Foreign relations of Brunei

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Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with 170 out of 193 countries, joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, one week after resuming full independence, and gives its ASEAN membership the highest priority in its foreign relations. Brunei joined the United Nations in September 1984. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the Commonwealth of Nations. Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000. In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.

Contents

Brunei has a number of diplomatic missions abroad and has close relations with Singapore, sharing an interchangeable currency regime as well as close military relations with the latter island-state. Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, of which the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia are key partners, Brunei also has extensive relations with the Muslim world and the Arab world outside its own region.

International organizations

Brunei became a member state of the Commonwealth in 1984, [1] ASEAN and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1984, [2] the 7th member of the ASEAN-Japan Centre in 1990, [3] the 159th United Nations member on 21 September 1985, [4] a major player in BIMP-EAGA in 1994, [5] and a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. [6] Since 2009, Brunei and the Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments. [7]

Diplomatic relations

Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with the following countries:

Diplomatic relations of Brunei.svg
#CountryDate
1Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 1 January 1984 [8]
2Flag of Chile.svg Chile 1 January 1984 [9]
3Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 1 January 1984 [10]
4Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 1 January 1984 [11]
5Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 1 January 1984 [12]
6Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 1 January 1984 [13]
7Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 1 January 1984 [14]
8Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 1 January 1984 [15]
9Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1 January 1984 [16]
10Flag of Germany.svg Germany 30 January 1984 [17]
11Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal 3 February 1984 [18]
12Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 9 February 1984 [19]
13Flag of the United States.svg United States 10 March 1984 [20]
14Flag of Oman.svg Oman 24 March 1984 [19]
15Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives 31 March 1984 [21]
16Flag of Japan.svg Japan 2 April 1984 [19]
17Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 3 April 1984 [22]
18Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea 1 May 1984 [19]
19Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 2 May 1984 [19]
20Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 3 May 1984 [19]
21Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 5 May 1984 [19]
22Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 5 May 1984 [19]
23Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 7 May 1984 [23]
24Flag of France.svg France 8 May 1984 [19]
25Flag of India.svg India 10 May 1984 [19]
26Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 8 June 1984 [24]
27Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 27 June 1984 [19]
28Flag of Spain.svg Spain June 1984 [25]
29Flag of Norway.svg Norway 12 October 1984 [26]
30Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland November 1984 [27]
31Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen 28 December 1984 [28]
32Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 1984 [29]
33Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 18 February 1985 [19]
34Flag of Italy.svg Italy 15 April 1985 [30]
35Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 21 April 1985 [31]
36Flag of Austria.svg Austria 2 December 1985 [32]
37Flag of Greece.svg Greece 6 May 1986 [32]
38Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 6 May 1986 [32]
39Flag of Malta.svg Malta 15 August 1986 [33]
40Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia 1 July 1987 [19]
41Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 28 May 1988 [19]
42Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain 24 September 1988 [19]
43Flag of Finland.svg Finland 11 November 1988 [34]
44Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 6 February 1990 [35]
45Flag of Iran.svg Iran 1 May 1990 [19]
46Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 1 May 1990 [36]
47Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait 1 May 1990 [19]
48Flag of Mali.svg Mali 1 May 1990 [37]
49Flag of Niger.svg Niger 1 May 1990 [37]
50Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles 1 May 1990 [37]
51Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga 1 May 1990 [38]
52Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 1 May 1990 [39]
53Flag of Peru.svg Peru 1 June 1990 [40]
54Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 20 June 1990 [41]
55Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 2 July 1990 [42]
56Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 30 September 1991 [43]
57Flag of Russia.svg Russia 1 October 1991 [43]
58Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 2 October 1991 [43]
59Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 2 October 1991 [43]
60Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 25 November 1991 [43]
61Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 10 December 1991 [44]
62Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras 20 December 1991 [43]
63Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 21 January 1992 [43]
64Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 21 January 1992 [43]
65Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia 23 February 1992 [45]
66Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 29 February 1992 [19]
67Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 2 March 1992 [43]
68Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 24 March 1992 [46]
69Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 24 April 1992 [47]
70Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini 11 May 1992 [48]
71Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 18 May 1992 [49]
72Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands 21 May 1992 [43]
73Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 28 May 1992 [43]
74Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 9 June 1992 [19]
75Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 10 June 1992 [50]
76Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 20 October 1992 [43]
77Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 1 December 1992 [51]
78Flag of Laos.svg Laos 27 July 1993 [19]
79Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar 21 September 1993 [43]
80Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 25 January 1994 [52]
81Flag of Albania.svg Albania 27 January 1994 [53]
82Flag of Benin.svg Benin 1 March 1994 [54]
83Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 14 April 1994 [43]
84Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 14 April 1994 [43]
85Flag of Romania.svg Romania 15 April 1994 [43]
86Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 18 May 1994 [55]
Flag of Palestine.svg State of Palestine 3 June 1994 [56]
87Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast 3 June 1994 [56]
88Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 3 June 1994 [56]
89Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 7 September 1994 [57]
90Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 19 September 1994 [43]
91Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 24 January 1995 [58]
92Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 10 July 1995 [43]
93Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 24 November 1995 [59]
94Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands 17 January 1996 [60]
95Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 15 March 1996 [43]
96Flag of Poland.svg Poland 20 March 1996 [43]
97Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal 22 March 1996 [43]
98Flag of Panama.svg Panama 28 March 1996 [43]
99Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 8 April 1996 [43]
100Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 4 June 1996 [43]
101Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 18 June 1996 [43]
102Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 20 June 1996 [61]
103Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 27 June 1996 [43]
104Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 4 October 1996 [62]
105Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 6 November 1996 [63]
106Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 4 April 1997 [64]
107Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 28 April 1997 [65]
108Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon June 1997 [66]
109Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 3 October 1997 [43]
110Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 1 May 1998 [43]
111Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua July 1998 [67]
112Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan August 1998 [67]
113Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 7 January 1999 [68]
114Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 16 February 1999 [43]
115Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 22 February 1999 [69]
116Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 22 February 1999 [70]
117Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 30 March 2000 [71]
118Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of Congo 15 May 2000 [43]
119Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 14 June 2000 [43]
120Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 14 July 2000 [72]
121Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 28 August 2000 [43]
122Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 6 October 2000 [54]
123Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi 11 October 2000 [73]
124Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 19 March 2001 [43]
125Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 27 April 2001 [74]
126Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 15 April 2002 [75]
127Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste 20 May 2002 [76]
128Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria 31 August 2002 [77]
129Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 4 November 2002 [43]
130Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo 3 December 2002 [78]
131Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 3 February 2003 [43]
132Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 18 July 2003 [43]
133Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 21 October 2003 [43]
134Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 13 May 2004 [43]
135Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan 2 June 2004 [43]
136Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 30 June 2004 [43]
137Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 13 July 2005 [43]
138Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa 8 February 2006 [79]
139Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 27 April 2006 [43]
140Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 1 May 2006 [80]
141Flag of Angola.svg Angola 18 October 2006 [43]
142Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 18 October 2006 [43]
143Flag of Afghanistan (2013-2021).svg Afghanistan 14 February 2007 [81]
144Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 1 August 2007 [82]
145Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 8 August 2007 [83]
146Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania 23 October 2007 [84]
147Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 11 August 2008 [85]
148Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada 29 January 2009 [43]
149Flag of Libya.svg Libya 4 April 2009 [86]
150Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 24 November 2009 [43]
151Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda 21 December 2009 [43]
152Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 18 January 2010 [43]
153Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 1 March 2010 [43]
154Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 10 August 2010 [87]
155Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 25 April 2011 [43]
156Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 16 June 2011 [43]
157Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 20 June 2011 [43]
158Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 22 June 2011 [88]
159Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 25 November 2011 [89]
160Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 5 December 2011 [43]
161Flag of Palau.svg Palau 16 December 2011 [90]
162Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti 9 November 2012 [91]
163Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 May 2015 [43]
164Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia 21 January 2016 [92]
165Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati 26 January 2016 [93]
166Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas 21 November 2016 [43]
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 20 February 2017 [94]
167Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis 21 February 2017 [43]
168Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica 22 January 2020 [43]
169Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 9 December 2020 [43]
170Flag of Chad.svg Chad Unknown

Bilateral relations

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 1 January 1984

Australia and Brunei Darussalam enjoy a warm, and increasingly diverse bilateral relationship. Australian servicemen liberated Brunei from Japanese occupation in June 1945. A memorial marking this event can be found at Muara Beach and is the venue for the annual ANZAC Day ceremony organised by the High Commission. Both countries are also participating in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations which commenced in 2010, with participants aiming to conclude an agreement which will serve as a building block for Asia Pacific economic integration.

Brunei has a High Commission in Canberra, and Australia has one in Bandar Seri Begawan. [95] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations between the two countries were established in 1984 when Australia became one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with Brunei. [95] [96] [97]

Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 9 June 1992

Brunei has an embassy in Phnom Penh, and Cambodia has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [98] Relations were established on 9 June 1992. [98]

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 1 January 1984

Canada established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 7 May 1984, following Brunei's independence. [99] [100] Brunei has a High Commission in Ottawa, and Canada has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. [100] Like Brunei, Canada is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations..

Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 30 September 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1991

Brunei has an embassy in Beijing, and China has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [101] Relations can be traced back to over 2,000 years ago, as early as the Western Han periods. [102]

Flag of France.svg France 8 May 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Paris, and France has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [103] Relations between the two countries have been established since 8 May 1984. [103]

Flag of Germany.svg Germany 30 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Berlin, and Germany has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [104] Relations between the two countries has been established since 1 May 1984. [104] [105]

Flag of India.svg India 10 May 1984

Brunei has a High Commission in New Delhi, and India has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. [106] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations have been established since 10 May 1984. [106]

Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 1 January 1984

Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 1 January 1984. [107]

Flag of Iran.svg Iran 1 May 1990
Flag of Japan.svg Japan 2 April 1984
Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan 1.jpg
Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei has an embassy in Tokyo, and Japan has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [108] Relations were established on 2 April 1984. [108]

Flag of Laos.svg Laos 27 July 1993

Brunei has an embassy in Vientiane, and Laos has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [109] Relations were established on 27 July 1993. [109]

Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 1 January 1984

Both countries established diplomatic relations since January 1984 with Brunei has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. [110] Like Brunei, Malaysia is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991
  • Brunei is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C. [111]
  • Mexico is accredited to Brunei from its embassy in Singapore. [112]
Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar 21 September 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1993

Brunei has an embassy in Yangon, and Myanmar has an embassy in Gadong. [113] Relations were established on 21 September 1993. [113]

Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 5 May 1984

The Bruneian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is accredited to New Zealand, while the New Zealand High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is cross-accredited to Brunei. [114] Relations has been established since 5 May 1984 and have always been friendly and positive with such co-operation in education trade and defence. [115]

Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 7 January 1999

In August 2013 Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Vice-Minister, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah arrived in Pyongyang. Brunei is represented in North Korea, through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

North Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 7 January 1999. [116]

Flag of Oman.svg Oman 24 March 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Muscat, and Oman has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [117] Relations has been established since 24 March 1984. [117]

Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 9 February 1984

Pakistan has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan and Brunei has a High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan initially hesitated to recognise the country at first since its close relations with Malaysia which what they considered as part of the Federation of Malaysia but later established relations on 9 February 1984 when Malaysia established relations with the country. [118]

Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 1 January 1984

Relations between Brunei and the natives of a then divided Philippines under a classical era started since the 10th to 13th centuries and continued even under the colonial regimes. Relations continued through the Sultanate of Sulu. Post World War II relations between the two countries has been re-established since January 1984. [119] In April 2009, Brunei and The Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments. [120] The MOU further strengthened bilateral co-operation between the two Southeast Asian countries, particularly in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments. [121] The two countries have agreed to co-operate in plant science, crops technology, vegetable and fruit preservation, biotechnology, post-harvest technology, livestock, organic agriculture, irrigation and water resources and Halal industry. Brunei is viewed by the Philippines as a key ASEAN and Islamic ally. While Brunei view the Philippines as an ASEAN and Christian ally with a Muslim minority. [122]

Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991

Brunei has an embassy in Doha, and Qatar has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [123]

Flag of Russia.svg Russia 1 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1991

Brunei maintains an embassy in Moscow, the Russian embassy in Brunei was established in March 2010.

Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 1 January 1984

The official relations between the two countries have been established since 1984. [124] Brunei and Singapore agreed to have Singapore train its armed forces with Brunei. Like Brunei, Singapore is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Brunei and Singapore have a currency agreement that the currencies of both countries can be used in either of the two countries. The Brunei dollar and the Singapore dollar are maintained at par.

In August 2005, Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah arrived in Singapore for a three-day visit during which the two countries signed an agreement to eliminate double taxation, paving the way for further bilateral trade and investment. [125]

The Royal Brunei Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy conduct an annual Exercise Pelican signifying strong ties between the two navies.

Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Seoul, and South Korea has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [126] South Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 1 June 1984 right after the country gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January on that year. [126] [127]

Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Bangkok, and Thailand has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [128] The relations have always been close and cordial. [129]

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1 January 1984
Prime Minister Keir Starmer with Bruneian Sultanate Hassanal Bolkiah in Downing Street, December 2024. Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Sultan of Brunei (54214371358).jpg
Prime Minister Keir Starmer with Bruneian Sultanate Hassanal Bolkiah in Downing Street, December 2024.

Brunei established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. [16]

The UK governed Brunei from 1888 to 1984, when Brunei achieved full independence. [132]

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, CPTPP, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement. [133]

The UK and Brunei have a long-standing and strong bilateral relationship, particularly on defence co-operation, trade and education. The UK continues to play a strong role in developing Brunei's oil and gas sector, and the Brunei Investment Agency is a significant investor in the UK, with their largest overseas operations in the City of London. The UK remains the destination of choice for Bruneian students, with about 1,220 of them enrolled in higher education in the UK in 2006–07.[ Out of date ] The Brunei royal family have strong ties to the UK, more specifically Birchwood, a suburb of Warrington.

Flag of the United States.svg United States 10 March 1984

The US welcomed Brunei Darussalam's full independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, and opened an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan on that date. Brunei opened its embassy in Washington, D.C. in March 1984. Brunei's armed forces engage in joint exercises, training programs, and other military co-operation with the USA memorandum of understanding on defence co-operation was signed on 29 November 1994. The Sultan of Brunei visited Washington in December 2002.

Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 29 February 1992

Relations between the two countries have been established since 29 February 1992. [134] Brunei has an embassy in Hanoi, and Vietnam has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [134] Relations between the two countries have always been friendly especially in the political field. [135]

See also

References

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