Constitution |
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In a referendum on 21 May 2006, the people of Montenegro opted to leave the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. This result was confirmed with a declaration of independence by the Montenegrin parliament on 3 June 2006. It simultaneously requested international recognition and outlined foreign policy goals.
As enumerated in the parliamentary declaration of 3 June 2006, Montenegro's near-term primary foreign policy objectives are integration into the European Union, membership in the United Nations, to which it was admitted on 28 June 2006 and in NATO (which it joined as of 2017).
Russia gave official recognition on 11 June 2006, and was the first permanent member of the United Nations Security Council to do so. The European Council of Ministers recognized Montenegrin independence on 12 June, as did the United States. [1] The United Kingdom extended recognition on 13 June. The last two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, France and the People's Republic of China recognised the government of Montenegro on 14 June.
List of countries which Montenegro maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country [2] | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | Estonia | 13 June 2006 |
2 | United Kingdom | 13 June 2006 |
3 | France | 13 June 2006 |
4 | North Macedonia | 14 June 2006 |
5 | Hungary | 14 June 2006 |
6 | Italy | 14 June 2006 |
7 | Germany | 14 June 2006 |
8 | Czech Republic | 15 June 2006 |
9 | Denmark | 15 June 2006 |
10 | Latvia | 19 June 2006 |
11 | Ireland | 20 June 2006 |
12 | Norway | 21 June 2006 |
13 | Slovenia | 21 June 2006 |
14 | Serbia | 22 June 2006 |
15 | Russia | 26 June 2006 |
16 | Sweden | 26 June 2006 |
17 | Guinea-Bissau | 29 June 2006 |
18 | Singapore | 30 June 2006 |
19 | Turkey | 3 July 2006 |
20 | Switzerland | 5 July 2006 |
21 | China | 6 July 2006 |
22 | Croatia | 7 July 2006 |
23 | Austria | 12 July 2006 |
24 | Israel | 12 July 2006 |
25 | Finland | 12 July 2006 |
26 | New Zealand | 17 July 2006 |
27 | Lithuania | 18 July 2006 |
28 | Malta | 19 July 2006 |
29 | Japan | 24 July 2006 |
30 | Chile | 24 July 2006 |
31 | Slovakia | 25 July 2006 |
32 | Belgium | 25 July 2006 |
33 | Andorra | 28 July 2006 |
34 | Iran | 28 July 2006 |
35 | Albania | 1 August 2006 |
— | State of Palestine | 1 August 2006 |
36 | Bulgaria | 2 August 2006 |
37 | India | 2 August 2006 |
38 | Vietnam | 4 August 2006 |
39 | United States | 7 August 2006 |
40 | Belarus | 8 August 2006 |
41 | Romania | 9 August 2006 |
42 | Poland | 14 August 2006 |
43 | Malaysia | 17 August 2006 |
44 | Ukraine | 22 August 2006 |
45 | Tajikistan | 23 August 2006 |
46 | Australia | 1 September 2006 |
47 | South Korea | 4 September 2006 |
48 | Canada | 5 September 2006 |
— | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 5 September 2006 |
49 | Netherlands | 8 September 2006 |
50 | Peru | 12 September 2006 |
51 | Argentina | 13 September 2006 |
52 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 14 September 2006 |
53 | Luxembourg | 21 September 2006 |
54 | Iceland | 26 September 2006 |
55 | Guatemala | 27 September 2006 |
56 | Egypt | 27 September 2006 |
57 | South Africa | 11 October 2006 |
58 | Brazil | 20 October 2006 |
59 | Cuba | 20 October 2006 |
60 | Pakistan | 23 October 2006 |
61 | Sudan | 31 October 2006 |
62 | Armenia | 7 November 2006 |
63 | Qatar | 16 November 2006 |
64 | Guinea | 17 November 2006 |
65 | Myanmar | 27 November 2006 |
66 | Mongolia | 30 November 2006 |
67 | Spain | 12 December 2006 |
— | Holy See | 16 December 2006 |
68 | Greece | 18 December 2006 |
69 | Uzbekistan | 19 December 2006 |
70 | Kazakhstan | 16 January 2007 |
71 | Bangladesh | 2 March 2007 |
72 | Tunisia | 7 March 2007 |
73 | Moldova | 9 March 2007 |
74 | Cyprus | 12 March 2007 |
75 | Liechtenstein | 26 March 2007 |
76 | San Marino | 29 March 2007 |
77 | Oman | 11 April 2007 |
78 | Portugal | 17 May 2007 |
79 | Costa Rica | 24 May 2007 |
80 | Mexico | 5 June 2007 |
81 | Paraguay | 5 June 2007 |
82 | Thailand | 6 June 2007 |
83 | North Korea | 16 July 2007 |
84 | Algeria | 24 September 2007 |
85 | Monaco | 17 October 2007 |
86 | Georgia | 29 October 2007 |
87 | Eritrea | 18 March 2008 |
88 | United Arab Emirates | 4 April 2008 |
89 | Azerbaijan | 24 April 2008 |
90 | Panama | 9 May 2008 |
91 | Syria | 30 October 2008 |
92 | Turkmenistan | 26 November 2008 [3] |
93 | Lebanon | 4 December 2008 |
94 | Uruguay | 25 February 2009 |
95 | Dominican Republic | 10 March 2009 |
96 | Kyrgyzstan | 24 June 2009 |
97 | Morocco | 8 September 2009 |
98 | Bahrain | 25 September 2009 |
99 | Ecuador | 26 September 2009 |
100 | Philippines | 26 September 2009 |
101 | Nicaragua | 26 September 2009 |
102 | Cambodia | 12 October 2009 |
103 | Namibia | 16 November 2009 |
104 | Maldives | 26 November 2009 |
105 | Angola | 21 December 2009 |
106 | Mauritania | 21 December 2009 |
— | Kosovo | 15 January 2010 |
107 | Brunei | 19 January 2010 |
108 | Laos | 4 February 2010 |
109 | Suriname | 14 May 2010 |
110 | Seychelles | 19 May 2010 |
111 | Jordan | 19 May 2010 |
112 | Mozambique | 27 May 2010 |
113 | Fiji | 15 June 2010 |
114 | Zambia | 29 June 2010 |
115 | Honduras | 8 July 2010 |
116 | Botswana | 16 July 2010 |
117 | Kuwait | 27 July 2010 |
118 | Afghanistan | 21 September 2010 |
119 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 22 September 2010 |
120 | Senegal | 22 September 2010 |
121 | Timor-Leste | 24 September 2010 [3] |
122 | Saint Lucia | 25 September 2010 |
123 | Bolivia | 18 October 2010 |
124 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 8 November 2010 |
125 | Jamaica | 12 November 2010 |
126 | Zimbabwe | 22 November 2010 |
127 | Cape Verde | 17 December 2010 |
128 | Solomon Islands | 23 December 2010 |
129 | Iraq | 29 December 2010 |
130 | Nauru | 25 January 2011 |
131 | Samoa | 31 January 2011 |
132 | Republic of the Congo | 1 February 2011 |
133 | Libya | 9 February 2011 |
134 | Comoros | 9 February 2011 |
135 | Dominica | 25 February 2011 |
136 | Sri Lanka | 4 April 2011 |
137 | Antigua and Barbuda | 11 April 2011 |
138 | Trinidad and Tobago | 15 April 2011 |
139 | Tuvalu | 4 May 2011 |
140 | Ethiopia | 10 June 2011 |
141 | Uganda | 14 July 2011 |
142 | Nepal | 18 July 2011 |
143 | Colombia | 12 August 2011 |
144 | Benin | 15 September 2011 |
145 | Saudi Arabia | 16 September 2011 |
146 | Malawi | 16 September 2011 |
147 | Guyana | 19 September 2011 |
148 | Indonesia | 21 September 2011 |
149 | Kenya | 6 October 2011 |
150 | Djibouti | 6 October 2011 |
151 | South Sudan | 21 November 2011 |
152 | Burkina Faso | 20 December 2011 |
153 | Mali | 10 April 2012 |
154 | Gambia | 16 August 2012 |
155 | Burundi | 17 August 2012 |
156 | Ghana | 20 September 2012 |
157 | Mauritius | 26 September 2012 |
158 | Haiti | 17 October 2012 |
159 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 19 October 2012 |
160 | Gabon | 12 November 2012 |
161 | Togo | 21 December 2012 |
162 | Eswatini | 28 February 2013 |
163 | Rwanda | 12 April 2013 |
164 | Federated States of Micronesia | 10 September 2013 |
165 | Lesotho | 23 September 2013 |
166 | Palau | 25 September 2013 |
167 | Vanuatu | 26 September 2013 |
168 | El Salvador | 27 September 2013 |
169 | Yemen | 28 September 2013 |
170 | Kiribati | 17 January 2014 [3] |
171 | Grenada | 17 March 2014 |
172 | Liberia | 7 April 2014 |
173 | Venezuela | 4 September 2014 |
174 | Niger | 15 September 2014 |
175 | Sierra Leone | 8 October 2014 [3] |
176 | Ivory Coast | 29 October 2014 |
177 | Chad | 20 March 2015 |
178 | Central African Republic | 2 April 2015 |
179 | Bahamas | 6 September 2017 |
180 | Belize | 6 September 2017 [4] |
181 | Barbados | 19 February 2020 [3] |
Canadian Foreign Minister Peter MacKay wrote to Foreign Minister Miodrag Vlahović extending diplomatic recognition and agreeing to hold discussions on the establishment of diplomatic relations, which occurred later in 2007. [5]
The Canadian Embassy in Belgrade is accredited to Montenegro. [5]
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Montenegro was confirmed on 14 June 2006.
China transformed its consulate into an embassy in Podgorica on July 7, 2006. The Montenegrin embassy in China opened in Beijing on November 13, 2007.
In 2015, total trade between the two countries amounted to 160,385,964 euros. [6]
Initially strong from 2006, relations slipped from 2010 as Montenegro has looked westward, with Montenegro joining international sanctions in 2014 following the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The failed Russian military coup in October 2016 aiming to stop Montenegro seeking NATO membership was a turning point. Despite Russian investment into Montenegro, joining the EU became a key goal of Montenegro.
Russia continues to spy on Montenegro, GRU officer Igor Zaytsev is known to have travelled to Montenegro on numerous occasions up to 2018, bring in encryption equipment to give to existing or potential agents, including allegedly former Foreign Ministry spokesperson Radomir Sekulović. [7]
Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 drove relationships down further, [8] with five diplomats expelled in March/April 2022 then six more Russian diplomats being expelled from Montenegro for alleged spying, in September, with Russia then closing its consulate in Podgorica. [9]
In August 2023 Montenegro refused to extradite Dmitry Senin, a former Russian FSB Colonel who had fled Russia in 2017 and had been granted asylum. [10]
Montenegro established diplomatic relations with Turkey on 3 July 2006.
Both nations are members of the Council of Europe and NATO. Both countries are candidates for the European Union.
Montenegro established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 13 June 2006. [11]
Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.
The United States recognized the Republic of Montenegro on June 12, 2006, being among the first states to do so. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on August 15, and have since rapidly developed. On August 28, six U.S. Senators, John McCain (R-AZ), Saxby Chambliss (R-GA), Mel Martinez (R-FL), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Richard Burr (R-NC) and John E. Sununu (R-NH), made an official visit to Montenegro. Their activities included a meeting with President Vujanović and with the speaker of the Montenegrin parliament. [13]
Soon after the congressional visit, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld paid an official visit to Montenegro, seeking support for the War on Terror and overall American geopolitical goals in Europe. [14] Following the Secretary's meeting with Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo Đukanović, it was announced that Montenegro had agreed in principle to aid the US efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, although no specific pledges of aid were made. [15]
The Montenegrin passport is the primary document for international travel issued by Montenegro.
According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 26% of Montenegrins approve of U.S. leadership, with 48% disapproving and 26% uncertain.
Greek-Montenegrin relations are foreign relations between Greece and Montenegro. Relations between the Principality of Montenegro and the Kingdom of Greece officially started in 1881. The countries' relations were excellent especially during the Balkan Wars and World War I. Greece recognized Montenegro on 13 June 2006. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 2006. Montenegro has an embassy in Athens. Greece has an embassy in Podgorica. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, and of the NATO. Also Greece is an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate. Greece supports the Accession of Montenegro to the European Union.
Foreign relations between Croatia and Montenegro are bound together by shared history, intellectual development, and common geography. Both states are members of the Council of Europe and NATO. Montenegro has been a candidate to join the European Union since 2012, a pursuit supported by Croatia, who has been an EU member since 2013. Their diplomatic relations have been friendly and amicable, with strong political and economic collaboration. Small border disputes have remained unresolved between the two states since the dissolution of Yugoslavia, as do some shipping and naval disagreements.
Montenegro–Ukraine relations relate to bilateral relations between Montenegro and Ukraine. Formal relations began on 15 June 2006 when Ukraine recognized Montenegro, less than two weeks after the Parliament of Montenegro declared the independence of Montenegro from Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 2006. Montenegro has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Podgorica. Although economic ties are weak, Montenegro is a transit point for human trafficking between Ukraine and the rest of Europe. Montenegro is a member of NATO, which Ukraine applied for in 2022. Ukraine is a member of the BSCE, with Montenegro being a sectoral dialogue partner.
Montenegro–Russia relations are foreign relations between Montenegro and Russia. Montenegro has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Podgorica.
Bulgarian-Montenegrin relations are foreign relations between Bulgaria and Montenegro. Relations between the two were originally established in 1896, while Montenegro had been a kingdom and Bulgaria had exercised special self-governing status while nominally part of the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria recognized Montenegro on June 12, 2006. The modern countries established diplomatic relations on August 2, 2006. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, and of NATO. Bulgaria is an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate.
Czech Republic–Russia relations are the bilateral foreign relations between the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation. Relations have substantially deteriorated in recent years due to events such as the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russian sabotage of Czech ammunition depot in Vrbětice in 2014, poisoning of Sergei Skripal in 2018 and Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
Montenegrin–Slovenian relations are foreign relations between the Montenegro and Slovenia. Until 1991, both countries were part of Yugoslavia. Slovenia recognized Montenegro's independence on June 20, 2006. Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 21, 2006. Montenegro has an embassy in Ljubljana. On June 23, 2006, Slovenia opened its embassy in Podgorica.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia is the ministry in the government of Serbia which is in the charge of maintaining the consular affairs and foreign relations of Serbia. The current minister is Marko Đurić, in office since 2 May 2024.
German-Montenegrin relations are foreign relations between Germany and Montenegro. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 2006. Germany has an embassy in Podgorica. Montenegro has an embassy in Berlin and a general consulate in Frankfurt. Both countries are members of NATO and Council of Europe. Also Germany is an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate. In 1997 the German Bundeswehr used the Podgorica Airport for the Operation Libelle, which led to the first skirmish involving German forces since World War II. And Germany is Observer bureau of the BSCE and Montenegro is with Slovenia is a Sectoral dialogue partner countries of BSCE.
Both Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are full members of the Council of Europe and of the NATO. The Foreign Ministry of North Macedonia states the two countries have excellent political ties, without any open issues between the two countries. The embassy of North Macedonia to Montenegro is located in the capital city of Podgorica. Montenegro's embassy in North Macedonia is also located in the country's capital city, which is Skopje. Also, Montenegro has an honorary consulate in the city of Bitola.
Montenegro–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral relations between Montenegro and the United Kingdom. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe and NATO and had fought on the same side in both World War I and World War II.
Denmark – Montenegro relations refers to the current and historical relations between Denmark and Montenegro. Denmark is represented in Montenegro through its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia, and have an honorary consulate in Podgorica. Montenegro is represented in Denmark through its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO. Denmark is also an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate. Denmark recognized Montenegro on 15 June 2006 and diplomatic relations were established same day. Denmark assists Montenegro under the Neighborhood Programme. The assistance focuses on agricultural production. Both countries have signed an agreement about protection of investments.
Montenegro–Turkey relations are the bilateral relations between Montenegro and Turkey. Turkey officially recognized Montenegro on June 12, 2006. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on July 3, 2006. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean, Council of Europe and NATO. And Montenegro is with Slovenia is Sectoral dialogue partner countries of Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.
The Embassy of the United States in Podgorica is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America in Montenegro. The United States has been a supporter of Montenegro's integration into Euro-Atlantic institutions. On June 5, 2017, Montenegro became the thirtieth member of NATO, and accession negotiations with the European Union opened in 2012. Montenegro's contributions to international peacekeeping efforts, including its deployment of troops to Afghanistan, have further solidified the bilateral relationship. U.S. Government assistance continues to focus on aiding Montenegro as it transitions towards a market-based democracy integrated within Euro-Atlantic frameworks.