Foreign relations of Brunei

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Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with 170 out of 193 countries, joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, one week after resuming full independence, and gives its ASEAN membership the highest priority in its foreign relations. Brunei joined the United Nations in September 1984. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the Commonwealth of Nations. Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000. In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.

Contents

Brunei has a number of diplomatic missions abroad and has close relations with Singapore, sharing an interchangeable currency regime as well as close military relations with the latter island-state. Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, of which the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia are key partners, Brunei also has extensive relations with the Muslim world and the Arab world outside its own region.

International organizations

Brunei became a member state of the Commonwealth in 1984, [1] ASEAN and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1984, [2] the 7th member of the ASEAN-Japan Centre in 1990, [3] the 159th United Nations member on 21 September 1985, [4] a major player in BIMP-EAGA in 1994, [5] and a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. [6] Since 2009, Brunei and the Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments. [7]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with:

Diplomatic relations of Brunei.svg
#CountryDate
1Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1 January 1984 [8]
2Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 1 January 1984 [9]
3Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1 January 1984 [10]
4Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 1 January 1984 [11]
5Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 1 January 1984 [12]
6Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1 January 1984 [13]
7Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 1 January 1984 [14]
8Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 1 January 1984 [15]
9Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 1 January 1984 [16]
10Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 30 January 1984 [17]
11Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 3 February 1984 [18]
12Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 9 February 1984 [19]
13Flag of the United States.svg  United States 10 March 1984 [20]
14Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 14 March 1984 [21]
15Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 24 March 1984 [19]
16Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 31 March 1984 [22]
17Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 2 April 1984 [19]
18Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 3 April 1984 [23]
19Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 1 May 1984 [19]
20Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 2 May 1984 [19]
21Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 3 May 1984 [19]
22Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 5 May 1984 [19]
23Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 5 May 1984 [19]
24Flag of France.svg  France 8 May 1984 [19]
25Flag of India.svg  India 10 May 1984 [19]
26Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 8 June 1984 [24]
27Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 27 June 1984 [19]
28Flag of Spain.svg  Spain June 1984 [25]
29Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 12 October 1984 [26]
30Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 28 December 1984 [27]
31Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1984 [28]
32Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1984 [29]
33Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 18 February 1985 [19]
34Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 27 April 1985 [30]
35Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 2 December 1985 [31]
36Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 6 May 1986 [31]
37Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 6 May 1986 [31]
38Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 15 August 1986 [32]
39Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 1 July 1987 [19]
40Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 28 May 1988 [19]
41Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 24 September 1988 [19]
42Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 11 November 1988 [33]
43Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 2 November 1989 [34]
44Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 6 February 1990 [35]
45Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 1 May 1990 [19]
46Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 1 May 1990 [36]
47Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 1 May 1990 [19]
48Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 1 May 1990 [37]
49Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 1 May 1990 [38]
50Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 1 June 1990 [39]
51Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 20 June 1990 [40]
52Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 2 July 1990 [41]
53Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 30 September 1991 [42]
54Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 1 October 1991 [42]
55Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 2 October 1991 [42]
56Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 2 October 1991 [42]
57Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 25 November 1991 [42]
58Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 10 December 1991 [43]
59Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 20 December 1991 [42]
60Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 21 January 1992 [42]
61Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 21 January 1992 [42]
62Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Federated States of Micronesia 23 February 1992 [44]
63Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 29 February 1992 [19]
64Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 2 March 1992 [42]
65Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 24 March 1992 [45]
66Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 24 April 1992 [46]
67Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 18 May 1992 [47]
68Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 21 May 1992 [42]
69Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 28 May 1992 [42]
70Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 9 June 1992 [19]
71Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 10 June 1992 [48]
72Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 20 October 1992 [42]
73Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 1 December 1992 [49]
74Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 27 July 1993 [19]
75Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 21 September 1993 [42]
76Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 25 January 1994 [50]
77Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 27 January 1994 [51]
78Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 1 March 1994 [52]
79Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 14 April 1994 [42]
80Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 14 April 1994 [42]
81Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 15 April 1994 [42]
82Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 18 May 1994 [53]
Flag of Palestine.svg  State of Palestine 3 June 1994 [54]
83Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 3 June 1994 [54]
84Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 3 June 1994 [54]
85Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 7 September 1994 [55]
86Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 19 September 1994 [42]
87Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 20 October 1994 [55]
88Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 24 January 1995 [56]
89Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 10 July 1995 [42]
90Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 24 November 1995 [19]
91Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands 17 January 1996 [57]
92Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 15 March 1996 [42]
93Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 20 March 1996 [42]
94Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 22 March 1996 [42]
95Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 28 March 1996 [42]
96Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 8 April 1996 [42]
97Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 4 June 1996 [42]
98Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 18 June 1996 [42]
99Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 20 June 1996 [58]
100Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 27 June 1996 [42]
101Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 4 October 1996 [59]
102Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 4 April 1997 [60]
103Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 28 April 1997 [61]
104Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 3 October 1997 [42]
105Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 1 May 1998 [42]
106Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua July 1998 [62]
107Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan August 1998 [62]
108Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 7 January 1999 [63]
109Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 16 February 1999 [42]
110Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 22 February 1999 [64]
111Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 22 February 1999 [65]
112Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 30 March 2000 [66]
113Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of Congo 15 May 2000 [42]
114Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 14 June 2000 [42]
115Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 14 July 2000 [67]
116Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 28 August 2000 [42]
117Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 6 October 2000 [52]
118Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 11 October 2000 [68]
119Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 19 March 2001 [42]
120Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 27 April 2001 [69]
121Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 15 April 2002 [70]
122Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor 20 May 2002 [71]
123Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 4 November 2002 [42]
124Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 3 December 2002 [72]
125Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 3 February 2003 [42]
126Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 18 July 2003 [42]
127Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 21 October 2003 [42]
128Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 13 May 2004 [42]
129Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 2 June 2004 [42]
130Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 30 June 2004 [42]
131Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 13 July 2005 [42]
132Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa 8 February 2006 [73]
133Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 27 April 2006 [42]
134Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 1 May 2006 [74]
135Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 18 October 2006 [42]
136Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 18 October 2006 [42]
137Flag of Afghanistan (2013-2021).svg  Afghanistan 14 February 2007 [75]
138Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 1 August 2007 [76]
139Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 11 August 2008 [77]
140Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 29 January 2009 [42]
141Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 24 November 2009 [42]
142Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 21 December 2009 [42]
143Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 18 January 2010 [42]
144Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 1 March 2010 [42]
145Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 10 August 2010 [78]
146Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 25 April 2011 [42]
147Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 16 June 2011 [42]
148Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 20 June 2011 [42]
149Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 22 June 2011 [79]
150Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 25 November 2011 [80]
151Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 5 December 2011 [42]
152Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 16 December 2011 [81]
153Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 9 November 2012 [82]
154Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 May 2015 [42]
155Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 21 January 2016 [83]
156Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati 26 January 2016 [84]
157Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 21 November 2016 [42]
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 20 February 2017 [85]
158Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis 21 February 2017 [42]
159Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 22 January 2020 [42]
160Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 9 December 2020 [42]
161Flag of Chad.svg  Chad Unknown
162Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus Unknown
163Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini Unknown
164Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon Unknown
165Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea Unknown
166Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania Unknown
167Flag of Niger.svg  Niger Unknown
168Flag of Libya.svg  Libya Unknown
169Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles Unknown
170Flag of Syria.svg  Syria Unknown

Bilateral relations

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1 January 1984

Australia and Brunei Darussalam enjoy a warm, and increasingly diverse bilateral relationship. Australian servicemen liberated Brunei from Japanese occupation in June 1945. A memorial marking this event can be found at Muara Beach and is the venue for the annual ANZAC Day ceremony organised by the High Commission. Both countries are also participating in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations which commenced in 2010, with participants aiming to conclude an agreement which will serve as a building block for Asia Pacific economic integration.

Brunei has a High Commission in Canberra, and Australia has one in Bandar Seri Begawan. [86] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations between the two countries were established in 1984 when Australia became one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with Brunei. [86] [87] [88]

Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 9 June 1992

Brunei has an embassy in Phnom Penh, and Cambodia has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [89] Relations were established on 9 June 1992. [89]

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 1 January 1984

Canada established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 7 May 1984, following Brunei's independence. [90] [91] Brunei has a High Commission in Ottawa, and Canada has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. [91] Like Brunei, Canada is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations..

Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 30 September 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1991

Brunei has an embassy in Beijing, and China has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [92] Relations can be traced back to over 2,000 years ago, as early as the Western Han periods. [93]

Flag of France.svg  France 8 May 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Paris, and France has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [94] Relations between the two countries have been established since 8 May 1984. [94]

Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 30 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Berlin, and Germany has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [95] Relations between the two countries has been established since 1 May 1984. [95] [96]

Flag of India.svg  India 10 May 1984

Brunei has a High Commission in New Delhi, and India has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. [97] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations have been established since 10 May 1984. [97]

Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 1 January 1984

Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 1 January 1984. [98]

Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 1 May 1990
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 2 April 1984
Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan 1.jpg
Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei has an embassy in Tokyo, and Japan has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [99] Relations were established on 2 April 1984. [99]

Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 27 July 1993

Brunei has an embassy in Vientiane, and Laos has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [100] Relations were established on 27 July 1993. [100]

Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 1 January 1984

Both countries established diplomatic relations since January 1984 with Brunei has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. [101] Like Brunei, Malaysia is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991
  • Brunei is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C. [102]
  • Mexico is accredited to Brunei from its embassy in Singapore. [103]
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 21 September 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1993

Brunei has an embassy in Yangon, and Myanmar has an embassy in Gadong. [104] Relations were established on 21 September 1993. [104]

Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 5 May 1984

The Bruneian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is accredited to New Zealand, while the New Zealand High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is cross-accredited to Brunei. [105] Relations has been established since 5 May 1984 and have always been friendly and positive with such co-operation in education trade and defence. [106]

Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 7 January 1999

In August 2013 Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Vice-Minister, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah arrived in Pyongyang. Brunei is represented in North Korea, through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

North Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 7 January 1999. [107]

Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 24 March 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Muscat, and Oman has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [108] Relations has been established since 24 March 1984. [108]

Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 9 February 1984

Pakistan has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan and Brunei has a High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan initially hesitated to recognise the country at first since its close relations with Malaysia which what they considered as part of the Federation of Malaysia but later established relations on 9 February 1984 when Malaysia established relations with the country. [109]

Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1 January 1984

Relations between Brunei and the natives of a then divided Philippines under a classical era started since the 10th to 13th centuries and continued even under the colonial regimes. Relations continued through the Sultanate of Sulu. Post World War II relations between the two countries has been re-established since January 1984. [110] In April 2009, Brunei and The Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments. [111] The MOU further strengthened bilateral co-operation between the two Southeast Asian countries, particularly in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments. [112] The two countries have agreed to co-operate in plant science, crops technology, vegetable and fruit preservation, biotechnology, post-harvest technology, livestock, organic agriculture, irrigation and water resources and Halal industry. Brunei is viewed by the Philippines as a key ASEAN and Islamic ally. While Brunei view the Philippines as an ASEAN and Christian ally with a Muslim minority. [113]

Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991

Brunei has an embassy in Doha, and Qatar has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [114]

Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 1 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1991

Brunei maintains an embassy in Moscow, the Russian embassy in Brunei was established in March 2010.

Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 1 January 1984

The official relations between the two countries have been established since 1984. [115] Brunei and Singapore agreed to have Singapore train its armed forces with Brunei. Like Brunei, Singapore is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Brunei and Singapore have a currency agreement that the currencies of both countries can be used in either of the two countries. The Brunei dollar and the Singapore dollar are maintained at par.

In August 2005, Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah arrived in Singapore for a three-day visit during which the two countries signed an agreement to eliminate double taxation, paving the way for further bilateral trade and investment. [116]

The Royal Brunei Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy conduct an annual Exercise Pelican signifying strong ties between the two navies.

Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Seoul, and South Korea has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [117] South Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 1 June 1984 right after the country gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January on that year. [117] [118]

Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Bangkok, and Thailand has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [119] The relations have always been close and cordial. [120]

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom

In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, gaining its independence from British protection less than 100 years later in 1984.

The UK and Brunei have a long-standing and strong bilateral relationship, particularly on defence co-operation, trade and education. The UK continues to play a strong role in developing Brunei's oil and gas sector, and the Brunei Investment Agency is a significant investor in the UK, with their largest overseas operations in the City of London. The UK remains the destination of choice for Bruneian students, with about 1,220 of them enrolled in higher education in the UK in 2006–07. The Brunei royal family have strong ties to the UK, more specifically 'Birchwood' a suburb of Warrington.

The United Kingdom has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan, and Brunei has a High Commission in London. [121] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Flag of the United States.svg  United States 10 March 1984

The US welcomed Brunei Darussalam's full independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, and opened an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan on that date. Brunei opened its embassy in Washington, D.C. in March 1984. Brunei's armed forces engage in joint exercises, training programs, and other military co-operation with the USA memorandum of understanding on defence co-operation was signed on 29 November 1994. The Sultan of Brunei visited Washington in December 2002.

Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 29 February 1992

Relations between the two countries have been established since 29 February 1992. [122] Brunei has an embassy in Hanoi, and Vietnam has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [122] Relations between the two countries have always been friendly especially in the political field. [123]

See also

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