Foreign relations of Nepal

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Though the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is the government agency which is responsible for conducting the foreign relations of Nepal, historically, it is the Office of Prime Minister (PMO) which has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. As a landlocked country wedged between two larger and far stronger powers, Nepal has tried to maintain good relations with both of its neighbors, People's Republic of China and Republic of India. [1] However, the relationship between Nepal and India was significantly hampered by the 2015 Nepal blockade when the Government of Nepal accused India of mimicking "Russia-Ukraine" tactics by using ethnically Indian residents of Nepal to cause unrest along Nepal's southern border. India denied the allegation and said the unrest were an internal affair. [2] For the most part though, Nepal has traditionally maintained a non-aligned policy and enjoys friendly relations with its neighboring countries and almost all the major countries of the world.

Contents

Overview

Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, Panchsheel (five principles of peaceful coexistence), international law and the value of world peace."[ citation needed ]

Nepal's most substantive international relations are perhaps with international economic institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Nepal also has strong bilateral relations with major providers of economic and military aid, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and particularly the United Kingdom, with whom military ties date back to the nineteenth century. The country's external relations are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister's Office.

In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one. [3] :215 Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal. [4] In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear. [5]

International disputes

In 1955, when Nepal joined the UN, Nepal had no border disputes with either of its neighbors. Both India and China without any objections, accepted the map of Nepal filed at the UN in 1955.

However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's Kalapani territory. As of 2017, Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand and Susta in Bihar and Nawalpur district. [6] In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.

International trade

Nepal has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 11 September 2003 [7] and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement. [8]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Nepal maintains diplomatic relations with:

Diplomatic relations of Nepal.svg
#CountryDate [9]
1Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 3 March 1816 [10]
2Flag of the United States.svg  United States 25 April 1947
3Flag of India.svg  India 13 June 1947
4Flag of France.svg  France 20 April 1949
5Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 1 August 1955
6Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 20 July 1956
7Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 1 September 1956
8Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 10 November 1956
9Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 1 July 1957
10Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 16 July 1957
11Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 4 April 1958
12Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 15 August 1959
13Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 31 August 1959
14Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 7 October 1959
15Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 25 November 1959
16Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 30 November 1959
17Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 26 December 1959 [11]
18Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 1 January 1960
19Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 12 February 1960
20Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 15 February 1960
21Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 19 March 1960
22Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 20 March 1960
23Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 2 April 1960
24Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 20 May 1960
25Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 1 June 1960
26Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 10 June 1960
27Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 25 December 1960
28Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 5 January 1961
29Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 15 January 1961
30Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1 May 1961
31Flag of Afghanistan (2013-2021).svg  Afghanistan 1 July 1961
32Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1 January 1962
33Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1962
34Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 2 February 1962
35Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 15 November 1962
36Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 18 August 1963
37Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 19 August 1963
38Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 14 December 1964
39Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 18 January 1965
40Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 20 August 1965
41Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 15 December 1967
42Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 15 April 1968
43Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 20 April 1968
44Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 29 April 1968
45Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 13 May 1968
46Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 30 October 1968
47Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 25 March 1969
48Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 11 July 1969
49Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 26 February 1970
50Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 15 April 1971
51Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 25 February 1972
52Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 8 April 1972
53Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 23 May 1972
54Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 26 January 1973
55Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 15 May 1974
56Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 15 May 1974
57Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 21 September 1974
58Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 10 January 1975
59Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 18 February 1975
60Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 25 March 1975
61Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 18 April 1975
62Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 15 May 1975
63Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 3 June 1975
64Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 25 November 1975
65Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 25 November 1975
66Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 20 December 1975
67Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 30 December 1975
68Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 28 January 1976
69Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 7 February 1976
70Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 1 September 1976
71Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 13 January 1977
72Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 21 January 1977
73Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 21 January 1977
74Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 22 January 1977
75Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 15 March 1977
76Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 16 August 1977
77Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 1 August 1980
78Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 18 August 1980
79Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 12 February 1981
80Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 25 May 1981
81Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan 3 June 1983
Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 10 September 1983
82Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 25 September 1983
83Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 3 February 1984
84Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 15 February 1984
85Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 14 April 1984
86Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 24 October 1984
87Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 27 November 1984
88Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 17 June 1985
89Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 25 December 1985
90Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 12 June 1986
91Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 10 September 1986
92Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 30 September 1986
93Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 5 October 1986
94Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 28 April 1987
95Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 7 May 1987
96Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 21 May 1987
97Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 20 April 1992
98Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 20 April 1992
99Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 15 January 1993
100Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 26 March 1993
101Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 26 March 1993
102Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 19 July 1993
103Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 20 July 1993
104Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 4 March 1994
105Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 2 June 1994
106Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 28 July 1994
107Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 28 February 1995
108Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 10 October 1996
109Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 2 December 1997
110Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 6 January 1998
111Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 6 February 1998
112Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 19 August 1999
113Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 January 2000
114Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 8 February 2000
115Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 10 August 2005
116Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 13 September 2005
117Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 22 September 2005
118Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 17 October 2005
119Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 21 June 2006
120Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 2 August 2006
121Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 8 August 2006
122Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 18 August 2006
123Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu 19 September 2006
124Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 22 September 2006
125Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 22 September 2006
126Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 23 May 2007
127Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 September 2007
128Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 28 September 2007
129Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 8 January 2009
130Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 19 November 2009
131Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 18 May 2010
132Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 18 July 2011
133Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 15 December 2011
134Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 18 April 2012
135Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 15 May 2012
136Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 4 December 2012
137Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu 11 December 2012
138Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa 28 March 2013
139Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 12 April 2013
140Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 30 June 2015
141Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 1 October 2015
142Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 12 May 2016
143Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 21 September 2016
144Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 12 June 2017
145Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 16 June 2017
146Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 14 July 2017
147Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 25 July 2017
148Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 3 August 2017
149Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 17 August 2017
150Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 20 September 2017
151Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 31 October 2017
152Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 7 November 2017
153Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 24 November 2017
154Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 9 December 2017
155Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 29 December 2017
156Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 23 January 2018
157Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 26 January 2018
158Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis 30 May 2018
159Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 6 June 2018
160Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 20 July 2018
161Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 26 September 2018
162Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 11 October 2018
163Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 22 March 2019
164Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 30 April 2019
165Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 9 May 2019
166Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 27 August 2019
167Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 25 September 2019
168Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 30 April 2021
169Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 24 May 2021
170Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 29 June 2021
171Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 8 December 2021
172Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor 11 February 2022
173Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 21 March 2022
174Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan 28 March 2022
175Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 1 April 2022
176Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 16 June 2022
177Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 17 February 2023
178Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru 4 May 2023
179Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 22 June 2023
180Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands 23 June 2023
181Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 1 March 2024

Bilateral relations

Afghanistan

Flag of the Taliban.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Austria

Flag of Austria.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Bangladesh

Flag of Bangladesh.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Nepal welcomed Bangladesh's independence on 16 January 1972. [12] The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when the two nations signed, a four-point agreement on technical cooperation, trade, transit and civil aviation. They both seek cooperation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River. Also recently Nepal and Bangladesh had signed MOU's that Nepal would sell 10,000 MW of electricity to Bangladesh once its larger projects are completed. [13]

Bhutan

Flag of Bhutan.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Relations with Bhutan have been strained since 1992 over the nationality and possible repatriation of refugees from Bhutan. [14]

Canada

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Many Nepalese politicians and government officials criticized Canadian diplomats in the aftermath of the Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards in which the majority of victims were Nepalese citizens. Members of Parliament were among those who were critical of the way that Canada treated its security contractors at the embassy, leading to meetings in Ottawa between Nepalese and Canadian diplomats, including ambassador Nadir Patel. [15]

China

Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Nepal formally established relations with the People's Republic of China on August 1, 1955. [16] The two countries share 1414 kilometers long border in the Himalayan range along the northern side of Nepal. [16] Nepal has established its embassy in Beijing, opened consulates general in Lhasa, Hong Kong and Guangzhou and appointed an honorary consul in Shanghai. [16]

Nepal's relations with China have grown closer following China's Belt and Road Initiative. [3] :215

Denmark

Flag of Denmark.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

See Denmark–Nepal relations.

European Union

Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

France

Flag of France.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Nepal and the French Republic entered into diplomatic relations on 20 April 1949. [17] Bilateral economic cooperation programme commenced in February 1981 when the two countries signed the First Protocol amounting to French Franc 50 million loan which was converted into debt in 1989. [17] Food aid and the counterpart funds that it generated have been the main form of aid since 1991. [17] Main areas of cooperation are national seismologic network, petroleum exploration, restructuring of Water Supply Corporation, the Kavre Integrated Project and Gulmi and Arghakhanchi Rural Development Project, rehabilitation of airports, 'food for work', and others. [17]

Nepal and France have signed an agreement concerning Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment in 1983. [17] The major areas of French investment are hotels, restaurants, medicine, aluminium windows and doors, vehicle body building sectors. [17] Alcatelhad became the leading supplier of the Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, with 200,000 lines installed, and fibre optic cables. [17] Cegelec secured a 24 million dollars contract in respect of the construction of Kali Gandaki hydroelectric project. [17]

The Government of Nepal awarded a contract to Oberthur Technologies of France in 2010, for printing, supply, and delivery of Machine Readable Passports. [17] A significant number of French tourists (24,097 in 2014, 16, 405 in 2015, and, 20,863 in 2016) arrive in Nepal from France each year. [17]

India

Flag of India.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Israel

Flag of Israel.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

King Mahendra of Nepal (second from left) in a 1958 visit to Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science. King of Nepal 1958.jpg
King Mahendra of Nepal (second from left) in a 1958 visit to Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science.

Nepal was the first and until recently the only nation in South and Central Asia to establish diplomatic ties with Israel. The bilateral relation between the two countries has been good. Traditionally, Nepal votes in favor of Israel at the UN and abstains from resolution opposed by the Israeli government barring few exceptions. Israel-Nepal relations are based on mutual security concerns. [18]

Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. King Mahendra visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship. [19]

Japan

Flag of Japan.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Nepal-Japan relations date back to the late eighteenth century. [20] The relationship became formal with the establishment of diplomatic relations on 1 September 1956. [20] The Embassy of Nepal was established in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967. Nepal has honorary consulates in Osaka and Fukuoka. Japan is one of the largest aid donors to Nepal. [21] [22]

Japan is the 2nd most preferred destination for abroad study to the Nepali students. [20]

Malaysia

Flag of Malaysia.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Malaysia has an embassy in Kathmandu, [23] and Nepal has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. [24] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960, [25] with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds. [26]

Mexico

Flag of Mexico.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1975.

Norway

Flag of Norway.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000. [29] [30] Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million USD in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes education, good governance and energy. [31]

In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal. [32] In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway. [33] In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured. [34] [35]

Pakistan

Flag of Pakistan.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

The bilateral relations between Nepal and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were fully established between 1962 and 1963. [36]

Russia

Flag of Russia.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Serbia

Flag of Serbia.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Spain

Flag of Spain.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

South Korea

Flag of South Korea.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

In addition to the in-kind and monetary donations and emergency relief workers sent by the government of the Republic of Korea immediately after the latest earthquake in Nepal [38] the Korean government provided grant aid worth 10 million US dollars to assist with Nepal's recovery and reconstruction efforts. [39]

Turkey

Flag of Turkey.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

United Kingdom

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

United States

Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Nepal.svg

Nepal and the United States established the diplomatic relations between them on 25 April 1947. [40]

Embassy of Nepal in Washington, D.C. Embassy of Nepal.JPG
Embassy of Nepal in Washington, D.C.

See also

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References

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