 1992 [378]	See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Astana and a consulate general in Almaty. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.9 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.9/3 billion USD). [379] 455,724 Kazakh tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kazakhstan. [378] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Astana.	X
Kyrgyzstan	29 January 1992 [380]	See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Ankara. [380] Turkey has an embassy in Bishkek. [380] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 519 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 442/77 million USD). [381] 121,364 Kyrgyz tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. [382]	X
Turkmenistan	29 February 1992 [383]	See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations Turkmenistan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Ashgabat. Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.35 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 745/601 million USD). [384] 297,706 Turkmen tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize Turkmenistan on 27 October 1991. [383]	X
Uzbekistan	4 March 1992 [385]	See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations Uzbekistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul Turkey has an embassy in Tashkent. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.23/1.14 billion USD). [386] 252,138 Uzbek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

Asia-Pacific

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Afghanistan	1 March 1921 [387]	See Afghanistan–Turkey relations Afghanistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Kabul and Consulate General in Kandahar and Mazar-e Sharif. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 180 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/156 million USD). [388] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kabul.	X
Australia	1967 [389]	See Australia–Turkey relations Australia has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul and Çanakkale. [389] Turkey has an embassy in Canberra and Consulate General in Melbourne and Sydney. [389] Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO. [389] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.66 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 521.6/544.8 million USD). [390] 120,837 Australian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 150 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Australia. [389] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Melbourne.	X
Bangladesh		See Bangladesh–Turkey relations Bangladesh has an embassy in Ankara. [391] Turkey has an embassy in Dhaka. [391] Both countries are members of OIC. [391] Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 million USD). [392]	X
Bhutan	26 September 2012 [393]	Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi. [394] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD). [395]	X
Brunei Darussalam	27 June 1984 [396]	See Brunei–Turkey relations Brunei Darussalam has an embassy in Ankara. [397] Turkey has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [397] Both countries are members of OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.88 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 4882/16 million USD). [398]	X
Cambodia	1959 [399]	See Cambodia–Turkey relations Cambodia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Phnom Penh. Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD). [400]	X
China	1971 [401]	See China–Turkey relations China has an embassy in Ankara and Consulate General in Istanbul and İzmir. [401] Turkey has an embassy in Beijing and Consulate General in Guangzhou, [402] Hong Kong [403] and Shanghai [404] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 21.08 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.58/18.49 billion USD). [405] 426,344 Chinese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [405] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai. [405]	X
Cook Islands	28 October 2008 [406]	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands. [406] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2019. [406]	X
East Timor	20 May 2002 [407]	See East Timor–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor. [407] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [407]	X
Fiji	17 December 1975 [408]	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji. [408] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [408]	X
India	15 August 1947 [68]	See India–Turkey relations Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India. India has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and Consulate General in Hyderabad and Mumbai. [68] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD). [409] 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Indonesia	1950 [410]	See Indonesia–Turkey relations Indonesia has an embassy in Ankara. [411] Turkey has an embassy in Jakarta. [411] Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD). [412] 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey. [411]	X
Japan	1890 [413]	See Japan–Turkey relations Japan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tokyo [414] and a Consulate General in Nagoya. [415] Both countries are members of G20, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.02 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.5/3.52 billion USD). [416] 103,320 Japanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tokyo.	X
Kiribati	2008 [417]	The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati. [417] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [417]	X
Laos	1958 [418]	See Laos–Turkey relations The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey. [418] Turkey has an embassy in Vientiane. [418] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD). [419]	X
Maldives	1979 [420]	See Maldives–Turkey relations The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey. [420] The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives. [420] Both countries are members of OIC. [420] Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD). [421] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.	X
Malaysia	1964 [422]	See Malaysia–Turkey relations Malaysia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are members of D-8, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.70 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.36/1.34 billion USD). [423] 114,214 Malaysian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kuala Lumpur.	√
Marshall Islands	9 April 2008 [424]	See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to the Marshall Islands. [424] Marshall Islands has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. [424] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [424]	X
Micronesia	6 August 2007 [425]	The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Micronesia. [426] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [426]	X
Mongolia	24 June 1969 [427]	See Mongolia–Turkey relations Mongolia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 39.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.2/0.5 million USD). [428]	X
Myanmar	1958 [429]	See Myanmar–Turkey relations The Burmese Embassy in Cairo, Egypt is also accredited to Turkey. [429] Turkey has an embassy in Yangon. [429] Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD). [430]	X
Nauru		The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Nauru. [431] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [431]	X
New Zealand	12 December 1978 [432]	See New Zealand–Turkey relations New Zealand has an embassy in Ankara. [433] Turkey has an embassy in Wellington. [433] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD). [434] 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019. 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand. [433]	X
Niue	7 June 2014 [435]	Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
North Korea	15 January 2001 [436]	See North Korea–Turkey relations The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey. [436] The ambassador in Seoul to South Korea is also accredited to North Korea. [436] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [436]	X
Pakistan	1947 [437]	See Pakistan–Turkey relations Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad [438] and Consulate General in Karachi [439] and Lahore. [440] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 856 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 550/306 million USD). [441] 130,736 Pakistani tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Karachi and Lahore.	X
Palau	10 May 2007 [442]	Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau. [442] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014. [442]	X
Papua New Guinea	30 May 1979 [443]	Papua New Guinea has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. [443] The Turkish ambassador in Canberra is also accredited to Papua New Guinea. [443] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [443]	X
Philippines	13 June 1949 [444]	See Philippines–Turkey relations Philippines has an embassy in Ankara. [444] Turkey has an embassy in Manila. [444] Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD). [445] 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey. [444] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015. [444]	X
Samoa	12 April 1979 [446]	See Samoa–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa. [446] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [446]	X
Singapore	12 February 1969 [447]	See Singapore–Turkey relations Singapore has an embassy in Ankara. [447] Turkey has an embassy in Singapore. [447] Trade volume between the two countries was 808 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 443/365 million USD). [448] 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore. [447]	√
Solomon Islands	8 March 1979 [449]	See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Solomon Islands since 8 March 1979. [449] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
South Korea	11 August 1949 [450]	See South Korea–Turkey relations South Korea has an embassy in Ankara. [450] Turkey has an embassy in Seoul. [450] Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD). [451] 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [451] Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on 1 May 2013 and was updated on 1 August 2018 to include an Investment Agreement. [451] Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.	√
Sri Lanka	4 February 1948 [452]	See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations Sri Lanka has an embassy in Ankara. [452] Turkey has an embassy in Colombo. [452] Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD). [453]	X
Taiwan	Started in 1934, Ended in 1971	See Taiwan–Turkey relations Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.	X
Tajikistan	29 January 1992 [454]	See Tajikistan–Turkey relations Tajikistan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dushanbe. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 274 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 143/131 million USD). [455] 44,155 Tajik tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Thailand	1958 [456]	See Thailand–Turkey relations Thailand has an embassy in Ankara. [456] Turkey has an embassy in Bangkok. [456] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD). [457] 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017. [456] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket. [456]	X
Tonga	26 January 1976 [458]	See Tonga–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since 26 January 1976. [458] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [458]	X
Tuvalu	19 July 1979 [459]	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tuvalu. [459] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [459]	X
Vanuatu	10 April 1987 [460]	Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu. [460] Vanuatu has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. [460] Trade volume between the two countries was 17.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.3/7.1 million USD). [460]	X
Vietnam	1978 [461]	See Turkey–Vietnam relations Vietnam has an embassy in Ankara. [461] Turkey has an embassy in Hanoi. [461] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.91 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.16/1.76 billion USD). [462] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 27 June 2016. [461]	X

Western Asia

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Armenia		See Armenia–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations suspended over the Nagorno-Karabakh War.	X
Bahrain	12 April 1973 [463]	See Bahrain–Turkey relations Bahrain has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Manama. Trade volume between the two countries was 486 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 299/187 million USD). [464] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Manama.	X
Cyprus		Diplomatic relations suspended over the Cyprus dispute.	√
Northern Cyprus	1983 [175]	See Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations Northern Cyprus has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Gaziantep, Istanbul, İzmir, Mersin and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in North Nicosia [465] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in North Nicosia.	Free Trade
Georgia	21 May 1992 [466]	See Georgia–Turkey relations Georgia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Trabzon. [467] Turkey has an embassy in Tbilisi and a consulate general in Batumi. [467] Both countries are members of Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and WTO. Turkey supports Georgia's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.58/0.27 billion USD). [468] 1,995,254 Georgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [467] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tbilisi.	√ [236]
Iran	1835 [469]	See Iran–Turkey relations Iran has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul, Trabzon and Erzurum. [470] Turkey has an embassy in Tehran and Consulates General in Tabriz, Orumiyeh and Mashhad. [470] Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.60 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.31/3.29 billion USD). [471] 2,102,890 Iranian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tehran.	X
Iraq	16 January 1928	See Iraq–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929. [472] Iraq has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil. Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD). [473] 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Kurdistan Region	2001	See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations
Israel		See Israel–Turkey relations See also: History of the Jews in Turkey Israel has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.37 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.70/1.67 billion USD). [474] 569,368 Israeli tourists visited Turkey in 2019. The history of the Jewish–Turkish relations dates back to 14th–16th centuries, when the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II invited the Sephardic Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions to settle in the Ottoman Empire. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Republic of Turkey again served as a safe haven for the European Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust. [475] A Turkish diplomat, Selahattin Ulkumen, is honoured as one of the Righteous Among The Nations for his work in rescuing Jews from Nazi officials on the island of Rhodes, by issuing them Turkish visas and later arranging for their transport to Turkish territory. Another diplomat, Necdet Kent, also rescued Jews from Nazi authorities, for which he was awarded a special medal by the government of the State of Israel. Turkey was the first country with a Muslim majority to formally recognize the State of Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.	√ [236]
Jordan	11 January 1947 [476]	See Jordan–Turkey relations Jordan has an embassy in Ankara. [477] Turkey has an embassy in Amman. [477] Trade volume between the two countries was 962 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 835/127 million USD). [478] 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [477] Free Trade Agreement went into force on 11 March. [477] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amman.	X
Kuwait	10 January 1964 [479]	See Kuwait–Turkey relations Kuwait has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kuwait City. Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD). [480] 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	X
Lebanon	8 March 1946	See Lebanon–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946. [481] Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Beirut. Trade volume between the two countries was 1070 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 901/169 million USD). 376,721 Lebanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [482] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Beirut.	Pending Ratification [236]
Oman	18 June 1973 [483]	See Oman–Turkey relations Oman has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Muscat. Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD). [484]	X
Palestine	15 November 1988 [485]	See Palestine–Turkey relations Palestine has an embassy in Ankara. [485] Turkey has a consulate general in Jerusalem accredited to Palestine. [485] Trade volume between the two countries was 84 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 82/2 million USD). [486] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Jerusalem and Ramallah.	√ [236]
Qatar	20 March 1973 [137]	See Qatar–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Doha. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.4 billion USD in 2018. [487] Turkey has a military base in Qatar. [488] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Doha.	X
Saudi Arabia	3 August 1929 [60]	See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. [489] Turkey has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate general in Jeddah. [490] [491] Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD). [492] 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Syria	8 March 1946	See Syria–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946. [481]	√ [236]
United Arab Emirates	1971 [493]	See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate general in Dubai. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD). [494]	X
Yemen	4 March 1946 [63]	See Turkey–Yemen relations Yemen has an embassy in Ankara. [495] Turkey has an embassy in Sana'a. [495] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018. [495]	X

Europe

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Albania	15 December 1923 [496]	See Albania–Turkey relations Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tirana. Both countries are members of OIC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 430 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 408/22 million USD). [497] 125,935 Albanian tourists visited Turkey in 2018. [497] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Shkoder and Tirana There are over 500,000 Albanians residing in Turkey.	√ [236]
Andorra	8 October 1998 [498]	The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra. [498] Trade volume between the two countries was 478 thousand USD in 2010 (Turkish exports/imports: 476/1.4 thousand USD). [498]	√ [236]
Austria	1526 [499]	See Austria–Turkey relations Austria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. [500] Turkey has an embassy in Vienna [501] and Consulates General in Bregenz [502] and Salzburg [503] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.43 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.14/1.29 billion USD). [504] 401,475 Austrian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [504] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Vienna.	√ [236]
Belarus	25 March 1992 [505]	See Belarus–Turkey relations Belarus has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. [506] Turkey has an embassy in Minsk. [506] Both countries are members of OSCE. [507] Trade volume between the two countries was 691 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 531/160 million USD). [505] 258,419 Belarusian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Belgium	1838 [508]	See Belgium–Turkey relations Belgium has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Brussels [509] and a consulate general in Antwerp. [510] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.7 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/3.1 billion USD). [508] 220 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Belgium. [508] See Turks in Belgium 557,435 Belgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [508] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Brussels.	√ [236]
Bulgaria	1908 [511]	See Bulgaria–Turkey relations Bulgaria has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Sofia [512] and a consulate general in Burgas. [513] and Plovdiv. [514] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.1 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.0 billion USD). [515] 2,713,464 Bulgarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√ [236]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	29 August 1992 [516]	See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Sarajevo. Turkey supports Bosnia and Herzegovina's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 661 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 420/241 million USD). [517] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Fojnica, Mostar and Sarajevo.	√ [236]
Croatia	6 August 1992 [518]	See Croatia–Turkey relations Croatia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Zagreb. Both countries are members of NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 384 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 232/152 million USD). [519] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Zagreb.	√ [236]
Czech Republic	1924 [520]	See Czech Republic–Turkey relations Czech Republic has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Prague. [521] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD). [520] 4,500 Turkish citizens reside in the Czech Republic. [520] 311,359 Czech tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [520]	√ [236]
Denmark	1756 [522]	See Denmark–Turkey relations Denmark has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Copenhagen. [523] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD). [524] 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark. [524] See Turks in Denmark 335,877 Danish tourists visited Turkey in 2018. [524]	√ [236]
Estonia	1924 [525]	See Estonia–Turkey relations Estonia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn. [526] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD). [525] 77,041 Estonian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [525] 575 Turkish citizens live in Estonia. [525]	√ [236]
Finland	1924 [527]	See Finland–Turkey relations Finland has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki. [528] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD). [527] 13 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Finland. [527] See Turks in Finland 135,192 Finnish tourists visited Turkey in 2018. [527]	√ [236]
France	1483 [529]	See France–Turkey relations France has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Paris [530] and Consulates General in Bordeaux, [531] Lyon, [532] Marseille, [533] Nantes [534] and Strasbourg. [535] Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 13.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.8/7.6 billion USD). [536] 650 thousand Turkish citizens reside in France and 3,152 French citizens reside in Turkey. [536] 875,957 French tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [536] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Paris.	√ [236]
Germany	1790 [537]	See Germany–Turkey relations Germany has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Berlin [538] and Consulates General in Cologne, [539] Düsseldorf, [540] Essen, [541] Frankfurt, [542] Hamburg [543] Hanover, [544] Karlsruhe [545] Mainz, [546] Munich, [547] Münster, [548] Nuremberg [549] and Stuttgart. [550] Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 35.9 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 16.6/19.3 billion USD). [551] 3 million people of Turkish origin reside in Germany. [537] 5,027,472 German tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [551] Relations with Turkey significantly deteriorated after the 2016–17 Turkish purges and Turkey's turn to authoritarianism, including the arrest of journalists such as Die Welt's Deniz Yücel. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Berlin and Cologne.	√ [236]
Greece	24 August 1833 [552]	See Greece-Turkey relations Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, November 2009 Greece has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Edirne, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Athens [553] and Consulates General in Komotini, [554] Piraeus, [555] Rhodes [556] and Thessaloniki. [557] Both countries are members of BSEC, OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2018. [558] 150 thousand muslims that Turkey claims are "ethnic Turks" reside in Western Thrace, Greece. [559] 836,882 Greek tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey and Greece have clashed for decades over the status of Aegean islands and over the extent of territorial waters and airspace. In February 1999, the discovery that Greek authorities had been aiding and abetting Abdullah Öcalan, Turkey's most wanted criminal, caused a diplomatic crisis. When Abdullah Öcalan was captured by Turkish authorities, he was found holding Greek and Cypriot passports, and he later revealed that he had been hiding in the Greek Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Relations have since improved, particularly following the earthquakes that struck both countries in 1999.	√ [236]
Holy See	1960 [560]	See Holy See–Turkey relations The Holy See has a nunciature in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Hungary	1521 [561]	See Hungary–Turkey relations Hungary has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Budapest. [562] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Hungary is an observer in the Turkic Council. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.5 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.16/1.4 billion USD). [563] 149,523 Hungarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,600 Turkish citizens reside in Hungary. [563] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Budapest.	√ [236]
Iceland	17 June 1944 [564]	See Iceland–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen. [565] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. [565] Trade volume between the two countries was 51 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/27 million USD). [565] 100 Turkish citizens reside in Iceland. [565]	√ [236]
Ireland	2 October 1951 [566]	See Ireland–Turkey relations Ireland has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dublin. [567] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 528/970 million USD). [568] 1,800 Turkish citizens reside in Ireland. [569] 118,620 Irish tourists visited Turkey in 2011. [569] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Dublin.	√ [236]
Italy	25 September 1856 [570]	See Italy–Turkey relations Italy has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Rome [571] and a consulate general in Milan [572] Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 19.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.47/11.3 billion USD). 205,788 Italian tourists visited Turkey in 2017. [573] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Rome.	√ [236]
Kosovo	18 February 2008 [574]	See Kosovo–Turkey relations Kosovo has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Pristina and a consulate general in Prizren. Trade volume between the two countries was 249 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 241/7 million USD). [575] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Peja, Pristina and Prizren.	√ [236]
Latvia	1925 [576]	See Latvia–Turkey relations Latvia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Riga. [577] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia. [576] Trade volume between the two countries was 291 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 126/165 million USD). [576] 86,051 Latvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√ [236]
Liechtenstein	2 October 1992 [197]	Bilateral relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein are being coordinated by the Embassies of the Republic of Turkey and Liechtenstein in Bern. [578] Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017. [579]	√ [236]
Lithuania	1930 [580]	See Lithuania–Turkey relations Lithuania has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Vilnius. [581] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD). [580] 229,704 Lithuanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 350 Turkish citizens reside in Lithuania. [580]	√ [236]
Luxembourg	10 July 1946 [582]	See Luxembourg–Turkey relations Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg. [583] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD). [584] 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg. [584]	√ [236]
Malta	10 October 1967 [585]	See Malta–Turkey relations Malta has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Valletta. [586] Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 593 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 541/52 million USD). [587]	√ [236]
Moldova	3 February 1992 [588]	See Moldova–Turkey relations Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Chişinău [589] and a consulate general in Comrat. Comrat is the capital of Gagauzia, an autonomous region populated by the Gagauz, an Orthodox Christian Turkic people, the region hence acting as a bridge to Turkey and Russia. [590] As a response internal challenges to Gagauzia's autonomy, Mikhail Formuzal, President of People's Assembly in Comrat is seeking Turkey's aid to defend Gagauz culture and identity. [591] Both countries are members of BSEC. Trade volume between the two countries was 568 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 322/246 million USD). [588] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Comrat.	√ [236]
Monaco	1954 [592]	See Monaco–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille. [592] Trade volume between the two countries was 15.1 million USD in 2017. [592]	√ [236]
Montenegro	3 July 2006 [593]	See Montenegro–Turkey relations Montenegro has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Podgorica. [594] Trade volume between the two countries was 46 million USD in 2015. [593] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Podgorica.	√ [236]
Netherlands	1612 [595]	See Netherlands–Turkey relations Netherlands has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in The Hague [596] and Consulates General in Amsterdam, [597] Deventer [598] and Rotterdam. [599] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 8.97 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.76/3.20 billion USD). [600] 500 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in the Netherlands. [600] 1,117,290 Dutch tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [600] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amsterdam.	√ [236]
North Macedonia	26 August 1992. [601]	See North Macedonia–Turkey relations North Macedonia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate general in Bitola. Both countries are members of NATO. Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD). [602] 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018. [602] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Skopje.	√ [236]
Norway	1926 [603]	See Norway-Turkey relations Norway has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD). [603] 20 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Norway . [603] 208,330 Norwegian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [603]	√ [236]
Poland	1414 [604]	See Poland–Turkey relations Poland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw. [605] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD). [606] 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018. [606]	√ [236] See also Polonezköy
Portugal	1843 [607]	See Portugal–Turkey relations Portugal has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Lisbon. [608] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Turkey is an observer in Lusophone Commonwealth. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 811/684 million USD). [609] 54,130 Portuguese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√ [236]
Romania	22 October 1879 [610]	See Romania–Turkey relations Romania has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Bucharest [611] and a consulate general in Constanţa. [612] Both countries are members of BSEC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.8/2.6 billion USD). [613] 763,320 Romanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [613] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Bucharest and Constanța.	√ [236]
Russia	1699 [614]	See Russia–Turkey relations President Erdoğan meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin in July 2024 Russia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in Moscow [615] and Consulates General in Kazan [616] Novorossiysk [617] and Saint Petersburg. [618] Both countries are members of BSEC, G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 26.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.85/22.4 billion USD). [619] 7,017,657 Russian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Kazan and Moscow.	X
Serbia	1879 [620]	See Serbia–Turkey relations Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade. [621] Both countries are members of BSEC, Central European Free Trade Agreement and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 731 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 493/328 million USD). [622] 282,347Serbian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Belgrade.	√ [236]
Slovakia	1993 [623]	See Slovakia–Turkey relations Slovakia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Bratislava. [624] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD). [623] 207,108 Slovak tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [623]	√ [236]
Slovenia	6 February 1992 [625]	See Slovenia–Turkey relations Slovenia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Ljubljana. [626] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.15 million USD in 2015. [625] 50,414 Slovenian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√ [236]
Spain	1782 [627]	See Spain–Turkey relations Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Madrid [628] and a consulate general in Barcelona. [629] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 12.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 6.3/6.4 billion USD). [630] 257,342 Spanish tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [630] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Madrid.	√ [236]
Sweden	1603 [631]	See Sweden–Turkey relations Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm. [632] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Turkey did not support Sweden's accession to NATO until January 2024, but accepted its participation. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD). [631] 115 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in Sweden. [631] See also Turks in Sweden 444,285 Swedish tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [631]	√ [236]
Switzerland	1899 [633]	See Switzerland–Turkey relations Switzerland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Bern [634] and Consulates General in Geneva [635] and Zürich. [636] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.41 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.04/3.38 billion USD). [637] 130 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Switzerland. [633] 314,572 Swiss tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [637]	√ [236]
Ukraine	3 February 1992 [638]	See Turkey–Ukraine relations Ukraine has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Kyiv [639] and a consulate general in Odesa. [640] Both countries are members of WTO. Turkey supports Ukraine's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.8 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.72 billion USD). [638] 1,547,996 Ukrainian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [638] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kyiv.	Pending Ratification [641]
United Kingdom	2 September 1924 [642]	See Turkey–United Kingdom relations Turkish President Erdoğan and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer at the 2024 NATO Summit in Washington, D.C. The United Kingdom is accredited to Turkey through its embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul, and an honorary vice consulate in Antalya. The United Kingdom also has a consulate in İzmir, and honorary consulates in Bodrum, Fethiye, and Marmaris. [643] Turkey has an embassy in London [644] and a consulate general in Edinburgh. [645] Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, G20, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and WTO. Bilaterally the two countries have a Free Trade Agreement, [646] and an Investment Agreement. [647] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 billion USD in 2011. [648] 250 thousand Turkish citizens reside in the United Kingdom. [648] 2,562,064 British tourists visited Turkey in 2019. [648] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in London.	√ [236]

International organizations

Main article: Turkey and International Organizations

• ASEAN (Sectoral Dialogue Partner)
• ACD
• ADB
• Australia Group
• BIS
• Black Sea Naval Force
• BSEC
• CE
• Community of Portuguese Language Countries (observer)
• Developing-8
• EBRD
• G20
• IAEA
• IBRD
• International Energy Agency
• NATO
• NEA
• NSG
• OECD
• OIC
• OSCE
• Turkic Council
• TURKPA
• TÜRKSOY
• UfM

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945), ^[649] the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961), ^[650] the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1969), ^[651] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973), ^[652] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995. ^[653]

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as a strategic eastern anchor. Its strategic importance lies in its control of the Turkish Straits, which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its borders with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir and the United States has maintained a military presence via the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana. ^[654]

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership ^[655] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines. ^[656]

See also

• Turkey portal
• Politics portal

• List of diplomatic missions in Turkey
• List of diplomatic missions of Turkey
• Turkey's membership of international organizations
• Visa requirements for Turkish citizens

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442. "Relations between Turkey and Palau". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
443. "Relations between Turkey and Papua New Guinea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
444. "Relations between Turkey and the Philippines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
445. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Philippines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
446. "Relations between Turkey and Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
447. "Relations between Turkey and Singapore". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
448. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Singapore". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
449. "Relations between Turkey and Solomon Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
450. "Relations between Turkey and South Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
451. "Turkey-Republic of South Korea Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
452. "Turkey-Sri Lanka Political Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
453. "Turkey-Sri Lanka Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
454. "Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
455. "Economic Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
456. "Relations between Turkey and Thailand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
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463. "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
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537. "Relations between Turkey and Germany".
538. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Berlin Büyükelçiliği". berlin.be.mfa.gov.tr.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
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607. "Relations between Turkey and Portugal".
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611. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bucharest". bukres.be.mfa.gov.tr.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
612. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köstence Başkonsolosluğu". kostence.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
613. "Relations between Turkey and Romania".
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631. "Relations between Turkey and Sweden".
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638. "Relations between Turkey and Ukraine".
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 This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, "EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012).
• Barchard, David. "Turkey and the West." (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
• Cakir, A.E. (ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011).
• Dixon, Jeffrey C., "Turkey, Islam and the EU," Contexts, 8.4 (2009).
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, "Fading Attraction: Turkey's Shifting Relationship with the European Union," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013).
• Fuller, Graham E. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. (A Rand Study.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
• Gocek, Fatma Muge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
• Goffman, Daniel. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.
• International Crisis Group, "Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead," Europe Report No. 184 (17 August 2007).
• Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).
• Kubicek, Paul, "Turkey's Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward," Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008).
• Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and the West," Foreign Affairs, 70, No. 2, Spring 1991, pp. 34–48.
• Kuniholm, Bruce R., "Turkey and NATO," in Kaplan, L., Clawson, R. and Luraghi, R. (eds.), NATO and the Mediterranean (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1985).
• McGhee, George C. "Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30.
• Oguzlu, Tarik, "Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?" Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011).
• Pierini, Marc, "Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019.
• Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, "A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014).
• Reuther, Helmut (ed.). „Deutschlands Außenpolitik seit 1955“. With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Außenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965.
• Steinbach, Udo. "Turkey-ECC Relations: Cultural Dimension." pp. 13–24 in Erol Manisali, ed., Turkey's Place in Europe: Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Istanbul: Ucer, 1990.
• Tocci, Nathalie, "New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations," Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
• Narbone, Luigi and Tocci, Nathalie, "Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union," in Verney, S. and Infantis, K. (eds.), Turkey's Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009).

Greece–Turkey relations

• "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713–26.
• Bahcheli, Tozun. Greek–Turkish Relations since 1955. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
• Balci, Ali, "Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP," Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012).
• Brus, Marcel et al., "A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots," TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No. 7 (Istanbul, June 2008).
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Ertekün, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.
• International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet," Europe Report No. 194 (23 June 2008).
• International Crisis Group, "The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?" Europe Report No. 171 (8 March 2006).
• Migdalovitz, Carol, "Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues," CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007).
• Ozcan, Gencer, "The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey," in Kirisci, K. and Rubin, B. (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Pipinelis, Panayotis. "The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp. 306–16.
• Psomiades, Harry J. The Eastern Question: The Last Phase. A Study in Greek Turkish Diplomacy. Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968.
• Qicek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.
• Sozen, Ahmet, "The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?" in Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014).
• Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
• Turkeş, Alpaslan. Dış Politikamız ve Kıbrıs (Our Foreign Policy and Cyprus). Istanbul: Publication of the Istanbul Cypriote-Turkish Society, 1966.

Middle East–Turkey relations

• Ayoob, Mohammed, "Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East's Turko-Persian Future," Insight Turkey, 13.2 (2011).
• Bank, André and Karadag, Roy, "The 'Ankara Moment': The Politics of Turkey's Regional Power in the Middle East," Third World Quarterly, 34.2 (2013).
• Bengio, Ofra and Ozcan, Gencer, "Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel," Middle Eastern Studies, 37.2 (April 2001).
• Bolukbasi, Suha. "Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Euphrates Dam," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No. 4, June 1993, pp. 9–32.
• Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
• Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558–1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp. 83–103.
• Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
• Haddad, Benjamin, "Time for Turkey and Europe to Face Reality: Turkey Is Not Going to Join the EU. And That Is OK," Foreign Policy, 23 May 3016.
• Nafi, Basheer M., "The Arabs and Modern Turkey: A Century of Changing Perceptions," Insight Turkey, 11.1 (2009).
• Hale, William M. "Turkey, the Middle East, and the Gulf Crisis," International Affairs [London], 68, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 679–692.
• International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints," Europe Report No. 203 (7 April 2010).
• Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
• Karpat, Kemal H., "Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations," in Karpat, K. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal, Tocci, Nathalie, and Walker, Joshua, "A Neighborhood Rediscovered: Turkey's Transatlantic Value in the Middle East," The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paper Series (Washington, DC, 2010).
• Kirisci, Kemal, "The EU, Turkey and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 1 (2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Winrow, Gareth M., The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
• Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.
• Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
• Sayari, Sabri. "Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis," Middle East Journal, 46, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 9–21.
• Shaw, Stanford. The Jews of the Ottoman Emire and Modern Turkey. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

• "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727–47.
• Bayazit, Vural. "Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp. 67–69.
• DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.
• Dranov, B. Chernomorskie Prolivy-Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi rezhim (The Black Sea Straits-International-legal regime). Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948.
• Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt. "Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp. 28–43.
• Eren, Nuri. "Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp. 337–48.
• Erkin, Feridun Cerna. Les Relations Turco-Soviétiques et la Question des Detroits. Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968.
• Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü. "The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp. 290–302.
• Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm. "Nachbarschaft am Schwarzen Meer. Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp. 613–20.
• Howard, Harry N. "The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East Journal, January 1947, pp. 59–72.
• Hurewitz, J. C. The Background of Russia's Claims to the Turkish Straits. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964.
• Imhoff, Christoph von. Duell in Mittelmeer: Moskau greift nach dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Freiburg i. Br.: Rombach, 1968.
• Rohn, Peter H. "Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. n9-60.
• Routh, D. A. "The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
• Sadak, Necmeddin. "Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp. 449–461.
• Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak. Turkey at the Straits: A Short History. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
• Yanik, Lerna. "Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991–2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp. 349–370.

Turkey–Turkic world relations

• Contessi, Nicola P. "Turkey and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Common values, economics or pure geopolitics?" in Emre Erşen, Seçkin Köstem, eds. Turkey's Pivot to Eurasia. Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order, (Routledge, 2019), pp. 93–110.
• Gokalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968.
• Kubilay Yado Arin. The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2013).
• Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981.
• Robins, Philip. "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," Middle East Journal, 47, No. 4, Autumn 1993, pp. 593–610.

Turkey–United States relations

• Armaoglu, Fahir H. "Turkey and the United States: A New Alliance." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. 1–15.
• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Barkey, Henri. "Turkish-American Relations in the Post-War Era: An Alliance of Convenience," Orient [Leverkusen, Germany], 33, No. 3, 1992, pp. 447–464.
• Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): pp. 1–25.
• Bolukbasi, Suha. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish–American Relations and Cyprus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

• "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923–1968)" ("Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923–1968"). Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (Review of the Political Science Faculty), 23 (1968).
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. "Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923–1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp. 103–42.
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. Ankara: Publication of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Ankara, 1965.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913–1923. New York: Ferig, 1966.
• Kohn, Hans. "Ten Years of the Turkish Republic." Foreign Affairs, October 1933, pp. 141–155.
• Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.
• Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1918–1948. Ambilly Annemasse: Imprimerie Franco-Suisse, 1950.

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

• Abramowitz, Morton. "Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Özal," Foreign Policy, No. 91, 1993, pp. 164–81.
• Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, "Turkey's Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?" Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008).
• Batu, Hamit. "La politique étrangère de la Turquie." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1964, pp. 1–12.
• Black, Joseph E., and Kenneth W. Thompson (eds.). Foreign Policies in a World of Change. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. With a contribution by Nuri Eren, "The Foreign Policy of Turkey."
• Danforth, Nicholas. 2021. The Remaking of Republican Turkey: Memory and Modernity since the Fall of the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press.
• Deshocquets, Claude. "La Turquie de 1960 et la stratégie globale." Revue de Defense Nationale, 17 (1961), pp. 222–236.
• Dodd, Clement H., ed. Turkish Foreign Policy: New Prospects. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Hartmann, Hans Walter. Die auswärtige Politik der Türkei, pp. 923–940. Zurich: Leemann & Co., 1999.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Robins, Philip, "Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan," Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997).
• Rouleau, Eric. "The Challenges to Turkey," Foreign Affairs, 72, No. 5, November–December 1993, pp. 110–126.

Foreign relations (2002–present)

• Duran, Burhanettin, "JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation," in Yavuz, H.M. (ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006).
• Dursun-Özkanca, Ova. 2019. Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-Alliance Opposition . Cambridge University Press.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal, "Turkey's Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times," Chaillot Paper 92 (Paris, EUISS, 2006).
• Kutlay, Mustafa, "Economy as the 'Practical Hand' of 'New Turkish Foreign Policy': A Political Economy Explanation," Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Renda, Kadri Kaan, "Turkey's Neighborhood Policy: An Emerging Complex Interdependence?" Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Sandole, Dennis J.D., "Turkey's Unique Role in Nipping in the Bud the 'Clash of Civilizations'," International Politics, 46.5 (September 2009).
• Schenkkan, Nate, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats, Foreign Affairs Committee, United States House of Representatives, Hearings on "The Future of Turkish Democracy," 15 July 2014.

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
• Örmeci, Ozan & Işıksal, Hüseyin (2015), Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Millennium, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Archived 8 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine