Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

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The diplomatic foreign relations of the United Kingdom are conducted by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, headed by the Foreign Secretary. The prime minister and numerous other agencies play a role in setting policy, and many institutions and businesses have a voice and a role.

Contents

The United Kingdom was the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries, most notably during the so-called "Pax Britannica"a period of unrivaled supremacy and unprecedented international peace during the mid-to-late 1800s. The country continued to be widely considered a superpower until the Suez crisis of 1956 and the dismantling of the British Empire left the UK's dominant role in global affairs to be gradually diminished. Nevertheless, the United Kingdom remains a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a founding member of the G7, G20, NATO, AUKUS, OECD, WTO, Council of Europe, OSCE, and the Commonwealth of Nations, the latter being a legacy of the British Empire. The UK had been a member state of the European Union (and a member of its predecessors) since 1973. However, due to the outcome of a 2016 membership referendum, proceedings to withdraw from the EU began in 2017 and concluded when the UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020, and the transition period on 31 December 2020 with an EU trade agreement. Since the vote and the conclusion of trade talks with the EU, policymakers have begun pursuing new trade agreements with other global partners.

History

The Battle of Nivelle - a Peninsular War battle between the French and the British armies in France in 1813 Battle of Nivelle - November 10th 1813 - Fonds Ancely - B315556101 A HEATH 029.jpg
The Battle of Nivelle - a Peninsular War battle between the French and the British armies in France in 1813

Following the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain (which united England and Scotland) in 1707, British foreign relations largely continued those of the Kingdom of England. British foreign policy initially focused on achieving a balance of power within Europe, with no one country achieving dominance over the affairs of the continent. This policy remained a major justification for Britain's wars against Napoleon, and for British involvement in the First and Second World Wars. Secondly Britain continued the expansion of its colonial "First British Empire" by migration and investment.

France was the chief enemy until the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. It had a much larger population and a more powerful army, but a weaker navy. The British were generally successful in their many wars. The notable exception, the American War of Independence (1775–1783), saw Britain, without any major allies, defeated by the American colonials who had the support of France, the Netherlands and (indirectly) Spain. A favoured British diplomatic strategy involved subsidising the armies of continental allies (such as Prussia), thereby turning London's enormous financial power to military advantage. Britain relied heavily on its Royal Navy for security, seeking to keep it the most powerful fleet afloat, eventually with a full complement of bases across the globe. British dominance of the seas was vital to the formation and maintaining of the British Empire, which was achieved through the support of a navy larger than the next two largest navies combined, prior to 1920. The British generally stood alone until the early 20th century, when it became friendly with the U.S. and made alliances with Japan, France and Russia and Germany former antagonist now ally.

1814–1914

Map of the British Empire (as of 1910). At its height, it was the largest empire in history. Arthur Mees Flags of A Free Empire 1910 Cornell CUL PJM 1167 01.jpg
Map of the British Empire (as of 1910). At its height, it was the largest empire in history.

The 100 years were generally peaceful--a sort of Pax Britannica enforced by the Royal Navy. There were two important wars, both limited in scope. The Crimean War (1853–1856) saw the defeat of Russia and its threat to the Ottoman Empire. The Second Boer War (1899–1902) saw the defeat of the two Boer republics in South Africa and Boxer Rebellion happen the same year. London became the world's financial centre, and commercial enterprise expanded across the globe. The "Second British Empire" was built with a base in Asia (especially India) and Africa.

First World War

1920s

After 1918 Britain was a "troubled giant" that was less of a dominant diplomatic force in the 1920s than before. It often had to give way to the United States, which frequently exercised its financial superiority. [1] The main themes of British foreign policy included a leading role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920, where Lloyd George worked hard to moderate French demands for revenge on Germany. [2] He was partly successful, but Britain soon had to moderate French policy toward Germany further, as in the Locarno Treaties of 1925. [3] [4] Furthermore, Britain obtained "mandates" that allowed it and its dominions to govern most of the former German and Ottoman colonies. [5]

Britain became an active member of the new League of Nations, but its list of major achievements was slight. [6] [7]

Disarmament was high on the agenda, and Britain played a major role following the United States in the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 in working toward naval disarmament of the major powers. By 1933 disarmament agreements had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany. [8]

Britain was partially successful in negotiating better terms with United States regarding the large war loans which Britain was obliged to repay. [9] Britain supported the international solution to German reparations through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. After the Dawes Plan had helped stabilize Germany's currency and lowered its annual payments, Germany was able to pay its annual reparations using money borrowed from New York banks, and Britain used the money received to pay Washington. [10] The Great Depression starting in 1929 put enormous pressure on the British economy. Britain revived Imperial Preference, which meant low tariffs within the British Empire and higher barriers to trade with outside countries. The flow of money from New York dried up, and the system of reparations and payment of debt died in 1931.

In domestic British politics, the emerging Labour Party had a distinctive and suspicious foreign policy based on pacifism. Its leaders believed that peace was impossible because of capitalism, secret diplomacy, and the trade in armaments. Labour stressed material factors that ignored the psychological memories of the Great War and the highly emotional tensions regarding nationalism and the boundaries of countries. Nevertheless, party leader Ramsay MacDonald devoted much of his attention to European policies. [11]

1930s

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini pictured before signing the 1938 Munich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany. Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R69173, Munchener Abkommen, Staatschefs.jpg
Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini pictured before signing the 1938 Munich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany.

Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the First World War inclined many Britons—and their leaders in all parties—to pacifism in the interwar era. This led directly to the appeasement of dictators (notably of Mussolini and of Hitler) in order to avoid their threats of war. [12]

The challenge came from those dictators, first from Benito Mussolini, Duce of Italy, then from Adolf Hitler, Führer of a much more powerful Nazi Germany. The League of Nations proved disappointing to its supporters; it failed to resolve any of the threats posed by the dictators. British policy involved "appeasing" them in the hopes they would be satiated. By 1938 it was clear that war was looming, and that Germany had the world's most powerful military. The final act of appeasement came when Britain and France sacrificed Czechoslovakia to Hitler's demands at the Munich Agreement of September 1938. [13] Instead of satiation, Hitler menaced Poland, and at last Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain dropped appeasement and stood firm in promising to defend Poland (31 March 1939). Hitler however cut a deal with Joseph Stalin to divide Eastern Europe (23 August 1939); when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war, and the British Commonwealth followed London's lead. [14]

Second World War

Having signed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in August 1939, Britain and France declared war against Germany in September 1939 in response to Germany's invasion of Poland. This declaration included the Crown colonies and India, which Britain directly controlled. The dominions were independent in foreign policy, though all quickly entered the war against Germany. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941 and attain full strength during 1943. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed on the Atlantic Charter, which proclaimed "the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous and would be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements. [15]

Starting in December 1941, Japan overran British possessions in Asia, including Hong Kong, Malaya, and especially the key base at Singapore. Japan then marched into Burma, headed toward India. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the rapid defeats irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power. The realisation that Britain could not defend them pushed Australia and New Zealand into permanent close ties with the United States. [16]

Postwar

Overseas military bases in 2016 (blue) and military interventions since 2000 (red). United Kingdom overseas military installations and operations.png
Overseas military bases in 2016 (blue) and military interventions since 2000 (red).

Economically in dire straits in 1945 (saddled with debt and dealing with widespread destruction of its infrastructure), Britain systematically reduced its overseas commitments. It pursued an alternate role as an active participant in the Cold War against communism, especially as a founding member of NATO in 1949. [17]

The British had built up a very large worldwide Empire, which peaked in size in 1922, after more than half a century of unchallenged global supremacy. The cumulative costs of fighting two world wars, however, placed a heavy burden upon the home economy, and after 1945 the British Empire rapidly began to disintegrate, with all the major colonies gaining independence. By the mid-to-late 1950s, the UK's status as a superpower was gone in the face of the United States and the Soviet Union. Most former colonies joined the "Commonwealth of Nations", an organisation of fully independent nations now with equal status to the UK. However it attempted no major collective policies. [18] [19] The last major colony, Hong Kong, was handed over to China in 1997. [20] Fourteen British Overseas Territories maintain a constitutional link to the UK, but are not part of the country per se. [21]

Britain slashed its involvements in the Middle East after the humiliating Suez Crisis of 1956. However Britain did forge close military ties with the United States, France, and Germany, through the NATO military alliance. After years of debate (and rebuffs), Britain joined the Common Market in 1973; which became the European Union in 1993. [22] However it did not merge financially, and kept the pound separate from the Euro, which partly isolated it from the EU financial crisis of 2011. [23] In June 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU. [24] [25]

21st century

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and U.S. President Donald Trump at the 45th G7 in Biarritz, August 2019. -G7Biarritz (48632272593).jpg
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and U.S. President Donald Trump at the 45th G7 in Biarritz, August 2019.

Foreign policy initiatives of UK governments since the 1990s have included military intervention in conflicts and for peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance programmes and increased aid spending, support for establishment of the International Criminal Court, debt relief for developing countries, prioritisation of initiatives to address climate change, and promotion of free trade. [26] The British approach has been described as "spread the right norms and sustain NATO". [27]

Lunn et al. (2008) argue: [28]

Three key motifs of Tony Blair's 10-year premiership were an activist philosophy of 'interventionism', maintaining a strong alliance with the US and a commitment to placing Britain at the heart of Europe. While the 'special relationship' and the question of Britain's role in Europe have been central to British foreign policy since the Second World War...interventionism was a genuinely new element.

The GREAT campaign of 2012 was one of the most ambitious national promotion efforts ever undertaken by any major nation. It was scheduled take maximum advantage of the worldwide attention to the Summer Olympics in London. The goals were to make British more culture visible in order to stimulate trade, investment and tourism. The government partnered with key leaders in culture, business, diplomacy and education. The campaign unified many themes and targets, including business meetings; scholarly conventions; recreational vehicle dealers; parks and campgrounds; convention and visitors bureaus; hotels; bed and breakfast inns; casinos; and hotels. [29] [30]

In 2013, the government of David Cameron described its approach to foreign policy by saying: [31]

For any given foreign policy issue, the UK potentially has a range of options for delivering impact in our national interest. ... [W]e have a complex network of alliances and partnerships through which we can work.... These include – besides the EU – the UN and groupings within it, such as the five permanent members of the Security Council (the “P5”); NATO; the Commonwealth; the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; the G8 and G20 groups of leading industrialised nations; and so on.

The UK began establishing air and naval facilities in the Persian Gulf, located in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Oman in 2014–15. [32] [33] [34] [35] The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 highlighted a range of foreign policy initiatives of the UK government. [36] [37] Edward Longinotti notes how current British defence policy is grappling with how to accommodate two major commitments, to Europe and to an ‘east of Suez’ global military strategy, within a modest defence budget that can only fund one. He points out that Britain's December 2014 agreement to open a permanent naval base in Bahrain underlines its gradual re-commitment east of Suez. [38] By some measures, Britain remains the second most powerful country in the world by virtue of its soft power and "logistical capability to deploy, support and sustain [military] forces overseas in large numbers." [39] Although commentators have questioned the need for global power projection, [40] the concept of “Global Britain” put forward by the Conservative government in 2019 signalled more military activity in the Middle East and Pacific, outside of NATO's traditional sphere of influence. [41] [42]

At the end of January 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union, with a subsequent trade agreement with the EU in effect from 1 January 2021, setting out the terms of the UK-EU economic relationship and what abilities the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office can use in foreign relations related to trade.

In July 2023, UK and Bahrain signed a memorandum of understanding for strategic investments and collaborations, through Bahraini sovereign wealth fund Mumtalakat, Investcorp, GFH Financial Group, and Osool Asset Management, that would see the Gulf state's private sector invest 1 billion pounds ($1.3 billion) in Britain. [43]

Major international disputes since 1945

British street patrol in Aden in 1967 Aden-1967.jpg
British street patrol in Aden in 1967
A Lynx Helicopter of the British Army Air Corps ready to touch down on a desert road south of Basra Airport, November 2003 Army Air Corps Lynx Linking up with RAF Regiment Vehicle patrol, patrolling an area south of Basra Airport. MOD 45142952.jpg
A Lynx Helicopter of the British Army Air Corps ready to touch down on a desert road south of Basra Airport, November 2003
fromtodispute
19461949Involved in Greek Civil War
19451948Administration of the Mandate for Palestine, ending with the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. British forces often faced conflict with Arab nationalists and Jewish Zionist militia.
19471991 Cold War with Soviet Union
19481949 Berlin Blockade – dispute with USSR over access to West Berlin and general Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe [44]
19481960 Malayan Emergency – armed conflict against the politically isolated Communist forces of the Malayan National Liberation Army
19501953 Korean War – war with North Korea
19511954 Abadan Crisis – dispute with Iran over expropriated oil assets
19561957 Suez Crisis – armed conflict with Egypt over its seizure of the Suez Canal Zone, and unsupported by most of the international community
1958 First Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland
19621966 Konfrontasi – war with Indonesia
19721973 Second Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland
19751976 Third Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland [45]
1982 Falklands War – war with Argentina over the Falkland Islands and other British south Atlantic territories
1983Condemnation of the United States over its invasion of Grenada [46]
1984Dispute with Libya after a policewoman is shot dead in London by a gunman from within the Libyan embassy, and considerable Libyan support for the IRA in Northern Ireland.
1988Dispute with Libya over the 1988 bombing of a Pan Am flight over the Scottish town of Lockerbie [47]
1991 Gulf War with Iraq [48]
1995Under UN mandate, military involvement in former Yugoslavia (specifically Bosnia)
1997 Hong Kong handover to Chinese rule. Britain secures guarantees for a "special status" that would continue capitalism and protect existing British property. [49]
1999Involvement in NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia over Kosovo
2000British action in saving the UN peacekeeping force from collapse and defeating the anti-government rebellion during the Sierra Leone Civil War
2001 UN-sponsored war against, and subsequent occupation of, Afghanistan
20032007Collaboration with US and others in war against, and occupation of, Iraq; over 46,000 British troops subsequently occupy Basra and southern Iraq
2007ongoingDiplomatic dispute with Russia over the death of Alexander Litvinenko [50]
2009ongoingDispute with Iran over its alleged nuclear weapons programme, including sanctions and Iranian condemnation of the British government, culminating in a 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran
2011Under UN mandate, UK armed forces participated in enforcing the Libyan No-Fly Zone as part of Operation Ellamy [51]
2013Support for French forces in the Malian civil war
2015Support for the US-led coalition against the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
2016 UN and EU implement a deal with Iran intended to prevent the country gaining access to nuclear weapons [52]
2018ongoingSanctions on Russia following the poisoning of Sergei Skripal using a nerve agent in Salisbury, England included the expulsions of 23 diplomats, the largest ever since the Cold War, an act that was retaliated by Russia
2019ongoingThe sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. An advisory ruling by International Court of Justice in The Hague found that "the islands were not lawfully separated from the former colony of Mauritius", [53] a view endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly
2019The UK seized an Iranian oil tanker in the Strait of Gibraltar on the grounds that it was shipping oil to Syria in violation of European Union sanctions. Iran later captured a British oil tanker and its crew members in the Persian Gulf. [54]
2022ongoingThe UK provided support and equipment to Ukraine after its invasion by Russia, which declared the United Kingdom an unfriendly country after the UK strongly supported international sanctions against Russia

Sovereignty disputes

Gibraltar National Day celebrations in 2013 Gibraltar National Day 027 (9719742224) (2).jpg
Gibraltar National Day celebrations in 2013

Commonwealth of Nations

Members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Commonwealth of Nations.svg
Members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

The UK has varied relationships with the countries that make up the Commonwealth of Nations which originated from the British Empire. Charles III of the United Kingdom is Head of the Commonwealth and is King of 15 of its 56 member states. Those that retain the King as head of state are called Commonwealth realms. Over time several countries have been suspended from the Commonwealth for various reasons. Zimbabwe was suspended because of the authoritarian rule of its President. [58]

Diplomatic relations

British diplomatic relations date back to the 13th century. [59] The United Kingdom has established diplomatic relations with all United Nations members, aside from Bhutan, in addition to 3 Non-UN states: the Cook Islands, Holy See, and Kosovo. The following table lists the date from which diplomatic relations were established with foreign countries:

Diplomatic relations of the United Kingdom.svg List of diplomatic relations and dates established
CountryDateRef.
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 9 May 1386 [60]
Flag of France.svg  France 1396 [61]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 2 May 1490 [62]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 1505 [63]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 20 April 1566 [64]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 23 April 1583 [64]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 1 April 1603 [64]
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 23 December 1653 [64]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 30 August 1689 [65]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1 June 1785 [66]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 4 January 1801 [67]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 27 August 1814 [68]
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 4 March 1816 [69]
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 14 September 1823 [70]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 10 October 1823 [71]
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 18 April 1825 [72]
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 12 May 1825 [73]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 26 December 1826 [74]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 17 August 1827 [75]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 1 December 1830 [76]
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 1 January 1833 [77]
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 29 October 1834 [78]
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 30 January 1837 [79]
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 12 July 1837 [80]
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 29 September 1840 [81]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 1841 [82]
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 15 July 1842 [83]
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 28 February 1848 [84]
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 16 June 1849 [85]
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 1 August 1849 [86]
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 6 March 1850 [87]
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 29 January 1853 [88]
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 2 November 1853 [89]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 18 April 1855 [90]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 26 August 1858 [91]
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 22 February 1859 [92]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 13 April 1859 [93]
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 13 May 1859 [94]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 23 July 1879 [95]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 27 November 1879 [96]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 20 February 1880 [97]
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 1883 [98]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 20 May 1902 [99]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 6 November 1905 [100]
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 9 April 1908 [101]
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 19 December 1914 [102]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 28 March 1918 [103]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 15 July 1919 [104]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 3 September 1919 [105]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 22 May 1921 [106]
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 9 November 1921 [107]
Flag of Afghanistan (2013-2021).svg  Afghanistan 22 November 1921 [108]
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 6 December 1922 [109]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 1 July 1926 [110]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 20 May 1927 [111]
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 17 March 1931 [112]
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 4 October 1932 [113]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia March 1936 [114]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand March 1939 [114]
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 8 May 1940 [115]
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 9 February 1942 [116]
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 9 February 1942 [116]
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 17 June 1946 [117]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 4 July 1946 [118]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 22 October 1946 [119]
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 7 July 1947 [120]
Flag of India.svg  India 14 August 1947 [117]
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 14 August 1947 [117]
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 18 January 1949 [121]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 14 May 1949 [117]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 27 December 1949 [122]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 20 June 1951 [123]
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 24 October 1951 [124]
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 24 December 1951 [117]
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 15 May 1952 [125]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 17 June 1954 [126]
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 5 September 1955 [127]
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 3 March 1956 [128]
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 19 June 1956 [117]
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 28 June 1956 [117]
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 6 March 1957 [117]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 31 August 1957 [129]
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 28 May 1959 [130]
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 1 February 1960 [117]
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 27 April 1960 [117]
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 27 June 1960 [131]
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 July 1960 [132]
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 7 July 1960 [133]
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 16 August 1960 [117]
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 20 August 1960 [117]
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 1 October 1960 [134]
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 6 October 1960 [117]
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 6 October 1960 [135]
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 6 October 1960 [135]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 12 October 1960 [136]
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 28 November 1960 [137]
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 9 December 1960 [135]
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 9 December 1960 [135]
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 9 December 1960 [135]
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 9 December 1960 [135]
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 22 March 1961 [117]
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone April 1961 [117]
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 8 November 1961 [117]
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 9 December 1961 [138]
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 1 July 1962 [139]
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 1 July 1962 [117]
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 6 August 1962 [117]
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962 [117]
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 9 October 1962 [140]
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 16 November 1962 [141]
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 23 January 1963 [142]
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 12 December 1963 [143]
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi July 1964 [117]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 21 September 1964 [117]
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 17 October 1964 [117]
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 1 January 1965 [117]
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 26 July 1965 [144]
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 12 November 1965 [145]
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 26 May 1966 [117]
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 30 September 1966 [117]
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 30 November 1966 [146]
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 4 October 1966 [117]
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 12 March 1968 [117]
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 6 September 1968 [147]
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 20 June 1969 [148]
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 4 June 1970 [149]
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa September 1970 [150]
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 10 October 1970 [151]
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 21 May 1971 [149]
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 21 August 1971 [152]
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 6 September 1971 [153]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 [154]
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 18 April 1972 [149]
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 7 July 1973 [149]
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 11 September 1973 [155]
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 7 February 1974 [149]
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 12 March 1975 [149]
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 1 September 1975 [156]
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975 [157]
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 31 March 1976 [158]
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles June 1976 [159]
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 17 May 1977 [160]
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 3 October 1977 [161]
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 14 October 1977 [162]
Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru 1 December 1977 [149]
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 25 January 1978 [149]
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 7 July 1978 [149]
Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu 1 October 1978 [149]
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 13 December 1978 [163]
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 22 February 1979 [149]
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 3 December 1979 [149]
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati 12 July 1979 [149]
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979 [149]
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 [149]
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu 30 July 1980 [149]
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 21 September 1981 [164]
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981 [149]
Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 16 January 1982 [165]
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983 [166]
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 14 March 1984 [167]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia March 1990 [168]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 4 September 1991 [169]
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 5 September 1991 [170]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 5 September 1991 [171]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 10 January 1992 [172]
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 15 January 1992 [173]
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 17 January 1992 [174]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 17 January 1992 [175]
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 19 January 1992 [176]
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 20 January 1992 [177]
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 23 January 1992 [178]
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 27 January 1992 [179]
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands 2 February 1992 [180]
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 18 February 1992 [181]
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 11 March 1992 [182]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 13 April 1992 [183]
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 27 April 1992 [184]
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein May 1992 [185]
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 24 June 1992 [186]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 12 June 1992 [187]
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Federated States of Micronesia 31 August 1992 [188]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 1 January 1993 [189]
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 16 November 1993 [190]
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 16 December 1993 [191]
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 9 March 1994 [192]
Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 16 August 1996 [193]
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands 4 December 1997 [194]
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 18 November 1998 [195]
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 12 December 2000 [196]
Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor 20 May 2002 [197]
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 13 June 2006 [198]
Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 21 September 2007 [199]
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 18 February 2008 [200]
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan 9 July 2011 [201]

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 1962See Foreign relations of Algeria
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 1977See Foreign relations of Angola

The UK established diplomatic relations with Angola on 14 October 1977. [162]

  • Angola maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Angola through its embassy in Luanda. [202]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 1960See Foreign relations of Benin

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [204]

Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 1966See Botswana–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Botswana on 30 September 1966. [117]

The UK governed Botswana from 1885 to 1966, when Botswana achieved independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and the World Trade Organization, as well as the SACUM-UK Economic Partnership Agreement. [207]

Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 1960See Foreign relations of Burkina Faso

The UK established diplomatic relations with Burkina Faso on 6 October 1960, then known as Upper Volta. [135]

  • Burkina Faso does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to Burkina Faso through an embassy. [208]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 1962See Foreign relations of Burundi

The UK established diplomatic relations with Burundi on 1 July 1962. [139]

  • Burundi maintains an embassy in London. [209]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Burundi from its embassy office in Bujumbura. [210]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 1960See Foreign relations of the Central African Republic

The UK established diplomatic relations with the Central African Republic on 9 December 1960. [135]

  • The Central African Republic does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to the Central African Republic through an embassy.

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 1960See Foreign relations of Chad

The UK established diplomatic relations with Chad on 9 December 1960. [135]

  • Chad does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Chad through its embassy in N'Djamena. [211]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 1978See Foreign relations of Djibouti

The UK established diplomatic relations with Djibouti on 25 January 1978. [149]

  • Djibouti does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Djibouti through its embassy in Djibouti. [212]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1960See Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 7 July 1960. [132]

  • The Democratic Republic of the Congo maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from its embassy in Kinshasa. [213]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 1922See Egypt–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 1969See Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea

The UK established diplomatic relations with Equatorial Guinea on 20 June 1969. [148]

  • Equatorial Guinea closed its embassy in London. [214]
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to Equatorial Guinea through an embassy.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [203]

Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 1841See Ethiopia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Ethiopia in 1841. [82]

The UK administered Ethiopia from 1941–1942. The UK continued to administered the regions of Ogaden and Haud from 1941, until both territories were relinquished to Ethiopia in 1948 and 1955 respectively.

Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 1960See Foreign relations of Gabon

The UK established diplomatic relations with Botswana on 9 December 1960. [135]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 1957See Ghana–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Ghana on 6 March 1957. [117]

The UK governed Ghana from 1821 to 1957, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization. Both countries are parties of the Ghana–UK Economic Partnership Agreement. [220]

Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 1959See Foreign relations of Guinea

The UK established diplomatic relations with Guinea on 28 May 1959. [130]

  • Guinea maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Guinea through its embassy in Conakry. [221]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 1975See Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau

The UK established diplomatic relations with Guinea on 12 March 1975. [149]

  • Guinea-Bissau does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to Guinea-Bissau through an embassy. [222]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 1960See Foreign relations of Ivory Coast

The UK established diplomatic relations with Ivory Coast on 12 October 1960. [136]

  • Ivory Coast maintains an embassy in London. [223]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Ivory Coast through its embassy in Abidjan. [224]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Ivory Coast-UK Economic Partnership Agreement [225]

Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 1963See Kenya–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Kenya on 12 December 1963. [143]

The UK governed Kenya from 1895 to 1963, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Kenya-UK Economic Partnership Agreement. [228]

Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 1849See Liberia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Liberia on 1 August 1849. [86]

  • Liberia maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in Monrovia. [229]

The United Kingdom was the first country to recognise the independence of Liberia. [230]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Libya.svg  Libya See Libya–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 1964See Malawi–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 1961See Foreign relations of Mali

The UK established diplomatic relations with Mali on 22 March 1961. [117]

  • Mali does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Mali through its embassy in Bamako. [231]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 1960See Foreign relations of Mauritania

The UK established diplomatic relations with Mauritania on 28 November 1960. [137]

  • Mauritania maintains an embassy in London. [232]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Mauritania through its embassy in Nouakchott. [233]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 1956See Morocco–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Morocco on 28 June 1956. [117]

  • Morocco maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Morocco through its embassy in Rabat. [234]

Bilateral relations between Morocco and the UK date back to the early 1200s. [235]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization. Both countries signed an Association Agreement on 26 October 2019. [236]

Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 1975See Foreign relations of Mozambique
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 1990See Namibia–United Kingdom relations
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 1960See Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo

The UK established diplomatic relations with the Republic of the Congo on 9 December 1960. [135]

  • The Republic of the Congo maintains an embassy in London. [237]
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to the Republic of the Congo through an embassy. [238]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 1962See Rwanda–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Rwanda on 1 July 1962. [117]

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 1979See Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [241]

Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 1960See Foreign relations of Senegal

The UK established diplomatic relations with Senegal on 20 June 1960. [117]

  • Senegal maintains an embassy in London. [242]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Senegal from its embassy in Dakar. [243]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 1961See Foreign relations of Sierra Leone

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [244]

Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 1960See Somalia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Somalia on 7 July 1960. [133]

  • Somalia does not maintain an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Somalia through its embassy in Mogadishu. [245]

The UK governed Somaliland from 1884–1940 and 1941–1960, Somaliland achieved full independence on 26 June 1960. The UK also administered the remaining territory of modern Somalia from 1941–1950, until it became an Italian Trust Territory. Both of these territories unified on the 1 July 1960 to become Somalia.

Flag of Somaliland.svg  Somaliland N/ASee Somaliland–United Kingdom relations

The UK has not established diplomatic relations with Somaliland; the UK does not recognise Somaliland to be a sovereign nation.

  • Somaliland maintains a diplomatic mission in London.
  • The United Kingdom does not have a diplomatic mission in Somaliland.

On 4 July 2023, Gavin Williamson proposed a bill to the UK Parliament that would invoke the UK to recognise the Republic of Somaliland. [246]

The UK governed Somaliland from 1884–1940 and 1941–1960, Somaliland achieved full independence on 26 June 1960. The Republic of Somaliland declared independence from Somalia on 18 May 1991.

Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 1927See South Africa–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 1956See Sudan–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Sudan on 3 March 1956. [128]

The UK governed Sudan from 1899 to 1956, when Sudan achieved full independence. [250]

Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 1964See Tanzania–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 1962See Uganda–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Uganda on 9 October 1962. [140]

The UK governed Uganda from 1894 to 1962, when Uganda achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 1960See United Kingdom–Zambia relations
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 1980See United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. [149]

  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Zimbabwe through its embassy in Harare. [253]
  • Zimbabwe maintains an embassy in London.

Zimbabwe was a possession of the British South Africa Company from 1888 to 1923, until BSAC transferred its administration rights to the British Government. The UK governed Zimbabwe from 1923 to 1980, when Zimbabwe achieved full independence under the Lancaster House Agreement.

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, and the Eastern and Southern Africa-UK Economic Partnership Agreement: a free trade agreement. [254]

Asia

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 1921See Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Afghanistan on 22 November 1921. [108] The UK currently recognises the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan government, over the de facto Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan government, as the legal administrator of the country.

The UK governed Afghanistan from 18791919, until Afghanistan achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 1992See Armenia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Armenia on 20 January 1992. [177]

  • Armenia maintains an embassy in London. [256]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Armenia through its embassy in Yerevan. [257]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 1992See Azerbaijan–United Kingdom relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in London. [258]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Baku. [259]

Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 1971See Bahrain–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Bahrain on 21 August 1971. [152]

  • Bahrain maintains an embassy in London. [260]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Bahrain through its embassy in Manama. [261]

The UK governed Bahrain from 1861 to 1971, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. The UK and the Gulf Cooperation Council, of which Bahrain is a member, are negotiating a free trade agreement.

Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan N/ASee Foreign relations of Bhutan

The UK has not established diplomatic relations with Bhutan; the UK does recognise Bhutan to be a sovereign nation.

  • The UK is accredited to Bhutan through its deputy high commission in Kolkata, India. [262]

Relations between Bhutan and the UK date back to the 18th Century [263]

Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 1984See Brunei–United Kingdom relations

In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, gaining its independence from British rule less than 100 years later in 1984.

The UK and Brunei have a long-standing and strong bilateral relationship, particularly on defence co-operation, trade and education. The UK continues to play a strong role in developing Brunei's oil and gas sector, and the Brunei Investment Agency is a significant investor in the UK, with their largest overseas operations in the City of London. The UK remains the destination of choice for Bruneian students, with about 1,220 of them enrolled in higher education in the UK in 2006–07.

The United Kingdom has a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan, and Brunei has a high commission in London. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 1952See Cambodia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Cambodia on 5 May 1952. [125]

The UK broke off diplomatic relations with Cambodia in 1975, following the Fall of Phnom Penh; diplomatic relations were restored in 1991. [266]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 1954See China–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on 17 June 1954. [126]

The UK governed the territories of Hong Kong, from 1841 to 1941 and 1945 to 1997, as well as Weihaiwei from 1898 to 1930.

Both countries share common membership of the G20, UNSC P5, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 1960See Cyprus–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Cyprus on 16 August 1960. [117]

  • Cyprus has a High Commission in London and honorary consulates in Birmingham, Bristol, Dunblane, Glasgow, Northern Ireland and West Yorkshire. [268]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Cyprus through its High Commission in Nicosia. [269]

Cyprus was ruled by the United Kingdom from 1878, until it achieved independence on 16 August 1960. The UK is a signatory to the Treaty of Guarantee, which maintains that Britain is a "guarantor power" of Cyprus's independence; the UK maintains the two sovereign base areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus. [270]

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 1992See Georgia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Georgia on 27 April 1992. [184]

  • Georgia maintains an embassy in London. [271]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Georgia through its embassy in Tbilisi. [272]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. The two countries also have a free trade agreement. [273]

Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong N/ASee Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations

The UK established modern diplomatic relations with Hong Kong on 1 July 1997.

Hong Kong was a British colony from 1841–1997, apart from a period of Japanese occupation from 1941–1945. Hong Kong's sovereignty was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1997.

Both territories share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of India.svg  India 1947See India–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with India on 14 August 1947. [117]

The UK governed the India from 1858 to 1947, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, G20, and the World Trade Organization. The two countries are currently negotiating a free trade agreement.

Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 1949See Indonesia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Indonesia on 27 December 1949. [122]

Both countries share common membership of the G20, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 1801See Iran–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Iran on 4 January 1801. [67]

Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 1932See Iraq–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Iraq on 4 October 1932. [113]

  • Iraq maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Iraq through its embassy in Baghdad. [280]

The UK governed Iraq from 1921 until 1932, when it achieved full independence.

Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 1948See Israel–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consul in Eilat. [281] Israel has an embassy and a consulate in London. The UK's closest partner in the Middle East is Israel, and Israel's closest partner in Europe is the UK. [282] [283]

Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 1854See Japan–United Kingdom relations

Contact began in 1600 with the arrival of William Adams (Adams the Pilot, Miura Anjin) on the shores of Kyūshū at Usuki in Ōita Prefecture. During the Sakoku period (1641–1853) there were no relations. but with the impact of Industrial Revolution, British thread company launched its business in 1907 and thrived. The treaty of 1854 saw the resumption of ties which, despite the hiatus of the Second World War, remain very strong in the present day.

Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 1992See Kazakhstan–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom opened an embassy in Kazakhstan in October 1992 and Kazakhstan opened an embassy in Britain in February 1996. [284] Kazakhstan's relations with the West have greatly improved in the last few years as the Government has closely cooperated in the United States-led War on Terror. See also Counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan

Britain is the third-largest foreign investor in Kazakhstan with British companies making up 14 per cent of foreign direct investment. Over 100 British companies do business in Kazakhstan. [285]

Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 1992See Kyrgyzstan–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Kyrgyzstan on 12 June 1992. [187]

  • Kyrgyzstan maintains an embassy in London.
  • The UK is accredited to Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Bishkek. [286]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Macau.svg  Macao N/ASee Foreign relations of Macao

There is no British Embassy in Macao. The Consulate-General in Hong Kong develops and maintains relations between the UK and Macao. [287]

Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 1957See Malaysia–United Kingdom relations
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong in a carriage with Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the state visit to London, 1974 QueenYangIf74.jpg
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong in a carriage with Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the state visit to London, 1974

The UK established diplomatic relations with Malaysia on 31 August 1957. [129]

The UK governed the Malaysia from 1826 to 1942 and 1945 to 1957, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, CPTPP, the Five Power Defence Arrangements, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 1965See Foreign relations of the Maldives

The UK established diplomatic relations with the Maldives on 26 July 1965. [144]

  • The Maldives maintains a high commission in London. [290]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to the Maldives through its high commission in Malé. [291]

The UK governed the Maldives from 1796 to 1965, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization. The two countries are currently negotiating a free trade agreement. [292]

Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 1947See Myanmar–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Myanmar on 7 July 1947. [120]

  • Myanmar maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Myanmar through its embassy in Yangon. [293]

The UK governed Myanmar from 1824–1948, aside from a period of Japanese occupation from 1942–1945, it achieved full independence. [294]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 1816See Nepal–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Nepal on 4 March 1816, with the Treaty of Sugauli. [69]

Relations between the UK and Nepal have historically been friendly and there have been close links between the Royal Families. The UK is highly regarded in Nepal as a result of historical ties, development assistance and long-term support in the struggle for democratic peace in Nepal.

Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 2000See North Korea–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with North Korea on 12 December 2000. [196]

Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 1971See Oman–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Oman on 21 May 1971. [149]

  • Oman maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Oman through its embassy in Muscat. [297]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. The UK and the Gulf Cooperation Council, of which Oman is a member, are negotiating a free trade agreement.

Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 1947See Pakistan–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Pakistan on 14 August 1947. [117]

The UK governed Pakistan from 1824 to 1947, as part of the British Raj which also included modern day India and Bangladesh, until it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine N/ASee Palestine–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom maintains a consulate in Jerusalem which handles British relations with the Palestinian Authority. [300] The Foreign and Commonwealth Office states the "Consular district covers Jerusalem (West and East), the West Bank and Gaza. As well as work on the Middle East Peace Process and other political issues, the consulate also promotes trade between the UK and the Occupied Palestinian Territories and manages an extensive programme of aid and development work. The latter is undertaken primarily by the DFID office in Jerusalem.". [300]

The Palestinian Authority is represented in London by Manuel Hassassian, the Palestinian General Delegate to the United Kingdom. [300]

Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1946See Philippines–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with the Philippines on 4 July 1946. [118]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 1971See Qatar–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Qatar on 6 September 1971. [153]

  • Qatar maintains an embassy in London. [302]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Qatar through its embassy in Doha. [303]

The UK governed Qatar from 1916 to 1971, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. The UK and the Gulf Cooperation Council, of which Qatar is a member, are negotiating a free trade agreement.

Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 1927See Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia on 20 May 1927. [111]

  • Saudi Arabia maintains an embassy in London. [304]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Saudi Arabia through its embassy in Riyadh, as well as a consulate general in Jeddah. [305]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. The UK and the Gulf Cooperation Council, of which Saudi Arabia is a member, are negotiating a free trade agreement.

Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 1965See Singapore–United Kingdom relations

Singapore and the United Kingdom share a friendly relationship since Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1959. Singapore retained the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the final court of appeal up till 1989 (fully abolished in 1994) due to political reasons.

Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 1883 [306] See South Korea–United Kingdom relations
  • Formal relations between South Korea and the United Kingdom commenced on the 18 January 1949 [306] although diplomatic ties go back to 1883. [307] British military participation in the Korean War during the 1950s was significant, but relations between the two countries at the time were described as "tenuous", with relatively little known about each other. Commercial and trade relationships grew rapidly during the 1970s. During the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s, the Queen made a state visit to South Korea which was well received at a time of crisis in the country. Today, there are strong economic and diplomatic links between the two countries. [307] The United Kingdom has a visa scheme through which young South Koreans can live and work in the UK for two years. [308] There is a British embassy in Seoul and a South Korean embassy in London. [309] [310]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 1948See Sri Lanka–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 1942See Syria–United Kingdom relations

In 2001, positive relations were developed between Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Syrian government, as part of the War on Terror. Since the 2011 civil war, relations have deteriorated, and the UK was one of the first countries to recognise the opposition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people.

Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan N/ASee Taiwan–United Kingdom relations

The UK has not established formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan; the UK does not recognise Taiwan to be a sovereign nation.

In 1950, the UK switched its recognition from the Republic of China (ROC) to the People’s Republic of China (PRC). [311]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 1992See Foreign relations of Tajikistan

The UK established diplomatic relations with Tajikistan on 15 January 1992. [173]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 1855See Thailand–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Thailand on 18 April 1855. [90]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 1793See Turkey–United Kingdom relations
  • Turkey has an embassy and a consulate general in London. [317] [318]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul, a vice consulate in Antalya and a consulate in Izmir. The United Kingdom has honorary consulates in Adana, Bodrum, Fethiye and Marmaris. [319] [320]

The United Kingdom is the second biggest importer of goods from Turkey, after Germany. Turkey exports around 8 per cent of its total goods to the United Kingdom. [321] Around 1,000,000 Britons take holidays in Turkey every year, while 100,000 Turks travel to the UK for business or pleasure. [322]

The United Kingdom does not recognise the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). The TRNC is only recognised by Turkey. The UK is also a signatory to a treaty with Greece and Turkey concerning the independence of Cyprus, the Treaty of Guarantee, which maintains that Britain is a "guarantor power" of the island's independence. [270] Both countries are members of NATO.

Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 1992See Foreign relations of Turkmenistan

The UK established diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan on 23 January 1992. [178]

  • Turkmenistan maintains an embassy in London. [323]
  • The UK is accredited to Turkmenistan through its embassy in Ashgabat. [324]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE.

Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 1971See United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations
  • The UAE has an embassy in London.
  • The UK maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi and is unique in having another Embassy in Dubai.
  • The UAE-UK relations have been described as a "special relationship".
  • Queen Elizabeth II has visited the UAE 2 times.
  • 100,000 British citizens live in the UAE.
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 1992See United Kingdom–Uzbekistan relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Uzbekistan on 18 February 1992. [181]

  • Turkmenistan maintains an embassy in London. [325]
  • The UK is accredited to Uzbekistan through its embassy in Tashkent. [326]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE.

Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 1973See United Kingdom–Vietnam relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Vietnam on 11 September 1973. [155]

  • The UK is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Hanoi. [327]
  • Vietnam maintains an embassy in London. [328]

The UK occupied Southern Vietnam and Saigon from 1945–1946.

Both countries share common membership of CPTPP, and the World Trade Organization. The UK and Vietnam entered into a strategic partnership agreement in 2010. [329] The UK and Vietnam have a United Kingdom–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement. [330]

Europe

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 1921See Albania–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Albania on 9 November 1921. [107]

  • Albania maintains an embassy in London. [331]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Albania through its embassy in Tirana. [332]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. The two countries also have a free trade agreement. [333]

Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 1994 [334] See Foreign relations of Andorra
  • The United Kingdom's consulate-general in Barcelona handles the United Kingdom's consular activities in Andorra. [335]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 1799See Austria–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 1992See Belarus–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Belarus on 27 January 1992. [179]

  • Belarus maintains an embassy in London. [339]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Belarus through its embassy in Minsk. [340]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE.

Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 1830See Belgium–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Belgium on 1 December 1830. [76]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [343] Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992See Bosnia and Herzegovina–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina on 13 April 1992. [183]

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina maintains an embassy in London. [344]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Bosnia and Herzegovina through its embassy in Sarajevo, and an embassy office in Banja Luka. [345]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, and the OSCE.

Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 1879See Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Bulgaria on 23 June 1879. [95]

  • Bulgaria maintains an embassy in London. [95]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Croatia through its embassy in Sofia. [346]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 1992See Croatia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Croatia on 24 June 1992. [186]

  • Croatia maintains an embassy in London and a consulate in Edinburgh. [347]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Croatia through its embassy in Zagreb, and consulates in Dubrovnik and Split. [348]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 1993See Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations
  • The Czech Republic has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Belfast and Edinburgh. [349] [350]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Prague. [351]

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid a state visit to the Czech Republic in March 1996. [352] Both countries are members of NATO.

Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 1490See Denmark–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Denmark on 2 May 1490. [62]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 1991See Estonia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Estonia on 5 September 1991. [170]

  • Estonia maintains an embassy in London. [170]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Estonia through its embassy in Tallinn. [355]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Europe.svg  European Union N/ASee European Union–United Kingdom relations

The UK was a founding member of the European Union on 1 November 1993; it seceded on 1 January 2021. [356]

Both the EU and the UK share common membership of the G7, G20, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 1919See Finland–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Finland on 28 March 1919. [103]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of France.svg  France 1396See France–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with France in 1396. [61]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, G7, G20, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 1951See Germany–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany on 20 June 1951. [123]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, G7, G20, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 1833See Greece–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Greece on 1 January 1833. [77]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 1982See Holy See–United Kingdom relations

With the English Reformation, diplomatic links between London and the Holy See, which had been established in 1479, were interrupted in 1536 and again, after a brief restoration in 1553, in 1558. Formal diplomatic ties between the United Kingdom and the Holy See were restored in 1914 and raised to ambassadorial level in 1982. [365] [366]

Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1921See also Hungary–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Hungary on 22 May 1921. [106]

  • Hungary maintains an embassy in London and a general consulate in Manchester. [367]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Hungary through its embassy in Budapest. [368]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 1944See Iceland–United Kingdom relations

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and NATO.

Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 1922See Ireland–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Ireland on 6 December 1922. [109]

The UK governed parts of Ireland from the 12th century until 1800, when it was incorporated into the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland achieved full independence on the 6 December 1922. [109]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] Common Travel Area, Council of Europe, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 1859See Italy–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Italy on 13 April 1859. [93]

  • Italy has an embassy in London, a consulate general in Edinburgh and a consulate in Manchester. [374]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Rome, a consulate general in Milan and a consulate in Naples. [375] [376]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, G7, G20, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 2008See Kosovo–United Kingdom relations
  • Kosovo has a Consular Mission in London. [377]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Pristina. [378]

When Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, the United Kingdom became one of the first countries to officially announce recognition of sovereign Kosovo on 18 February 2008. [379] [380] The United Kingdom has had an embassy in Pristina since 5 March 2008. [381] Kosovo has an embassy in London since 1 October 2008.

Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 1991See Foreign relations of Latvia
  • Latvia has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Edinburgh, Northern Ireland, Manchester and Wales. [382]
  • The United Kingdom has embassy in Riga. [383]

Both countries are members of NATO.

Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 1991See Lithuania–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Lithuania on 4 September 1991. [169]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 1879See Foreign relations of Luxembourg

The UK established diplomatic relations with Luxembourg on 27 November 1879. [96]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 1964See Malta–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Malta on 7 September 1964. [117]

The UK governed Malta from 1878 until 1964, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 1992See Moldova–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Moldova on 17 January 1992. [174]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. The UK and Moldova have a bilateral free trade agreement. [391]

Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 2006See Montenegro–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Montenegro on 13 June 2006. [198]

  • Montenegro maintains an embassy in London. [198]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Montenegro through its embassy in Podgorica. [392]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 1603See Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in London and consulates in Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Guernsey, Hamilton, Harwich, Hull, Liverpool, Manchester, Plymouth and Southampton. The Netherlands also has a vice consulate in Dover. [393] [394]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in The Hague and consulates in Amsterdam and Willemstad. [395] [396]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and NATO.

Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 1905See Norway–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Norway on 6 November 1905. [100]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 1919See Poland–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Poland on 15 July 1919. [104]

  • Poland maintains an embassy in London. [104]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Poland through its embassy in Warsaw. [399]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 1386See Portugal–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Portugal on 9 May 1386. [60]

The bilateral relation dates back to the Middle Ages in 1373 with the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 1880See Romania–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Romania on 20 February 1880. [97]

  • Romania maintains an embassy London, and consulate generals in Edinburgh and Manchester. Romania also maintains honorary consulates in Hirwaun, Leeds, Morpeth-Newcastle and Southampton. [402]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Romania through its embassy in Bucharest. [403]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 1553See Russia–United Kingdom relations
  • Russia has an embassy in London and a consulate in Edinburgh. [404] [405]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Moscow and consulate generals in Ekaterinburg and Saint Petersburg. [406] [407]

Spanning nearly five centuries, the relationship has often switched from a state of alliance to rivalry. Both countries were allies during World War I and II. During the Cold War, both countries participated in intense espionage activity against each other. In the early-21st century, especially following the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko in 2006, relations became strained again, and since 2014 have grown more unfriendly due to the Russo-Ukrainian War and to activities by Russia such as the suspected 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, seen as hostile by the UK and by many in the Western world. In the wake of the poisoning, 28 countries expelled suspected Russian spies acting as diplomats. [408]

Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 1899See San Marino–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 1837See Serbia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Serbia on 20 February 1880. [79]

  • Serbia maintains an embassy in London. [411]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Serbia through its embassy in Belgrade. [412]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, and OSCE.

Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 1993See Slovakia–United Kingdom relations

Both countries are members of NATO.

Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 1992See Foreign relations of Slovenia
  • Slovenia has an embassy in London [415]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Ljubljana. [416]

Both countries are members of NATO.

Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 1505See Spain–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Spain on 1505. [63]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1653See Sweden–United Kingdom relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in London as well as consulates general in Edinburgh and Gibraltar. Sweden also has consulates in Guernsey and Jersey as well as honorary consulates in Belfast, Birmingham, Brighton, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Glasgow, Immingham, Lerwick, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Southampton and Stornonway. [418]
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Stockholm and honorary consulates in Gothenburg and Malmö. [419] [420]

Both countries are members of the Council of Europe and NATO.

Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 1689See Switzerland–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Switzerland on 30 August 1689. [65]

  • Switzerland maintains an embassy in London. [421]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Switzerland through its embassy in Bern. [422]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. The two countries have a bilateral free trade agreement. [423]

Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 1991See Ukraine–United Kingdom relations

North America

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 1981See Antigua and Barbuda–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Antigua and Barbuda on 1 November 1981. [149] Both countries are Commonwealth Realms.

The UK governed Antigua and Barbuda from 1632 to 1981, when Antigua and Barbuda achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the UK-CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement. [428]

Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 1966See Barbados–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Barbados on 30 November 1966. [146]

The UK governed Barbados from 1625 to 1966, when Barbados achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the UK–CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement. [428]

Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 1981See Belize–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Belize on 21 September 1981. [164] Both countries are Commonwealth Realms.

The UK governed Belize from 1783 to 1981, when Belize achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [432] Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the UK-CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement. [428]

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 1880See Canada–United Kingdom relations

Both nations enjoy a cooperative and intimate contact; the two countries are related through history, the Commonwealth of Nations, and their sharing of the same Head of State and monarch. [433] Both countries fought together in both World Wars, the Korean War, and more recently cooperate in the coalition in the War in Afghanistan. Both are founding members of NATO, and also belong to the G7 (and the G8). Winston Churchill said Canada was the "linchpin of the English-speaking world", as it connects two other anglophone countries: the US and the UK. These three countries were the first to share the knowledge of the atom bomb with each other, as all three worked on the Manhattan Project together. Despite this shared history, the UK and Canada have grown apart economically. The UK was Canada's largest trade partner in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but is now well down the list. However relations are still strong, with large migration between the two countries, as well as Canada having the highest favourable public opinion of the UK in the world. The UK is currently in the process of acceeding to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, of which Canada is a founding member.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [203]

Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 1902See Cuba–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Cuba on 20 May 1902. [99]

  • Cuba maintains an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Havana. [434]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 1978See Foreign relations of Dominica

The UK established diplomatic relations with Dominica on 13 December 1978. [163]

  • Dominica maintains a high commission in London. [435]
  • United Kingdom is not accredited to Dominica through a high commission; the UK develops relations through its high commission in Bridgetown. [436]

The UK governed Dominica from 1763 to 1978, when Dominica achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the UK–CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement. [428]

Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 1850See Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic

The UK established diplomatic relations with the Domican Republic on 6 March 1850. [87]

The United Kingdom was the first country to recognise the Dominican Republic. [439]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization, as well as the UK–CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement. [428]

Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 1883See Foreign relations of El Salvador

The UK established diplomatic relations with El Salvador in 1883. [98]

  • El Salvador maintains an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in San Salvador. [440]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, and the UK-Central America continuity Trade Agreement. [441]

Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 1974See Grenada–United Kingdom relations
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 1837See Foreign relations of Guatemala

The UK established diplomatic relations with Guatemala on 12 July 1837. [80]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] and the World Trade Organization, as well as the UK–Central America continuity Trade Agreement. [441]

Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 1859See Foreign relations of Haiti

The UK established diplomatic relations with Haiti on 13 May 1859. [94]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 1849See Foreign relations of Honduras

The UK established diplomatic relations with Honduras on 16 June 1849, when Frederick Chatfield was appointed Charge d'Affaires despite being based in Guatemala. [85]

  • Honduras maintains an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom is accredited to Honduras from its embassy in Guatemala City; there is no British embassy in Honduras. [444]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the UK–Central America continuity Trade Agreement. [441]

Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 1824See Mexico–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom was the first country in Europe to recognise Mexico's Independence. [445] The relationship between the two nations began after the Pastry War when the United Kingdom aided Mexico against France. Also, relations improved when Mexico joined the British alongside the Allies to fight the Japanese forces in the Pacific War.

Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 1859See Foreign relations of Nicaragua

The UK established diplomatic relations with Nicaragua on 22 February 1859. [92]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, and the UK-Central America Continuity Trade Agreement. [441]

Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 1904See Foreign relations of Panama
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Panama City. [450]
  • Panama has an embassy in London. [451]
  • The UK and Panama have a strong bilateral relationship.
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 1979See Foreign relations of Saint Lucia

The UK established diplomatic relations with Saint Lucia in 22 February 1979. [149] Both countries are Commonwealth Realms.

The UK governed Saint Lucia from 1803 to 1979, when Saint Lucia achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, the World Trade Organization, and the UK–CARIFORUM Continuity Trade Agreement. [428]

Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United Kingdom relations
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1783See United Kingdom–United States relations
United States President Barack Obama talks to British Prime Minister David Cameron on the South Lawn of the White House, 20 July 2010. Barack Obama and David Cameron on White House South Lawn.jpg
United States President Barack Obama talks to British Prime Minister David Cameron on the South Lawn of the White House, 20 July 2010.

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United States on 1 June 1785. [66] UK-US diplomatic relations is commonly described as the "Special Relationship".

The United States declared its independence from the United Kingdom on 4 July 1776. [66]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] AUKUS, Five Eyes, the G7, the G20, NATO, OECD, OSCE, UKUSA Agreement, the UNSC P5, and the World Trade Organization. Bilateral agreements between the two countries include the US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement, and a proposed free trade agreement.

Oceania

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1936See Australia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Australia in March 1936. [114] Both countries are Commonwealth Realms.

The UK governed Australia from the late 18th century until 1942, when Australia achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of AUKUS, the Commonwealth, CPTPP, Five Eyes, the Five Power Defence Arrangements, the G20, OECD, the UKUSA Agreement, and the World Trade Organization. The two countries have a bilateral free trade agreement.

Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru 1968See Nauru–United Kingdom relations

Nauru was part of the British Western Pacific Territories from September 1914 and June 1921. [457] The British Government had ceased to exercise any direct role in the governance of Nauru by 1968, when the island achieved its independence. The Nauruan government maintains an Hon. Consul, Martin W I Weston. The British High Commission in Suva is responsible for the United Kingdom's bilateral relations with Nauru. [458]

Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1939See New Zealand–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with New Zealand in March 1939. [114] Both countries are Commonwealth Realms.

The UK governed New Zealand from 1840 until 1947, when New Zealand achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, CPTPP, Five Eyes, the Five Power Defence Arrangements, OECD, the UKUSA Agreement, and the World Trade Organization. The two countries have a bilateral free trade agreement.

Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 1975See Papua New Guinea–United Kingdom relations

Papua New Guinea and the United Kingdom share Queen Elizabeth as their head of state. They have had relations since 1975 when Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia.

Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 1978See Foreign relations of Solomon Islands

The UK maintains a British High Commission in Honiara. [460]

Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 1879See Foreign relations of Tonga

The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Tonga established formal mutual diplomatic recognition in 1879. [461] Tonga was then a British protectorate from 1900 to 1970, whereupon diplomatic relations resumed at the level of sovereign states.

South America

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1823See Argentina–United Kingdom relations

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [203]

Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 1827See Brazil–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Brazil on 17 August 1827. [75]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, [203] the G20, and the World Trade Organization.

Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1823See Chile–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Chile on 14 September 1823. [70]

  • Chile maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Chile through its embassy in Santiago. [466]

Both countries share common membership of CPTPP, OECD, and the World Trade Organization. Both countries have a bilateral free trade agreement. [467]

Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 1825See Colombia–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Colombia on 18 April 1825. [72]

Both countries share common membership of the OECD, the World Trade Organization, and the UK-Andean countries free trade agreement. [470]

Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 1853See Foreign relations of Ecuador

The UK established diplomatic relations with Ecuador on 29 January 1853. [88]

  • Ecuador maintains an embassy in London. [471]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Ecuador through its embassy in Quito. [472]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, and the UK-Andean countries free trade agreement. [470]

Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 1966See Foreign relations of Guyana

Formerly known as British Guiana (until 1966), it became the U.K.'s largest Commonwealth realm in South America upon the nation's independence the same year. In 1970, the nation transitioned to republic status through newly laid constitution and today both nations continue relations chiefly through the Commonwealth of Nations. Guyana is roughly the same physical size as the U.K. Due to proximity, Guyana predominately associates and identifies culturally with the close by Commonwealth Caribbean area and takes part in the West Indies Cricket Team as national sport. Ninety per cent of the nation's population of 800 thousand persons live on ten per cent of the nation's mostly coastal area while the nations' interior consists mostly of Amerindians and native rainforests.

  • Guyana has a high commission in London. [473]
  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Georgetown. [474]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [203]

Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 1853See Paraguay–United Kingdom relations

Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 4 March 1853, with the signing of a treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation. A dominant view in Paraguay and significant in all the Southern Cone is that the interests of the British Empire played a considerable role during the Paraguayan War. [475]

Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 1823See Peru–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Peru on 10 October 1823. [71]

  • Peru maintains an embassy in London. [477]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Peru through its embassy in Lima. [478]

Both countries are members of CPTPP, the World Trade Organization, and the UK-Andean Countries Free Trade Agreement. [479]

Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 1976See Foreign relations of Suriname
  • United Kingdom is accredited to Suriname from its embassy in Georgetown, Guyana. [480]
  • Suriname has an embassy in London. [481]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [482]

Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 1825See United Kingdom–Uruguay relations

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact. [203]

Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 1834See United Kingdom–Venezuela relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with Venezuela on 29 October 1834. [78]

  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Venezuela through its embassy in Caracas. [484]
  • Venezuela maintains an embassy in London.

International organisations

The United Kingdom is a member of the following international organisations: [485]

See also

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