Foreign relations of Liechtenstein

Consulate of Malta in Schaan

Liechtenstein's foreign economic policy has been dominated by its customs union with Switzerland (and with Austria-Hungary until World War I). This union also led to its independent membership in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991. Unlike Switzerland however (where citizens rejected membership in a referendum), Liechtenstein is part of the European Economic Area.

Liechtenstein was admitted to the United Nations in 1990. It is not a member of most specialized agencies of the United Nations, with the exceptions of the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union and the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Liechtenstein has resorted two times to international dispute settlement by the International Court of Justice, in the Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) case against Guatemala in the 1950s and in a case concerning art property of the Liechtenstein family against Germany in 2005. It lost in both cases.

Liechtenstein maintains resident embassies in Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Holy See, Switzerland and the United States, along with a number of missions to international organisations. Under a 1919 agreement between Liechtenstein and Switzerland, ambassadors of Switzerland are authorised to represent Liechtenstein in countries and in diplomatic situations unless Liechtenstein opts to send its own ambassador. ^[1] As of 2024, ^[update] Liechtenstein has diplomatic relations with 133 UN countries. ^[2]

Relations with individual countries

International dispute with Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia

See also: Czech Republic–Liechtenstein relations

The country has an international dispute with the Czech Republic and Slovakia concerning the estates of its princely family in those countries. After World War II, Czechoslovakia, as it then was, acting to seize what it considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in the Czech regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The expropriations (which were the subject of an unsuccessful court case brought by Liechtenstein in the German courts and the International Court of Justice) included over 1,600 km² (620 sq mi)^{[ citation needed ]} (which is ten times the size of Liechtenstein) of agricultural and forest land mostly in Moravia, also including several family castles and palaces. An offer from the Czech Republic to return the palaces and castles (without the surrounding land) was rejected by Liechtenstein. ^[3]

Liechtenstein recognised and established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 13 July 2009 ^{[4] [5] [6]} and with Slovakia on 9 December 2009. ^[7] Liechtenstein's ruling prince, Hans-Adam II, has announced that the principality will take no further legal action to recover the appropriated assets. ^[3]

In February 2020, the Czech Constitutional court in Brno rejected a case made by Liechtenstein to get the Czech government to change their classification of the Liechtenstein dynasty as German under the Beneš Decrees. ^[8] On 19 August 2020, an inter-state application under the European Convention on Human Rights was made by Liechtenstein to the European Court of Human Rights against the Czech Republic. ^[9]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Liechtenstein maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	Switzerland	March 1919 [10]
2	China	14 September 1950 [11]
3	Germany	6 May 1952 [12]
4	Austria	September 1981 [13]
—	Holy See	28 August 1985 [14]
5	Estonia	4 September 1991 [15]
6	Sweden	24 October 1991 [16]
7	Netherlands	20 November 1991 [17]
8	Norway	9 January 1992 [18]
9	Spain	9 January 1992 [18]
10	Azerbaijan	21 January 1992 [19]
11	Slovenia	31 January 1992 [20]
12	Croatia	4 February 1992 [21]
13	Italy	6 February 1992 [22]
14	Portugal	6 February 1992 [23]
15	Ukraine	6 February 1992 [24]
16	United Kingdom	6 February 1992 [22] [ failed verification ]
17	Belarus	10 February 1992 [25]
18	Belgium	13 March 1992 [26]
19	Denmark	13 March 1992 [26]
20	Israel	13 March 1992 [26]
21	Bosnia and Herzegovina	5 May 1992 [27]
22	Georgia	10 June 1992 [28]
23	Poland	25 June 1992 [29]
24	Finland	26 June 1992 [30]
25	Iceland	26 June 1992 [31]
26	Luxembourg	26 June 1992 [32]
27	Turkey	2 October 1992 [33]
28	France	8 October 1992 [34]
29	Ireland	13 January 1993 [35]
30	South Korea	2 March 1993 [36]
31	India	6 April 1993 [37]
32	Albania	23 April 1993 [38]
33	Hungary	14 June 1993 [39]
34	Brazil	11 January 1994 [40]
35	Argentina	12 January 1994 [41]
36	South Africa	12 January 1994 [41]
37	Russia	30 January 1994 [42]
38	North Macedonia	31 January 1994 [43]
39	Bulgaria	25 April 1994 [44]
40	Uruguay	25 April 1994 [44]
41	Mexico	1 July 1994 [45]
42	Greece	6 July 1994 [46]
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	7 November 1994 [47]
43	Andorra	1 September 1995 [48]
44	Philippines	24 November 1995 [49]
45	Pakistan	4 December 1995 [50]
46	Monaco	16 February 1996 [51]
47	Canada	12 March 1996 [52]
48	Japan	12 June 1996 [53] [54]
49	Peru	5 July 1996 [55]
50	Chile	2 October 1996 [56]
51	Cyprus	2 October 1996 [56]
52	Latvia	3 December 1996 [57]
53	United States	10 February 1997 [58]
54	Australia	14 March 1997 [59]
55	Cuba	11 June 1997 [60]
56	Thailand	14 August 1997 [61]
57	Ecuador	17 October 1997 [62]
58	Venezuela	17 October 1997 [62]
59	Romania	12 December 1997 [63]
60	Mongolia	18 March 1998 [64]
61	Iran	14 August 1998 [65]
62	Indonesia	14 August 1998 [65]
63	Kyrgyzstan	16 September 1999 [66]
64	Costa Rica	12 January 2000 [67]
65	Lebanon	9 June 2000 [68]
66	Morocco	9 June 2000 [68]
67	Lithuania	27 March 2001 [69]
68	North Korea	2 May 2001 [70]
69	Moldova	14 August 2001 [71]
70	Colombia	24 October 2001 [72]
71	Serbia	4 April 2003 [73]
72	Malta	12 May 2003 [74]
73	Laos	8 January 2004 [75]
74	Malaysia	July 2004 [76]
75	Bahrain	1 April 2005 [77]
76	Egypt	17 October 2005 [78]
77	Algeria	21 October 2005 [79]
78	Kazakhstan	31 January 2007 [80]
79	Montenegro	26 March 2007 [81]
80	Tajikistan	28 January 2008 [82]
81	Armenia	7 May 2008 [83]
82	Kuwait	16 June 2008 [84]
83	Vietnam	2 July 2008 [85]
84	Niger	17 December 2008 [86]
85	Saudi Arabia	29 April 2009 [87]
86	United Arab Emirates	22 October 2009 [88]
87	Czech Republic	8 September 2009 [89]
88	Slovakia	9 December 2009 [90]
89	Singapore	19 April 2010 [88]
90	Saint Kitts and Nevis	2010 [91]
91	Maldives	21 January 2011 [92]
92	Paraguay	6 April 2011 [86]
93	Cambodia	8 June 2011 [93]
—	Kosovo	28 June 2012 [94] [95]
94	San Marino	21 October 2011 [96]
95	Nigeria	28 October 2011 [97]
96	Brunei	15 November 2011 [98]
97	Panama	3 January 2012 [99]
98	Tuvalu	1 June 2012 [100]
99	Solomon Islands	2012 [101]
100	Nicaragua	23 February 2013 [102]
101	New Zealand	30 October 2013 [103]
102	Trinidad and Tobago	31 January 2014 [88]
103	Ivory Coast	14 March 2014 [88]
104	Qatar	26 June 2014 [104]
105	Fiji	30 July 2014 [88]
106	Guinea	11 December 2015 [104]
107	Guatemala	22 December 2015 [105]
108	El Salvador	2015 [106]
109	Rwanda	10 November 2016 [107]
110	Mauritius	12 May 2017 [88]
111	Sudan	24 May 2017 [108]
112	Tunisia	20 October 2017 [107]
113	Nepal	24 November 2017 [88]
114	Antigua and Barbuda	25 September 2018 [88]
115	Afghanistan	26 October 2018 [109]
116	Equatorial Guinea	2018 [110]
117	Benin	26 June 2019 [107]
118	Chad	26 June 2019 [111]
119	Marshall Islands	24 September 2019 [112]
120	Dominican Republic	26 September 2019 [113]
121	Ghana	19 December 2019 [88]
122	Honduras	2020 [114]
123	Sri Lanka	5 March 2021 [88]
124	Angola	23 June 2021 [111]
125	Namibia	22 September 2021 [115] [116]
126	Bolivia	17 November 2021 [117]
127	Senegal	2021 [115]
128	Kenya	29 April 2022 [111]
129	Jamaica	18 September 2023 [88]
130	Saint Lucia	20 September 2023 [88]
131	Oman	4 March 2024 [118]
132	Uzbekistan	5 March 2024 [119]
133	Turkmenistan	1 November 2024 [88]
134	Botswana	2024 [120]
135	Cape Verde	2024 [120]
136	Jordan	2024 [120]
137	Burundi	12 August 2025 [121]
138	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Americas

Country	Formal relations began on	Notes
Mexico	1 July 1994 [122]	Honorary Consulate of Mexico in Liechtenstein Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to Mexico. Mexico is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz. On 13 December 2023, Liechtenstein foreign minister Dominique Hasler met her Mexican counterpart Alicia Bárcena Ibarra in the first official Liechtenstein visit to Mexico. [123]
United States	10 February 1997 [124]	See Liechtenstein–United States relations Liechtenstein has an embassy in Washington, D.C. United States is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.

Asia

Country	Formal relations began on	Notes
Hong Kong		See Hong Kong–Liechtenstein relations Signed a tax treaty in 2010. [125] Have a free trade agreement. [126]
India	1993 [127]	See India–Liechtenstein relations
Japan	June 1996 [128]	See Japan–Liechtenstein relations Japan has an honorary consulate in Schaan. The two countries signed a tax treaty in 2012. [129]
South Korea	2 March 1993 [130]	Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 02, 1993. [130] The two states signed a FTA on 15 December 2005.
Turkey	2 October 1992 [131]	Turkey established diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein only in 1992 because Switzerland [132] had taken responsibility for Liechtenstein's foreign relations until early 1990s. [133] Turkey is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz. [134] [135]

Europe

Country	Formal relations began on	Notes
Czech Republic	13 July 2009 [136]	See Czech Republic–Liechtenstein relations The two countries have a long-running dispute regarding the seizure of Liechtenstein assets and properties by the Beneš decrees in 1945. [137] In 2003, the Czech Republic refused to recognize Liechtenstein as having become a sovereign state in 1806. [137] The two countries signed a correspondence treaty in 2009. [137]
France	27 August 1992 [138]	See France–Liechtenstein relations The two countries signed a tax information exchange agreement. [139]
Germany	14 January 1992	See Germany–Liechtenstein relations Germany is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz. Liechtenstein has an embassy in Berlin.
Russia	30 January 1994 [140]	See Liechtenstein–Russia relations
Switzerland	13 August 1919	See Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations The two countries have been in a customs union since 1924. [141] [142] Liechtenstein has an embassy in Bern. Switzerland is accredited to Liechtenstein from its Federal Department of Foreign Affairs in Bern and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
Ukraine	6 February 1992 [24]	See Liechtenstein–Ukraine relations The two countries have a free trade agreement. [143]
United Kingdom	6 February 1992	See Liechtenstein–United Kingdom relations Liechtensteiner Prime Minister Daniel Risch with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer at a European Political Community summit on Blenheim Palace, July 2025. The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 February 1992. [22] [ failed verification ] Liechtenstein does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is not accredited to Liechtenstein through an embassy; the UK develops relations through its embassy in Bern, Switzerland. [144] Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, OSCE, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention, [145] a Free Trade Agreement, a Separation Agreement, a Social Security Coordination Convention, and a Trade Agreement. [146]

Membership in international organizations

See also: Liechtenstein and the United Nations

Liechtenstein is a member of the following international organizations:

• United Nations
• Council of Europe
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
• European Economic Area
• European Free Trade Association
• International Atomic Energy Agency
• International Criminal Court
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
• Intelsat
• Interpol
• International Olympic Committee
• International Telecommunication Union
• Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
• Permanent Court of Arbitration
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
• Universal Postal Union
• World Confederation of Labour
• World Intellectual Property Organization
• World Trade Organization

Liechtenstein was never a member of the League of Nations. Its application to join that international organisation was refused in 1920 due to its small size. ^[147] While included in the Schengen Area, Liechtenstein is not a member of the European Union.

See also

• Liechtenstein–European Union relations
• List of ambassadors to Liechtenstein
• List of diplomatic missions in Liechtenstein
• List of diplomatic missions of Liechtenstein
• Visa requirements for Liechtenstein citizens

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