Foreign relations of Luxembourg

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and economic integration. In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create an inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs regime. Post-war, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the United Nations, and dropped its policy of neutrality to become a founding member state of NATO. Luxembourg expanded its support for European integration, becoming a founding member state of the Benelux Economic Union (today's Benelux Union), and one of the "inner six" founding member states of the three European Communities; the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the European Economic Community (EEC). Subsequently, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the European Union (EU) when the EEC and ECSC were incorporated into it in 1993. Luxembourg is a founding member of the Schengen Area, abolishing internal borders amongst its member states, named after the Luxembourg village where the original agreement — since incorporated into EU law — was signed in 1985. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO, pro-US foreign policy.

Luxembourg is the site of the European Court of Justice, the European Investment Bank, the European Court of Auditors, the secretariat of the European Parliament, the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat), and other EU bodies.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Luxembourg maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	France	10 December 1890 [1]
2	Italy	7 February 1891 [2]
—	Holy See	9 February 1891 [3]
3	Spain	9 February 1891 [4]
4	Netherlands	4 March 1891 [2]
5	Russia	7 March 1891 [5]
6	Portugal	21 May 1891 [6]
7	United Kingdom	8 June 1891 [3] [ failed verification ]
8	Belgium	18 April 1892 [2]
9	United States	17 July 1903 [7]
10	Denmark	4 June 1906 [8]
11	Romania	5 December 1910 [9]
12	Brazil	15 April 1911 [10]
13	Switzerland	24 November 1917 [11]
14	Poland	18 April 1921 [12]
15	Finland	25 October 1921 [13]
16	Czech Republic	24 April 1922 [14]
17	Sweden	25 January 1923 [15]
18	Hungary	17 July 1923 [16]
19	Guatemala	7 November 1924 [17]
20	Serbia	23 August 1927 [18]
21	Japan	27 November 1927 [19]
22	Norway	15 April 1931 [20]
23	Greece	13 December 1933 [21]
24	Uruguay	6 January 1934 [22]
25	Egypt	14 November 1935 [23]
26	Iran	23 May 1936 [24]
27	Austria	17 November 1936 [25]
28	Argentina	28 June 1937 [26]
29	Chile	22 January 1938 [27]
30	Cuba	25 November 1942 [28]
31	Canada	3 January 1945 [29]
32	Turkey	10 July 1946 [30]
33	Philippines	26 August 1946 [31]
34	Mexico	8 January 1947 [32]
35	Monaco	18 December 1947 [33]
36	India	1 July 1948 [34]
37	South Africa	1949 [35]
38	Venezuela	14 March 1950 [36]
39	Israel	21 November 1950 [37]
40	Lebanon	21 November 1950 [38]
41	Germany	23 April 1951 [39]
42	Indonesia	8 January 1952 [40]
43	Iraq	12 March 1952 [41]
44	Syria	24 July 1953 [42]
45	Ecuador	24 April 1956 [43]
46	Bulgaria	16 December 1956 [44]
47	Malaysia	1957 [45]
48	Morocco	11 April 1958 [46]
49	Thailand	16 June 1959 [47]
50	Pakistan	5 May 1959 [48]
51	Liberia	20 January 1961 [49]
52	Mauritania	20 September 1961 [50]
53	Gabon	1 December 1961 [51]
53	Ireland	20 December 1961 [52]
55	South Korea	16 March 1962 [53]
56	Peru	14 June 1962 [54]
57	Cameroon	7 June 1962 [55]
58	Iceland	30 July 1962 [56]
59	Guinea	12 September 1962 [57]
60	Niger	18 December 1962 [58]
61	Jamaica	2 January 1963 [59]
62	Burkina Faso	29 January 1963 [60]
63	Costa Rica	29 January 1963 [60]
64	Ivory Coast	29 January 1963 [60]
65	Central African Republic	12 June 1963 [61]
66	Algeria	21 January 1964 [62]
67	Chad	28 April 1964 [63]
68	Tunisia	28 April 1964 [63]
69	Rwanda	27 October 1964 [64]
70	Paraguay	26 February 1965 [65]
71	Burundi	29 April 1965 [66]
72	Democratic Republic of the Congo	7 September 1965 [67]
73	Mali	15 December 1965 [68]
74	Madagascar	13 January 1967 [69]
75	Republic of the Congo	10 June 1967 [70]
76	Ghana	21 February 1968 [71]
77	Senegal	13 June 1968 [72]
78	Benin	17 September 1968 [73]
79	Malta	28 January 1969 [74]
80	Trinidad and Tobago	17 December 1969 [75]
81	Cyprus	3 March 1970 [76]
82	Australia	18 September 1970 [77]
83	Sierra Leone	13 October 1970 [78]
84	New Zealand	3 December 1970 [79]
85	Fiji	January 1971 [80]
86	Colombia	21 April 1971 [81]
87	Togo	7 March 1972 [82]
88	Albania	15 February 1972 [83]
89	Sri Lanka	27 July 1972 [84]
90	China	16 November 1972 [85]
91	Mauritius	28 February 1973 [86]
92	Vietnam	15 November 1973 [87]
93	Bangladesh	20 November 1973 [88]
94	Jordan	5 December 1973 [89]
95	Singapore	17 March 1975 [90]
96	Gambia	15 April 1975 [91]
97	Nepal	27 November 1975 [92]
98	Nigeria	29 December 1975 [93]
99	Nicaragua	7 July 1976 [94]
100	Mongolia	11 July 1976 [95]
101	Tonga	1 November 1976 [96]
102	Cape Verde	31 March 1977 [97]
103	Barbados	5 May 1977 [98]
104	Botswana	30 September 1977 [99] [100]
105	Uganda	30 September 1977 [101] [102]
106	Papua New Guinea	15 October 1977 [103]
107	Saudi Arabia	10 December 1977 [104]
108	Comoros	1 February 1978 [105]
109	Honduras	6 July 1978 [106]
110	Dominica	1 May 1979 [107]
111	Guinea-Bissau	7 December 1979 [108]
112	Yemen	10 December 1979 [109]
113	Kuwait	8 March 1980 [110]
114	Bahrain	14 March 1980 [111]
115	Ethiopia	19 March 1980 [112]
116	Qatar	3 May 1980 [113]
117	United Arab Emirates	6 May 1980 [113]
118	Oman	15 September 1980 [114]
119	Malawi	28 October 1980 [115]
120	Tanzania	14 December 1980 [116]
121	Zimbabwe	15 December 1981 [117]
122	Kenya	15 May 1982 [118]
123	Lesotho	15 May 1982 [119]
124	Sudan	3 May 1984 [120]
125	Panama	12 November 1985 [121]
126	Mozambique	7 January 1988 [122]
127	Maldives	11 July 1988 [106]
128	Seychelles	17 February 1989 [106]
129	Bolivia	21 December 1990 [106]
130	El Salvador	26 April 1991 [106]
131	Estonia	29 August 1991 [123]
132	Latvia	29 January 1992 [124]
133	Slovenia	11 March 1992 [125]
134	Croatia	29 April 1992 [126]
135	Tajikistan	22 May 1992 [127]
136	Kyrgyzstan	26 May 1992 [128]
137	Azerbaijan	1 June 1992 [129]
138	Uzbekistan	10 June 1992 [130]
139	Armenia	11 June 1992 [131]
140	Moldova	16 June 1992 [132]
141	Liechtenstein	26 June 1992 [133]
142	Kazakhstan	29 June 1992 [134]
143	Ukraine	1 July 1992 [135]
144	Lithuania	2 July 1992 [136]
145	Belarus	9 July 1992 [137]
146	Turkmenistan	2 October 1992 [138]
147	Slovakia	1 January 1993 [139]
148	Marshall Islands	20 July 1993 [106]
149	Bosnia and Herzegovina	12 April 1994 [140]
150	North Macedonia	19 September 1994 [141]
151	Georgia	17 October 1994 [142]
152	Andorra	7 April 1995 [143]
153	Laos	25 September 1997 [106]
154	San Marino	8 February 2001 [144]
155	North Korea	5 March 2001 [145]
156	Djibouti	14 June 2001 [146]
157	Angola	14 May 2002 [106]
158	Cambodia	15 May 2002 [106]
159	Equatorial Guinea	9 October 2003 [146]
160	Brunei	18 July 2003 [106]
161	Afghanistan	13 January 2005 [106]
162	Dominican Republic	25 May 2005 [106]
163	Montenegro	21 September 2006 [106]
164	Grenada	1 March 2007 [146]
165	Namibia	20 September 2007 [147]
166	Antigua and Barbuda	26 September 2007 [106]
167	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	26 September 2007 [106]
168	Timor-Leste	27 September 2007 [106]
169	Bahamas	28 September 2007 [106]
170	Eswatini	12 February 2008 [146]
171	Haiti	24 February 2008 [148]
172	Federated States of Micronesia	24 April 2008 [106]
173	Eritrea	2 October 2008 [146]
174	Belize	15 May 2008 [149]
175	Samoa	2 June 2009 [106]
176	Libya	10 June 2009 [146]
177	Guyana	17 June 2009 [106]
178	Saint Kitts and Nevis	18 June 2009 [106]
179	Tuvalu	16 September 2009 [106]
180	Saint Lucia	23 September 2009 [106]
181	Suriname	1 February 2010 [106]
182	Nauru	21 May 2010 [106]
183	Vanuatu	24 September 2010 [106]
184	Solomon Islands	19 November 2010 [106]
—	Kosovo	16 June 2011 [150]
185	Bhutan	1 December 2011 [106]
186	South Sudan	22 December 2011 [106]
187	Palau	16 February 2012 [106]
188	Myanmar	31 July 2012 [106]
189	Somalia	27 September 2013 [106]
190	São Tomé and Príncipe	10 April 2014 [151]
191	Zambia	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Canada	3 January 1945	See Canada–Luxembourg relations Diplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1945 [152] Canada is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. [153] Luxembourg is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains four honorary consulates (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver). [154] Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, NATO and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
Mexico	8 January 1947	See Luxembourg–Mexico relations Diplomatic relations were established on 8 January 1947 [155] In 1980, Prime Minister Pierre Werner paid an official visit to Mexico. In March 1996, Grand Duke Jean paid a visit to Mexico. During the Grand Duke's visit, both nations signed an Air Transportation Agreement. In April 2019, Prime Minister Xavier Bettel paid an official visit to Mexico and met with President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. [156] [157] Luxembourg is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mérida. [158] Mexico is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City. [159]
United States	17 July 1903	Diplomatic relations were established on 17 July 1903 [160] Embassy of Luxembourg in Washington, D.C. Main article: Luxembourg–United States relations See also: List of ambassadors of Luxembourg to the United States The United States, fighting on the Allied side, contributed to Luxembourg's liberation in World War I and World War II. More than 5,000 American soldiers, including U.S. Army General George S. Patton, are buried at the Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial near the capital of Luxembourg City, and there are monuments in many towns to American liberators. The strong U.S.-Luxembourg relationship is expressed both bilaterally and through common membership in NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Luxembourg has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulates-general in New York City and San Francisco. United States has an embassy in Luxembourg City.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
China	16 November 1972	Diplomatic relations were established on 16 November 1972 [161] See China–Luxembourg relations China has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Luxembourg has an embassy in Beijing.
India	1 July 1948	Diplomatic relations were established on 1 July 1948 [34] See India–Luxembourg relations India has a consulate general in Luxembourg City. Luxembourg has an embassy in New Delhi. [162]
Palestine		See Luxembourg–Palestine relations Palestine is accredited to Luxembourg from its mission in Brussels, Belgium. Luxembourg is accredited to Palestine from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Luxembourg City.
South Korea	16 March 1962	Luxembourg and South Korea established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1962. [163] Both countries have a shipping agreement in 1987 and an air agreement in 2003. Luxembourg is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan. South Korea is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. High-level Exchanges. 1983 April Chairperson of the Advisory Council on State Affairs Choi Kyu-hah. 1996 October the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Gong Roh-myong. From Luxembourg to the South Korea. 1997 September Grand Duke Henri and Minister of Economic Affairs Robert Goebbels. 2000 October Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Lydie Polfer. (To attend the third ASEM meeting). 2001 March Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume. 2004 March Minister of Economy Grethen. (Economic Mission). 2006 October Minister of Finance and Budget Frieden and Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg. 2011 April Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jean Asselborn. 2011 May Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume and Minister of Economy Jeannot Krecke. [164]
Turkey	10 July 1946	See Luxembourg–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations were established on 10 July 1946 [165] Bilateral relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg gained momentum with the opening of a Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg in 1987. [166] Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara, which was opened on 29 November 2011. [166] Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg City. There are 500 ethnic Turk's living in Luxembourg, 200 of whom have dual citizenship. The trade volume between the two States had reached $217 million in 2011. [166] Luxembourg strongly supports Turkey's candidacy as a full European Union member. [167] [168]
Vietnam	15 November 1973	See Luxembourg–Vietnam relations Diplomatic relations were established on 15 November 1973 [169] Luxembourg is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China. Vietnam is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Austria	30 January 1891	Diplomatic relations were established on 30 January 1891 [2] Austria has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Luxembourg has an embassy in Vienna. Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Belgium	18 April 1892	See Belgium–Luxembourg relations Diplomatic relations were established on 18 April 1892 [2] Belgium has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Luxembourg has an embassy in Brussels. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Bulgaria	16 December 1956	Diplomatic relations were established on 16 December 1956 [170] Bulgaria is accredited to Luxembourg from its mission in Brussels, Belgium. Luxembourg is accredited to Bulgaria from its mission in Prague, the Czech Republic. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Cyprus	3 March 1970	Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1970 [171] Cyprus is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands. Luxembourg is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece. Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Czech Republic	24 April 1922	Diplomatic relations were established on 24 April 1922 [172] See also: List of ambassadors of Luxembourg to the Czech Republic The Czech Republic has an embassy in Luxembourg City. [173] Luxembourg has an embassy in Prague. [174] Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO. Both countries shared a common fate in the 14th century when John the Blind of Luxembourg married Eliška Přemyslovna sister of the deceased King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia and became king of Bohemia.
Denmark	4 June 1906	Diplomatic relations were established on 4 June 1906 [175] Denmark has an embassy in Luxembourg City. [176] Luxembourg has an embassy in Copenhagen. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the European Union, and NATO.
Estonia	29 August 1991	Luxembourg recognised Estonia on February 22, 1923, and re-recognised Estonia on August 27, 1991.[ clarification needed ] [177] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991 [178] In 1937, a prominent Estonian political leader Artur Sirk, while a fugitive in Luxembourg was found dead, having apparently committed suicide by jumping out a second-story window. Although the Luxembourg Gendarmerie report assumed suicide, because of inconsistencies in the report, the Estonian chargé d'affaires in Paris, Rudolph Mollerson was sent to investigate. [179] Estonian historians including Pusta [180] and Tomingas [181] have argued that the death was an act of defenestration by agents of the first President of Estonia, Konstantin Päts. As of December 31, 2007, foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg. [177] An Estonian cultural association was founded in 1998. [182] Estonian President Arnold Rüütel made a state visit to Luxembourg in May 2003, [177] [183] prime minister Andrus Ansip's in 2006.Luxembourgish Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker visited Estonia in 1999 and 2007. Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935) [184] Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1.12.94) [185] Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23.09.99) [186] Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1.02.05) Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23.05.2006) [187] [188] Estonia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City. [177] Luxembourg is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic). [177] Luxembourg is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Finland	25 October 1921	Diplomatic relations were established on 25 October 1921 [189] Luxembourg is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. [190] Finland has an embassy in Luxembourg City. [191] Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Luxembourg Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
France	15 December 1890	See France–Luxembourg relations Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1890 [2] Luxembourg was besieged by Louis XIV of France in 1684 and was annexed by Revolutionary France to be part of the Forêts département during the War of the First Coalition in 1795 until Napoleon's defeat in 1815. France has an embassy in Luxembourg City. [192] Luxembourg has an embassy in Paris, a consulate general in Strasbourg, and consulates in Bordeaux, Lille, Longwy, Lyon, Marseille, and Metz. [193] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, European Union, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Germany	8 January 1891	See Germany–Luxembourg relations Diplomatic relations were established on 8 January 1891 [2] Germany has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Luxembourg has an embassy in Berlin. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Greece		See Greece—Luxembourg relations Greece has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Luxembourg has an embassy in Athens and 3 honorary consulates in Athens, Heraklion and Thessaloniki. [194] Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union. Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Luxembourg Archived 2011-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Luxembourg’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece (in French only)
Ireland	20 December 1961	Diplomatic relations were established on 20 December 1961 [195] Ireland has an embassy in Luxembourg City. [196] Luxembourg has an honorary consulate in Dublin. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Union.
Italy	7 February 1891	Diplomatic relations were established on 7 February 1891 [197] Italy has an embassy in Luxembourg City. [198] Luxembourg has an embassy in Rome and 9 honorary consulates (in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Perugia, Riccione, Turin, and Venice). [199] Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO. There are around 19,000 people of Italian descent living in Luxembourg.
Kosovo	16 June 2011	See Kosovo–Luxembourg relations Diplomatic relations were established on 16 June 2011 [200] Luxembourg recognized the independence of Kosovo on 21 February 2008. [201] Kosovo is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Luxembourg has an embassy in Pristina.
Lithuania	2 July 1992	Diplomatic relations were established on 2 July 1992 [202] Luxembourg did not recognise the annexation of the Baltic States by the USSR in 1940-1991 either de iure or de facto. Lithuania is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and through an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City. [203] Luxembourg is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland and through an honorary consulate in Vilnius. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Luxembourg Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
Netherlands	4 March 1891	See Luxembourg–Netherlands relations Diplomatic relations were established on 4 March 1891 [2] Luxembourg has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Poland	18 April 1921	See Luxembourg–Poland relations Diplomatic relations were established on 18 April 1921 [204] Luxembourg has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Romania	5 December 1910	Diplomatic relations were established on 5 December 1910 [205] Luxembourg is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains two honorary consulates (in Bucharest and Sibiu). Romania has an embassy in Luxembourg City. [206] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Russia	7 March 1891	See Luxembourg–Russia relations Diplomatic relations were established on 7 March 1891 [207] [2] Luxembourg has an embassy in Moscow and an honorary consulate in Saint Petersburg. Russia has an embassy in the city of Luxembourg City. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the United Nations. In the history of bilateral relations, the first Russian president to come on an official visit to Luxembourg was Vladimir Putin on 24 May 2007. As bilateral trade had more than tripled from US$66.6 million in 2003 to US$228.3 million in 2006, time had come to strengthen the ties between the two countries, energy and finance being the key areas of cooperation between Russia and Luxembourg.
Spain	18 February 1891	See Luxembourg–Spain relations Diplomatic relations were established on 18 February 1891 [2] Luxembourg has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Ukraine	1 July 1992	See Luxembourg–Ukraine relations Diplomatic relations were established on 1 July 1992 [208] Luxembourg is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic and through an honorary consulate in Kyiv. Ukraine is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and through an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City. [209] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
United Kingdom	1891	See Luxembourg–United Kingdom relations Luxembourger Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn with British Foreign Secretary William Hague in London, January 2011. Luxembourg established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 June 1891. [3] [ failed verification ] Luxembourg maintains an embassy in London. [210] The United Kingdom is accredited to Luxembourg through its embassy in Luxembourg City. [211] Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention. [212]

Oceania

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Australia	18 September 1970 [213]	See Luxembourg–Australia relations Australia and Luxembourg formalized diplomatic relations in September 1970 with the first appointment of Australia's ambassador in Brussels as non-resident ambassador to Luxembourg. The first ambassador presented credentials on 13 October 1970. Since then Australia has remained represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels. Luxembourg is represented in Australia through the embassy of the Netherlands [214] in Canberra and through honorary consulates in Sydney and Melbourne. Trade and investment figure strongly in the bilateral relationship and ministerial visits between the countries have focused on this. Luxembourg ranks as Australia's seventh largest investor (stocks) at A$93 billion in 2021, with Foreign Direct Investments (stocks) of $10 billion in Australia. Two-way goods and services trade in 2020 was valued at A$185 million. [215] There is a reciprocal working holiday visa scheme between the two countries.
New Zealand	3 December 1970	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1970 when first Ambassador of New Zealand To Luxembourg Mr. Merwyn Norrish presented his credentials [216]

Relations by organization

NATO

See also: List of Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to NATO

United Nations

Main article: Luxembourg and the United Nations

See also: Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the United Nations

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Luxembourg
• List of diplomatic missions of Luxembourg
• List of ambassadors to Luxembourg
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg)

References

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Further reading

• Fally, V. (1992). Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.
• Fally, V. (1996). Le Luxembourg face à la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.
• Frentz, Jean-Marie (2010). "The Foreign Policy of Luxembourg". In Steinmetz, Robert; Wivel, Anders (eds.). Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities. Ashgate. ISBN   978-0-7546-7782-6.
• Heinz, Michel (June 2015). "Le Grand-Duc, acteur de diplomatie" (PDF). Forum (in French) (352): 21–23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
• Hey, Jeanne A. K. (2002). "Luxembourg's Foreign Policy: Does Small Size Help or Hinder?". Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 15 (3): 211–225. doi:10.1080/1351161022000027621. S2CID   144069583.
• Hey, Jeanne A. K., ed. (2003). Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN   978-1-55587-920-4.
• Hoffmann, Serge (2002). "Les relations germano-luxembourgeoises durant les années 30" [Germano-Luxembourgish relations in the 1930s](PDF). Ons Stad (in French) (71). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
• Huberty, Martine (May 2013). "Ein kleiner Fisch im großen Teich Luxemburger Verhandlungsstragien im Kontext der EU-Institutionen" [A small fish in a big pond: Luxembourgish negotiation strategies in the context of EU institutions](PDF). Forum (in German) (329): 21–23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
• Kayser, Steve (June 2006). "La neutralité du Luxembourg de 1918 à 1945" [Luxembourg's neutrality from 1918 to 1945](PDF). Forum (in French) (257): 36–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
• Mary, Julien (1 October 2011), "La politique du Luxembourg au sein de la Société des Nations", Hémecht (in French), vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 405–450, retrieved 28 October 2023
• Wurth, Hubert (2006). "La politique étrangère du Luxembourg" [Luxembourg's Foreign Policy]. Revue Internationale et Stratégique (in French). 61 (61): 217–226. doi:10.3917/ris.061.0217.

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg Archived 2009-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relations with Luxembourg Archived 2014-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
• "Luxembourg and Europe, from the ECSC to the Treaty of Lisbon". Presidency of the Council of the European Union / Luxembourg 2015. Archived from the original on 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2016-01-18.