Foreign relations of Azerbaijan

The Republic of Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO's Partnership for Peace, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the World Health Organization, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Council of Europe, CFE Treaty, the Community of Democracies; the International Monetary Fund; and the World Bank.

Diplomatic relations

Azerbaijan maintains diplomatic relations with 185 United Nations member states, the State of Palestine and the Holy See. ^{[1] [2]} Azerbaijan does not have diplomatic relations with the following countries:

• Armenia
• Botswana
• Central African Republic
• Cook Islands
• Cyprus
• Kiribati
• Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
• Federated States of Micronesia
• Tonga

Azerbaijan also maintains good relations with the European Union, in the framework of its Eastern European Neighbourhood Policy (See Azerbaijan and the European Union ).

List

List of countries which Azerbaijan maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country [3]	Date
1	Turkey	14 January 1992
2	Liechtenstein	21 January 1992
3	Switzerland	21 January 1992
4	North Korea	30 January 1992
5	Ukraine	6 February 1992
6	Mexico	10 February 1992
7	Spain	11 February 1992
8	Austria	20 February 1992
9	Germany	20 February 1992
10	France	21 February 1992
11	Poland	21 February 1992
12	Saudi Arabia	24 February 1992
13	Yemen	25 February 1992
14	Bangladesh	26 February 1992
15	India	28 February 1992 [4]
16	United States	28 February 1992
17	Guinea	11 March 1992
18	Nigeria	11 March 1992
19	United Kingdom	11 March 1992
20	Iran	12 March 1992
21	Libya	16 March 1992
22	South Korea	23 March 1992
23	Finland	24 March 1992
24	Cuba	27 March 1992
25	Egypt	27 March 1992
26	Philippines	27 March 1992
27	Syria	28 March 1992
28	Iraq	30 March 1992
29	Netherlands	1 April 1992
30	China	2 April 1992
31	Denmark	2 April 1992
32	Greece	2 April 1992 [5]
33	Russia	4 April 1992
34	Israel	7 April 1992
—	State of Palestine	15 April 1992
35	Mongolia	16 April 1992
36	Estonia	20 April 1992
37	Hungary	27 April 1992
38	South Africa	29 April 1992
39	Sweden	8 May 1992
40	Italy	8 May 1992
—	Holy See	23 May 1992
41	Moldova	29 May 1992
42	Tajikistan	29 May 1992
43	Luxembourg	1 June 1992
44	Norway	5 June 1992
45	Bulgaria	5 June 1992
46	Portugal	5 June 1992
47	Pakistan	9 June 1992
48	Turkmenistan	9 June 1992
49	Belgium	17 June 1992 [6]
50	Australia	19 June 1992
51	Romania	19 June 1992
52	New Zealand	29 June 1992
53	Thailand	7 July 1992
54	Canada	10 July 1992
55	Oman	13 July 1992
56	Sudan	25 July 1992
57	Sri Lanka	4 August 1992
58	Guinea-Bissau	27 August 1992
59	Morocco	28 August 1992
60	Kazakhstan	30 August 1992
61	United Arab Emirates	1 September 1992 [7]
62	Japan	7 September 1992
63	Ghana	11 September 1992
64	Vietnam	23 September 1992
65	Indonesia	24 September 1992
66	Lebanon	28 September 1992
67	Brazil	23 October 1992
68	Ethiopia	2 November 1992
69	Georgia	18 November 1992
70	Kyrgyzstan	19 January 1993
71	Czech Republic	29 January 1993
72	Jordan	13 February 1993
73	Malaysia	5 April 1993
74	Madagascar	26 May 1993
75	Belarus	11 June 1993
76	Albania	23 September 1993
77	Argentina	8 November 1993
78	Zambia	18 November 1993
79	Latvia	11 January 1994
80	Algeria	22 April 1994
81	Singapore	15 August 1994
82	Qatar	14 September 1994 [8]
83	Kuwait	10 October 1994
84	Mauritania	29 October 1994
85	Guatemala	1 November 1994
86	Seychelles	2 November 1994
87	Chile	3 November 1994
88	Gambia	11 November 1994
89	Afghanistan	16 November 1994
90	Nicaragua	23 November 1994
91	Angola	1 December 1994
92	Colombia	12 December 1994
93	Honduras	22 December 1994
94	Cambodia	28 December 1994
95	Malta	9 January 1995
96	Uruguay	11 January 1995
97	Croatia	26 January 1995
98	Bosnia and Herzegovina	9 February 1995
99	Cameroon	24 February 1995
100	Nepal	28 February 1995
101	Burundi	2 March 1995
102	Sierra Leone	13 March 1995
103	Saint Kitts and Nevis	22 March 1995 [9]
104	Antigua and Barbuda	5 April 1995 [10]
105	Panama	6 April 1995
106	Venezuela	12 May 1995
107	Laos	22 May 1995
108	Mozambique	20 June 1995
109	North Macedonia	28 June 1995
110	Uganda	19 August 1995
111	Guyana	1 September 1995 [11]
112	Uzbekistan	2 October 1995
113	Niger	10 October 1995
114	Lithuania	20 November 1995
115	Jamaica	22 November 1995
116	Brunei	24 November 1995
117	Slovenia	20 February 1996
118	Senegal	14 March 1996
119	Andorra	30 April 1996
120	Liberia	22 May 1996
121	Peru	25 June 1996
122	Ireland	1 July 1996
123	Bolivia	8 July 1996
124	Mauritius	19 July 1996
125	Gabon	1 October 1996
126	Djibouti	22 October 1996
127	Bahrain	6 November 1996 [12]
128	Ivory Coast	19 November 1996
129	Slovakia	23 November 1996
130	Mali	26 November 1996
131	Costa Rica	15 January 1997
132	Serbia	21 August 1997
133	Iceland	27 February 1998
134	Tunisia	1 July 1998
135	El Salvador	23 March 1999
136	Myanmar	3 August 1999
137	Benin	14 October 1999
138	Suriname	11 February 2000 [13]
139	San Marino	19 April 2002
140	Belize	24 June 2002 [13]
141	Haiti	9 May 2003 [13]
142	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	23 May 2003 [13]
143	Cape Verde	22 March 2004
144	Ecuador	22 March 2004 [14]
145	Somalia	22 March 2004
146	East Timor	5 April 2004 [13]
147	Chad	5 April 2004
148	Eritrea	20 April 2004
149	Paraguay	20 April 2004
150	Malawi	21 May 2004
151	Burkina Faso	28 May 2004 [15]
152	Kenya	28 May 2004
153	Rwanda	28 May 2004
154	Equatorial Guinea	11 November 2004
155	Nauru	11 November 2004 [13]
156	Maldives	15 June 2006 [13]
157	Dominican Republic	27 November 2007 [16]
158	Monaco	19 December 2007
159	Montenegro	24 April 2008
160	Zimbabwe	24 October 2008
161	Tuvalu	9 September 2009 [13]
162	Eswatini	7 January 2010
163	Comoros	1 February 2010 [17]
164	Marshall Islands	10 March 2010 [13]
165	Saint Lucia	11 March 2010 [13]
166	Fiji	18 March 2010
167	Grenada	23 September 2010 [18]
168	Togo	28 December 2010
169	Solomon Islands	8 February 2011 [13]
170	Dominica	4 March 2011 [19]
171	Trinidad and Tobago	11 April 2011 [20]
172	Democratic Republic of the Congo	23 September 2011
173	Lesotho	28 September 2012 [21]
174	South Sudan	23 October 2012
175	Bhutan	7 February 2013
176	Bahamas	2 May 2017 [13]
177	Vanuatu	22 September 2017 [13]
178	Samoa	19 January 2018 [22]
179	Palau	1 February 2018 [13]
180	São Tomé and Príncipe	25 September 2018
181	Tanzania	7 February 2019
182	Barbados	2 August 2019 [13]
183	Namibia	17 October 2019
184	Republic of the Congo	7 February 2023 [23]
185	Papua New Guinea	5 May 2023 [13]

Information on some of the countries with which Azerbaijan maintains formal relations

Multilateral

Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
European Union	1996 [24]	See Azerbaijan–European Union relations
NATO	1992 [25]	See Azerbaijan–NATO relations
Turkic States	2009 [26]	See Azerbaijan–Turkic Council relations

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Burkina Faso	31 May 2004 [27]	See Azerbaijan–Burkina Faso relations
DR Congo	23 October 2011 [28]	See Azerbaijan–DR Congo relations
Djibouti	22 October 1996 [29]	See Azerbaijan–Djibouti relations
Ethiopia	2 November 1992 [30]	See Azerbaijan–Ethiopia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Addis Ababa since 2013.
Gambia	11 November 1994 [31]	See Azerbaijan–Gambia relations
Kenya	31 May 2004 [27]	See Azerbaijan–Kenya relations
Libya	16 March 1992 [32]	See Azerbaijan–Libya relations
Morocco	25 December 1992 [33]	See Azerbaijan–Morocco relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Rabat since 2005. Morocco has an embassy in Baku.
Niger	10 October 1995 [34]	See Azerbaijan–Niger relations
Senegal	14 March 1996 [35]	See Azerbaijan—Senegal relations
South Africa	29 April 1992 [36]	See Azerbaijan–South Africa relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Pretoria.
Tunisia	1 July 1998 [37]	See Azerbaijan–Tunisia relations

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina	8 November 1992 [38]	See Argentina–Azerbaijan relations Argentina has an embassy in Baku. [39] Azerbaijan has an embassy in Buenos Aires. [40]
Brazil	21 October 1993 [41]	See Azerbaijan–Brazil relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Brasília. [42] Brazil has an embassy in Baku. [43]
Canada	10 July 1992 [44]	See Azerbaijan–Canada relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ottawa. [45] Canada is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey. [46]
Chile	11 January 1995 [47]	See Azerbaijan–Chile relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Santiago. Chile has an embassy in Baku.
Colombia	13 December 1994 [48]	See Azerbaijan–Colombia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Baku. [49]
Cuba	27 March 1992 [50]	See Azerbaijan–Cuba relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Havana. Cuba has an embassy in Baku.
Ecuador	22 March 2004 [51]	See Azerbaijan–Ecuador relations
Mexico	14 January 1992 [52]	See Azerbaijan–Mexico relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Mexico City. [53] Mexico has an embassy in Baku. [54]
Nicaragua	10 February 1994 [55]	See Azerbaijan–Nicaragua relations Azerbaijan is represented in Nicaragua through its embassy in Havana, Cuba. Nicaragua is represented in Azerbaijan through its embassy in Moscow, Russia. [56]
Paraguay	20 April 2004 [57]	See Azerbaijan–Paraguay relations
Peru	25 June 1996 [58]	See Azerbaijan–Peru relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Lima. Peru has an embassy in Baku. [59]
United States	1919, 28 February 1992	See Azerbaijan–United States relations On 25 December 1991 President George H. W. Bush announced that the United States recognized the independence of all 12 former Soviet republics, including Azerbaijan. [60] Azerbaijan has an embassy in Washington, DC and has a consulate-general in Los Angeles. [61] United States has an embassy in Baku. [62]
Uruguay	12 January 1995 [63]	See Azerbaijan–Uruguay relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Venezuela	12 May 1995 [64]	See Azerbaijan–Venezuela relations Azerbaijan does not have an accreditation to Venezuela. Venezuela has an embassy in Baku.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Armenia	1918–1921 Armenia and Azerbaijan does not have formal relations since that time	See Armenia–Azerbaijan relations, First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Second Nagorno-Karabakh war The neighboring nations of Armenia and Azerbaijan have had formal governmental relations between 1918 and 1921, when both countries were briefly independent. The two nations have fought three wars in the 1918–20 (Armenian–Azerbaijani War), the 1988–94 (Nagorno-Karabakh War), and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, with the last two ending in ceasefire agreements - the Bishkek Protocol and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement respectively. There are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries, because of the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and dispute. In 2008, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev declared, "Nagorno Karabakh will never be independent; the position is backed by international mediators as well; Armenia has to accept the reality," and "in 1918, Yerevan was granted to the Armenians. It was a great mistake. The khanate of Iravan was the Azerbaijani territory, the Armenians were guests here." [65] During the Soviet period, many Armenians and Azerbaijanis lived side by side in peace. However, when Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika, the majority of Armenians from the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) of the Azerbaijan SSR began a movement to unify with the Armenian SSR. In 1988, the Armenians of Karabakh voted to secede and join Armenia. This, along with mutual massacres in Azerbaijan and Armenia resulted in the conflict that became known as the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The violence resulted in de facto Armenian control of former NKAO and seven surrounding Azerbaijani regions, which was effectively halted when both sides agrees to observe a cease-fire, which has since been in effect since May 1994, and in late 1995 both also agreed to mediation of the OSCE Minsk Group. The Minsk Group is currently co-chaired by the U.S., France, and Russia and comprises Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and several Western European nations. Despite the cease fire, up to 40 clashes are reported along the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict lines of control each year.[ citation needed ] The two countries are still technically at war. Citizens of the Republic of Armenia, as well as citizens of any other country who are of Armenian descent, are forbidden entry to the Republic of Azerbaijan. If a person's passport shows any evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh, they are forbidden entry to the Republic of Azerbaijan. [66] In 2008, in what became known as the 2008 Mardakert Skirmishes, Armenia and Azerbaijan clashed over Nagorno-Karabakh. The fighting between the two sides was brief, with few casualties on either side. [67] As of July 2020, the new round of military escalation along the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan continued, thus making it one of the most explosive regions in Eurasia. [68] On 27 September 2020, a new military conflict emerged between Azerbaijan and Armenia. [69] The following day, on 28 September 2020, Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev signed a decree declaring a partial military mobilisation following clashes with Armenian forces over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. [70] An armistice agreement between the two countries was signed on 10 November 2020, returning control of the territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan.
Bahrain	6 November 1996 [71]	See Azerbaijan–Bahrain relations
Bangladesh	30 December 1991 [72]	See Azerbaijan–Bangladesh relations On 30 December 1991, Bangladesh recognized the independence of Azerbaijan. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 26 February 1992. Azerbaijan is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in New Delhi, India. Bangladesh has a consulate in Baku.
China	2 April 1992	See Azerbaijan–China relations The PRC recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 27 December 1992. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Beijing. [73] The People's Republic of China has an embassy in Baku. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC: Relations with Azerbaijan
India	28 February 1992	See Azerbaijan-India relations India recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 26 December 1991. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 28 February 1992. Azerbaijan has an embassy in New Delhi. India has an embassy in Baku.
Indonesia	24 September 1992	See Azerbaijan-Indonesia relations On 28 September 1991, the Republic of Indonesia recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan. On 24 September 1992, diplomatic relations were established between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Indonesia. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Jakarta. Indonesia has an embassy in Baku.
Iran	1918, 12 March 1992	See Azerbaijan–Iran relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tehran. and a consulate general in Tabriz. Iran has an embassy in Baku. and a consulate general in Nakhchivan. Both countries are full members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Iran recognized Azerbaijan on 4 January 1992, upgraded its consulate in Baku to establish full diplomatic relations. [60] [74]
Iraq	2 January 1992	See Azerbaijan–Iraq relations On 2 January 1992, Iraq recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan. On 30 March 1992, diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Iraq were established. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Baghdad. Iraq has an embassy in Baku.
Israel	7 April 1992	See Azerbaijan–Israel relations Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. [75] Israel was one of the first countries to recognize Azerbaijan on 25 December 1991. [76]
Japan	7 September 1992	See Azerbaijan–Japan relations Japan recognized Azerbaijan on 28 December 1991. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tokyo since 12 October 2005. [77] Japan has an embassy in Baku since 21 January 2000. [78] Azerbaijan is a full member of the Council of Europe (CoE) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Japan is an observer member of the CoE and a partner for co-operation of the OSCE.
Jordan	13 February 1993 [79] [80]	See Azerbaijan–Jordan relations On 28 December 1991, Jordan recognized the independence of Azerbaijan. On 13 February 1993, a protocol on establishing diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was signed. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Baku.
Kazakhstan	27 August 1992	See Azerbaijan–Kazakhstan relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Astana. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Baku since 16 December 1994.
Kuwait	10 October 1994 [81]	See Azerbaijan–Kuwait relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Kuwait City. Kuwait has an embassy in Baku.
Kyrgyzstan	19 January 1993	See Azerbaijan-Kyrgyzstan relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Baku.
Laos	22 May 1995	See Azerbaijan–Laos relations
Lebanon	18 September 1992 [82]	See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Beirut
Malaysia	31 December 1991	See Azerbaijan–Malaysia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Baku [83] Malaysia recognizes the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 31 December 1991 and on 5 April 1993 diplomatic relations were established.
Qatar	14 September 1994	See Azerbaijan–Qatar relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Doha. Qatar has an embassy in Baku.
Pakistan	9 June 1992	See Azerbaijan–Pakistan relations Pakistan was the second country to recognize Azerbaijan after Turkey following the dissolution of the USSR. Pakistan is among the first countries to open an embassy in Baku. [84] Azerbaijan has an embassy in Islamabad. [85] Both countries are full members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Due to its support of Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Pakistan does not recognize Armenia as a state. [86] Azerbaijan has also expressed its support for Pakistan's stand on Kashmir. [87]
Palestine	15 April 1992	See Azerbaijan–Palestine relations Palestine has an embassy in Baku since 2011.
Philippines	27 March 1992 [88]	See Azerbaijan–Philippines relations Azerbaijan has a consulate in Manila. Philippines is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara.
Saudi Arabia	24 February 1992 [89]	See Azerbaijan–Saudi Arabia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Riyadh since 1994. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Baku since 1999. Due to its support of Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Saudi Arabia refuses to establish diplomatic relations with Armenia. [90]
South Korea	23 March 1992	See Azerbaijan–South Korea relations Azerbaijani embassy in Seoul. [91] South Korean embassy in Baku. [92] Bilateral Trade agreement was signed in 2014 Exports US$269.5 million. Imports US$0.54 million.
Sri Lanka	12 February 1992 [93]	See Azerbaijan–Sri Lanka relations Sri Lanka is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Syria	28 March 1992 [94]	See Azerbaijan–Syria relations Syria is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Tajikistan	29 May 1992 [95]	See Azerbaijan–Tajikistan relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Dushanbe. Tajikistan has an embassy in Baku.
Thailand	7 July 1992 [96]	See Azerbaijan–Thailand relations Azerbaijan is accredited to Thailand from its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Thailand has a consulate in Baku.
Turkey	14 Jan. 1992 [97]	See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Kars and Consular Mission in Iğdır. [97] Turkey has an embassy in Baku and Consulates General in Nakhchivan and Ganja. [97] Both countries are members of  Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Organization of Turkic States, TURKPA, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and OSCE. Trade volume between the two countries was US$4.18 billion in 2019 (Azerbaijani exports/imports: 2.55/1.63 billion USD. [98] Azerbaijan-Turkey relations have been described as "one nation with two states" due to a common culture and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Azerbaijan in November 1991. [97] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Baku.
Turkmenistan	9 June 1992 [99]	See Azerbaijan–Turkmenistan relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ashgabat. Turkmenistan has an embassy in Baku. The Azerbaijan-Turkmenistan inter-parliamentary friendship group functions in the Milli Majlis (Parliament) of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Turkmenistan-Azerbaijan inter-parliamentary friendship group works in the Majlis of Turkmenistan. [100]
United Arab Emirates	1 September 1992 [101]	See Azerbaijan–United Arab Emirates relations The United Arab Emirates recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 26 December 1991. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. The United Arab Emirates have an embassy in Baku.
Uzbekistan	2 October 1995 [102]	See Azerbaijan–Uzbekistan relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tashkent. Uzbekistan has an embassy in Baku.
Vietnam	23 September 1992 [103]	See Azerbaijan–Vietnam relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Moscow.
Yemen	25 February 1992 [104]	See Azerbaijan–Yemen relations Yemen is accredited to Azerbaijan via its embassy in Ankara.

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Albania	23 September 1992 [105]	See Albania–Azerbaijan relations Both countries are members of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of Council of Europe.
Austria	20 February 1992	See Austria–Azerbaijan relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Vienna. [106] Austria opened an embassy in Baku in 2010. [107] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Belarus	11 June 1993	See Azerbaijan–Belarus relations Before 1918, they were part of the Russian Empire and before 1991, they were part of the Soviet Union. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Minsk. [108] Belarus has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Also Azerbaijan is a full member of the Council of Europe, Belarus is a candidate. Belarus is a full member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Azerbaijan is an observer member.
Belgium	17 June 1992	See Azerbaijan–Belgium relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Brussels. [109] Belgium has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Bosnia and Herzegovina	19 February 1995 [110]	See Azerbaijan–Bosnia and Herzegovina relations Bosnia and Herzegovina recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 9 February 1995. Diplomatic relations were established between the two countries on the same day. [111] Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara.
Bulgaria	5 June 1992	See Azerbaijan—Bulgaria relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Sofia. [112] Bulgaria has an embassy in Baku. [113] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). Bulgaria recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 14 January 1992.
Croatia	26 January 1995	See Azerbaijan–Croatia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Zagreb [114] Croatia is represented in Azerbaijan through a non-resident ambassador based in Baku (in the Foreign Ministry). Croatia is represented in Azerbaijan through its embassy in Ankara (Turkey). Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Croatia Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Azerbaijan Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Cyprus		Azerbaijan formally recognizes the government of the Republic of Cyprus as the sole representative of the island, but has not yet established diplomatic relations with Cyprus. The parliament of Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic issued a resolution recognizing the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state. While this recognition is not regarded by Azerbaijan and internationally as 'official state-to-state', Azerbaijan itself maintained cordial unofficial relations with the TRNC. In 2004, Azerbaijan threatened to formally recognize the TRNC if the Annan Plan was voted down by the Greek Cypriots (who rejected the plan in one of twin referendums held 24 April 2004 in both the Greek and Turkish zones simultaneously), but backed off the threat when it was pointed out by Cyprus that doing so would be hypocritical, as a portion of its territory just like that of Cyprus itself is under occupation and would probably result in negative impact on its ongoing dispute with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. [115]
Czech Republic	29 January 1993	See Azerbaijan–Czech Republic relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Prague, opened on 15 August 2007. [116] The Czech Republic has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The Czech Republic recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 8 January 1992.
Denmark	2 April 1992 [117]	See Azerbaijan-Denmark relations The Kingdom of Denmark recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 31 December 1991. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 2 April 1992. [118] Denmark has a consulate in Baku. Azerbaijan is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in London.
Estonia	20 April 1992	See Azerbaijan-Estonia relations Estonia recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 20 February 1992. Diplomatic relations between Azerbaijan and Estonia have been established since 20 April 1992. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tallinn. Estonia has an embassy in Baku.
Finland	24 March 1992	The Republic of Finland recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 30 December 1991. [119] Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 24 March 1992. [119] Azerbaijan is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm. Finland has a consulate in Baku.
France	21 February 1992	See Azerbaijan—France relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Paris. [120] France has an embassy in Baku. [121] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Georgia	1918, 18 November 1992	See Azerbaijan–Georgia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tbilisi. and a general consulate in Batumi. Georgia has an embassy in Baku. and a general consulate in Ganja. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).
Germany	20 February 1992 [122]	See Azerbaijan–Germany relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Berlin. [123] Germany has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Greece	2 April 1992	See Azerbaijan–Greece relations Greece recognized Azerbaijan's independence on 31 December 1991. The Greek embassy in Baku. was opened in the spring of 1993. [124] The embassy of Azerbaijan in Athens. was opened in August 2004. [125] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece Archived 4 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Holy See	23 May 1992	See Azerbaijan–Holy See relations Diplomatic relations with the Holy See were established on 23 May 1992. [126] Azerbaijan is accredited to the Holy See through its embassy in Paris, France. [126] The Holy See is accredited to Azerbaijan through its nunciature in Ankara, Turkey. [126]
Hungary	27 April 1992	See Azerbaijan–Hungary relations Hungary recognized Azerbaijan's independence on 26 December 1991. [127] Azerbaijan has en embassy in Budapest. since September 2004. Hungary has an embassy in Baku. since 12 January 2009. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary
Iceland	27 February 1998 [128]	See Azerbaijan–Iceland relations Iceland recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 19 January 1992. [128] Diplomatic relations were established between the two countries on 27 February 1998. [128] Iceland is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Moscow. Azerbaijan is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in London.
Ireland	1 July 1996	See Azerbaijan–Ireland relations Azerbaijan is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom). [129] Ireland is represented in Azerbaijan through its embassy in Ankara (Turkey).
Italy	8 May 1992	See Azerbaijan–Italy relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Rome. [130] Italy has an embassy in Baku. [131] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Kosovo		See Azerbaijan–Kosovo relations
Latvia	11 January 1994	See Azerbaijan—Latvia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Riga. [132] Latvia has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Both countries were former republics of the Soviet Union. Azerbaijan recognized the independence of Latvia on 30 August 1991. Latvia recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 8 January 1992. Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Azerbaijan
Liechtenstein	21 January 1992 [133]	See Azerbaijan–Liechtenstein relations
Lithuania	27 November 1995	See Azerbaijan—Lithuania relations Azerbaijan recognized the independence of Lithuania on 10 September 1991. Lithuania recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 20 December 1991. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Vilnius. Lithuania has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Cooperation with Azerbaijan Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Foreign Minister of Lithuania to pay official visit to Azerbaijan
Moldova	21 December 1991 [134]	See Azerbaijan–Moldova relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Monaco	19 December 2007 [135]	See Azerbaijan–Monaco relations
Montenegro	24 April 2008	See Azerbaijan–Montenegro relations Azerbaijan recognized the independence of Montenegro on 24 July 2006. On 24 April 2008, diplomatic relations between these two countries were established.
Netherlands	1 April 1992	See Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in The Hague. [136] The Netherlands has an embassy in Baku. [137] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
North Macedonia	28 June 1995 [138]	See Azerbaijan—North Macedonia relations North Macedonia has an economic office in Baku.
Poland	21 February 1992	See Azerbaijan-Poland relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Portugal	5 June 1992 [139]	See Azerbaijan–Portugal relations Portugal recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on 7 January 1992. [139] Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 5 June 1992. [139] Azerbaijan is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco. Portugal is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Romania	21 June 1992	See Azerbaijan–Romania relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Russia	4 April 1992	See Azerbaijan–Russia relations Russia has an embassy in Baku. [140] Azerbaijan has an embassy in Moscow and consulate-general in Saint Petersburg. Azerbaijan also announced that it will open another consulate-general in Yekaterinburg.
San Marino	19 April 2002 [141]	See Azerbaijan–San Marino relations Azerbaijan is accredited to San Marino from its embassy in Rome, Italy. San Marino maintains an honorary consulate in Baku.
Serbia	21 August 1997	See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Baku.
Slovakia	23 November 1993 [142]	See Azerbaijan–Slovakia relations Azerbaijan has a consulate in Bratislava. Slovakia has an embassy in Baku.
Slovenia	20 February 1996 [143]	See Azerbaijan–Slovenia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ljubljana. Slovenia has a consulate in Baku.
Spain	11 February 1992 [144]	See Azerbaijan–Spain relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy office in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Sweden	8 May 1992	See Azerbaijan–Sweden relations The embassy of Sweden in Baku opened in 2014.[ citation needed ] Azerbaijan opened an embassy in Stockholm Currently, approximately 10 thousand Azerbaijanis live in Sweden, and in addition about 30 thousand Azerbaijanis from Iran.[ vague ] In 2006, a diaspora organization called «Odlar yurdu» was established in Sweden. [145] In 2010, the Congress of Swedish Azerbaijanis was established. [146] Sweden has an honorary in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Switzerland	21 January 1992	See Azerbaijan–Switzerland relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bern. [147] Switzerland has an embassy in Baku. [148] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Switzerland considers Azerbaijan an important country for economic development cooperation. [149]
Ukraine	1919, 6 February 1992	See Azerbaijan–Ukraine relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Kyiv. [150] Ukraine has an embassy in Baku. [151] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (GUAM) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).
United Kingdom	1918, 11 March 1992	See Azerbaijan – United Kingdom relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in London. [152] The United Kingdom has an embassy in Baku. [153] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Australia	19 June 1992 [154]	See Australia–Azerbaijan relations Australia is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Canberra.
New Zealand	29 June 1992 [155]	See Azerbaijan—New Zealand relations Azerbaijan is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. New Zealand is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.

International organizations

AsDB BSEC CE CIS EAPC EBRD ECE ECO ESCAP FAO GUAM IAEA IBRD ICAO ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC, IOM ISO (correspondent) ITU ITUC OAS (observer) OIC OPCW OSCE PFP United Nations UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UPU WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTO(observer)

Other entities

• Sovereign Military Order of Malta – there are no relations
• States with limited recognition

Disputes

Nagorno-Karabakh/Azerbaijan

See also: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

The frozen conflict over currently largely Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh within the Republic of Azerbaijan began when in 1988 the Armenian majority of Nagorno-Karabakh demanded autonomy with demonstrations and persecutions against ethnic Azeris following in Armenia. This led to anti-Armenian rioting in Azerbaijan, with Azerbaijani militias beginning their effort to expel Armenians from the enclave. In 1992, a war broke out and pogroms of Armenians and Azeris forced both groups to flee their homes. In 1994, a Russian-brokered ceasefire ended the war but more than 1 million ethnic Armenians and Azeris are still not able to return home. The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh remains unresolved despite negotiations, that are ongoing since 1992 under the aegis of the Minsk Group of the OSCE, to resolve the conflict peacefully. ^{[156] [157]}

Caviar diplomacy

Main article: Caviar diplomacy

The European Stability Initiative (ESI) has revealed in a report from 2012 with the title "Caviar diplomacy: How Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe", that since Azerbaijan's entry into the Council of Europe, each year 30 to 40 deputies are invited to Azerbaijan and generously paid with expensive gifts, including caviar (worth up to 1,400 euro), silk carpets, gold, silver and large amounts of money. ^{[158] [159]} In return they become lobbyists for Azerbaijan. This practice has been widely referred to as "Caviar diplomacy". ^[160]

ESI also published a report on 2013 Presidential elections in Azerbaijan titled "Disgraced: Azerbaijan and the end of election monitoring as we know it". The report revealed the ties between Azerbaijani government and the members of certain observation missions who praised the elections. ^[161] Azerbaijan's "Caviar diplomacy" at 2013 presidential elections sparked a major international scandal, as the reports of two authoritative organizations Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe/European Parliament and OSCE/ODIHR completely contradicted one another in their assessments of elections. ^{[162] [163] [164] [165]}

Non-governmental anti-corruption organization Transparency International has regularly judged Azerbaijan to be one of the most corrupt countries in the world ^{[165] [166]} and has also criticized Azerbaijan for the "Caviar diplomacy". ^{[160] [167]}

At June 2016 the public prosecutor of Milan has accused the former leader of the (Christian) Union of the center and of the European People's Party of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Luca Volonte of accepting large bribes from representatives of the Azerbaijani government. ^[168] Two people with high-level experience of the Council of Europe's parliamentary assembly (Pace) have told the Guardian they believe its members have been offered bribes for votes by Azerbaijan. Former Azerbaijani diplomat, Arif Mammadov, alleged that a member of Azerbaijan's delegation at the Council of Europe had €30m (£25m) to spend on lobbying its institutions, including the Council of Europe assembly. ^[169] PACE ratified the terms of reference of an independent external investigation body to carry out a detailed independent inquiry into the allegations of corruption at the council involving Azerbaijan. ^[170]

ESISC report

Main article: European strategic intelligence and security center

On 6 March 2017, ESISC (European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center) published a scandalous report called "The Armenian Connection" where it veraciously attacked human rights NGOs and research organisations criticising human rights violations and corruption in Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Russia. ^[171]

ESISC in that report asserted that "Caviar diplomacy" report elaborated by ESI aimed to create climate of suspicion based on slander to form a network of MPs that would engage in a political war against Azerbaijan. ^[172] In the Second Chapter of the report called "The Armenian Connection: «Mr X», Nils Muižnieks, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights" that was published on 18 April 2017 ESISC asserted that the network composed of European PMs, Armenian officials and some NGOs: Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, "Human Rights House Foundation", "Open Dialog", European Stability Initiative, and Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, was financed by the Soros Foundation. According to ESISC the key figure of the network since 2012 has been Nils Muižnieks, Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe and the network has served to the interests of George Soros and the Republic of Armenia. ^[173] "The report is written in the worst traditions of authoritarian propaganda, makes absurd claims, and is clearly aimed at deflecting the wave of criticism against cover-up of unethical lobbying and corruption in PACE and demands for change in the Assembly", said Freedom Files Analytical Centre. ^[171]

According Robert Coalson (Radio Free Europe), ESISC is a part of Baku's lobbying efforts to extend to the use of front think tanks to shift public opinion. ^[174]

European Stability Initiative said that "ESISC report is full of lies (such as claiming that German PACE member Strasser holds pro-Armenian views and citing as evidence that he went to Yerevan in 2015 to commemorate the Armenian genocide, when Strasser has never in his life been to independent Armenia)". ^[175]

See also

• Azerbaijan–European Union relations
• Azerbaijan–NATO relations
• Azerbaijan and the International Monetary Fund
• List of diplomatic missions in Azerbaijan
• List of diplomatic missions of Azerbaijan
• Visa requirements for Azerbaijani citizens

Further reading

• Valiyev, Anar: "Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus: A Pragmatic Relationship" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 27
• Hübner, Gerald: "Foreign Direct Investment in Azerbaijan—the Quality of Quantity" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 28
• Abbasov, Shahin: "Azerbaijan's Eurovision Story: Great Chances to Improve, But No Political Will" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 32
• Mazziotti, Marius; Sauerborn, Djan; Scianna, Bastian Matteo: "Multipolarity is key: Assessing Azerbaijan's foreign policy"

References

• CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website

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External links

• U.S. Embassy in Azerbaijan in Baku
• Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Washington
• Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan relations Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine