Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran

Last updated

Embassy of the United Kingdom
in Tehran
UKinIran.JPG
Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran
Location Tehran, Iran
Address172 Ferdowsi Avenue, Tehran
Coordinates 35°41′47.5″N51°25′06.7″E / 35.696528°N 51.418528°E / 35.696528; 51.418528
Website Official website

The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Tehran is the United Kingdom's diplomatic mission to the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is located at 172 Ferdowsi Avenue in Tehran.

Contents

Following the 2011 attack on the Embassy and the expulsion of the British ambassador by Iran, Britain reduced its diplomatic relations with Iran to "the lowest possible level" and closed its embassy. [1] [2] However, following the election of President Hassan Rouhani, relations improved and both countries appointed non-resident charge d'affaires to conduct bilateral relations between London and Tehran. The embassy reopened in August 2015 and relations were upgraded in 2016, with relations now conducted once again by an ambassador. The current ambassador to Iran is Hugo Shorter. [3]

History

The British Mission in Tehran was first established in 1821 in the Old Bazaar. By the 1860s, the overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions forced the government to look for a more suitable location and the Ferdowsi site was purchased. To supervise the construction of the new Legation Buildings, James Wild, the architect, was commissioned. He was an established architect with experience of the Middle East. The building was finished in June 1876. [4]

Persian Constitutional Revolution

Bast at British Embassy, 1906 BastBritishEmbassy.jpg
Bast at British Embassy, 1906

Most famous of all the historical events associated with the embassy is the great 'bast' (meaning sanctuary) of July/August 1906 when, during the constitutional struggle, some 12–16,000 Tehranis took sanctuary in the compound and by thus paralysing the life of the city, forced Muzaffar-ud-din Shah to issue his celebrated Farman of 5 August 1906 granting the people a constitution and National Assembly. [4]

Iranian Revolution

Following the Islamic revolution in 1979, the British Embassy was placed under the protection of Sweden. In 1981 the name of the street housing the embassy was changed from 'Winston Churchill Street' to 'Bobby Sands Street' after IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands in a deliberate effort to frustrate the embassy staff, in response the entrance was moved to the side of the compound facing Ferdowsi Avenue, allowing the Embassy to change its official address. [5] [6] In 1987, all staff were withdrawn from Tehran following a series of setbacks to relations. In November 1988, the UK's Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe agreed with Iranian Foreign Minister Velayati to resume diplomatic contact. Staff returned in January 1989. [4]

The Satanic Verses controversy

On 14 February 1989, Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa against Salman Rushdie and his publishers. European Community Foreign Ministers agreed to withdraw their heads of mission from Tehran in response. The British Government withdrew all UK-based staff. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait made it desirable to re-establish relations once more, in September 1990. [4]

Mykonos restaurant assassinations

The UK and all other EU countries withdrew their heads of mission in April 1997 when a German court issued a verdict that members of the Iranian intelligence services were responsible for the murder of four Iranian Kurds in Germany in 1992. Heads of mission returned in November 1997 following the election of President Khatami, who showed determination to pursue the establishment of a civil society and the rule of law, and to promote wider international understanding. Britain and Iran jointly upgraded the relationship to ambassadorial status in 1999. [4]

2011 storming

Closed embassy in 2015 UK Embassy in Iran August 2015 01.jpg
Closed embassy in 2015

On 29 November 2011, two compounds of the British embassy in Tehran were stormed by Iranian protesters. The protesters smashed windows, ransacked offices, set fire to government documents, and burned a British flag. [7]

The storming of the British embassy followed from the 2011 joint American-British-Canadian sanctions and the Iranian government's Guardian Council approving a parliamentary bill expelling the British ambassador as a result of those sanctions. A British flag was taken down and replaced by the Iranian flag by the protesters. The British Foreign Office responded by saying "We are outraged by this. It is utterly unacceptable and we condemn it." [8] According to Iranian state news agencies, the protesters were largely composed of young adults. On 30 November 2011, in response to the attack, the UK closed its embassy in Tehran and ordered the Iranian embassy in London closed. [9] In order to continue providing consular assistance to British citizens in Iran, the UK appointed Sweden as a protecting power; [10] Iran similarly appointed Oman as its protecting power in London. [11]

Reestablishment of relations

In July 2013, it was announced that the UK would consider to open better relations with Iran "step-by-step" following the election of President Hassan Rouhani. [12] In November 2013, Iran and the UK agreed to end the protecting power arrangements of Sweden and Oman and appointed non-resident charge d'affaires to conduct bilateral relations between London and Tehran. In June 2014, the UK announced that it intended to reopen its embassy in Tehran once practical arrangements had been completed and predicted that Iran would reopen its embassy in London. [13] In August 2015, the embassy was reopened by Philip Hammond, the British Foreign Secretary. [14] The embassy continued to be managed by a charge d'affaires until 2016, when the then-incumbent Nicholas Hopton was promoted to ambassador. [15]

Arrest of Ambassador

On 11 January 2020, the British Ambassador to Iran Robert Macaire was arrested in Iran before being released shortly after. Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab described the events as a "flagrant violation of international law". [16]

Gholhak Garden

Embassy in 1920 British Embassy in Tehran 1920s.jpg
Embassy in 1920

Gholhak Garden (alternatively Qolhak Garden or Gulhak Garden) is a British diplomatic compound in the northern Tehran neighborhood of Gholhak in Iran, about 4.8 kilometres (3 mi) from the centre of Tehran. The sprawling tree-lined site, bordered by high walls, measures 200,000 square metres (49 acres) and houses British diplomats and their families. The compound is also home to the Tehran War Cemetery. [17] The site has been at the centre of diplomatic controversy between Britain and Iran over ownership and management of the grounds. [17]

The Qajar monarchy gave the land for Gholhak Garden to the United Kingdom in the 19th century during the height of the British Empire for their ambassador to use as a summer residence. [17]

Gholhak Garden is separate from the historic British embassy several miles south in central Tehran, where British ambassadors have now lived for decades. Today, several British diplomats and their families as well as some Iranian embassy staff reside in the Gholhak complex. [17] [18]

The Islamic Republic of Iran, which has had strained relations with the United Kingdom, has on occasion demanded the return of the Gholhak property to Iran.

Gholhak Garden and the British embassy in central Tehran have been subject to periodic anti-Western demonstrations orchestrated by the Iranian government since the defunct American embassy has no longer been the central target after being taken over in 1979 during the Iran hostage crisis. [17]

On 29 November 2011, Iranian protesters stormed the British embassy in downtown Tehran and Gholhak Garden. The incident came amid rising tensions over Iran's nuclear program. The protesters broke into Gholhak and briefly seized six British embassy staff before being released by the Iranian police. Britain expressed outrage at the riots and warned of "serious consequences." [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C.</span> British sovereigns diplomatic mission to the United States of America

The British Embassy, Washington D.C. is the British sovereign's diplomatic mission to the United States of America, representing the interests of the United Kingdom and British Government. It is located at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. The embassy compound includes the chancery offices, as well as the British Ambassador's residence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran–United Kingdom relations</span> Bilateral relations

Iran–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Iran. Iran, which was called Persia by the West before 1935, has had political relations with England since the late Ilkhanate period when King Edward I of England sent Geoffrey of Langley to the Ilkhanid court to seek an alliance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of the United States, Baghdad</span> United States embassy in Iraq

The Embassy of the United States of America in Baghdad is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America in the Republic of Iraq. Chargé d'affaires ad interim Elizabeth Kennedy Trudeau is currently the chief of mission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada–Iran relations</span> Bilateral relations

Canada and Iran have had no formal diplomatic relations since 2012. In the absence of diplomatic representation, Italy acts as the protecting power for Canada in Iran and Switzerland acts as Iran's protecting power in Canada.

Gholhak Garden is a British overseas diplomatic compound in the northern Tehran neighborhood of Gholhak in Iran, about 3 miles (4.8 km) from the centre of Tehran. The sprawling tree-lined site, bordered by high walls, measures 200,000 square metres and houses British diplomats and their families. The compound is also home to the Tehran War Cemetery. The site has been at the centre of diplomatic controversy between Britain and Iran over ownership and management of the grounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran</span>

The 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran was a mob action on 29 November 2011 by a crowd of Iranian protesters who stormed the embassy and another British diplomatic compound in Tehran, Iran, ransacking offices and stealing documents. One small building was set on fire during the incident and several people were injured. The Iranian government publicly condemned the violence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of Ukraine, London</span> Diplomatic mission

The Embassy of Ukraine in London is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in the United Kingdom. Ukraine also maintains a consulate at 78 Kensington Park Road, Notting Hill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of the United Kingdom, Pyongyang</span> Embassy in Pyongyang, North Korea

The British Embassy Pyongyang is the British sovereign's diplomatic mission in Pyongyang, North Korea, that represents the United Kingdom's interests. It is located in the Munsu-dong diplomatic compound, where most of the diplomatic missions to North Korea are located, with the exception of the Russian and Chinese missions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of Iran, London</span> Diplomatic mission of Iran in the United Kingdom

The Embassy of Iran in London is the diplomatic mission of Iran in the United Kingdom. It is located in a terrace overlooking Hyde Park in South Kensington, Westminster, London, next to the embassy of Ethiopia. Iran also maintains a Consular Section at 50 Kensington Court, South Kensington. The embassy building, along with the Ethiopian Embassy and the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, is one of a group of Grade II listed stucco buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of the United States, Mogadishu</span> U.S. diplomatic mission in Mogadishu, Somalia

The Embassy of the United States of America to Somalia is a diplomatic mission of the United States in Mogadishu, Somalia from 1960 to 1991. In 1957, the US opened a consulate-general in Mogadishu—the capital of the Trust Territory of Somalia, a UN trusteeship under Italian administration. The consulate was upgraded to embassy status in July 1960, when the US recognized Somalia's independence and appointed an ambassador. The embassy served to counter Soviet influence during the Cold War and also served as a base for the United States Agency for International Development, which had a large presence in the country. In 1989, the embassy moved from a dilapidated building in central Mogadishu to a new compound on the outskirts of the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing</span> Diplomatic mission

The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Beijing is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in the People's Republic of China. It is one of Britain's largest overseas embassies. It is located at 11 Guanghua Road, in the Chaoyang District. The current British Ambassador to China is Caroline Wilson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</span> Embassy in Tehran, Iran

The Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Tehran is the diplomatic mission of Saudi Arabia in Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</span>

The 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran was a mob action on 2 January 2016 by protesters demonstrating against the execution of prominent Saudi Arabian Shi'a cleric Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr. Mobs stormed the Saudi embassy in Tehran and the Saudi consulate in Mashhad and ransacked them. The embassy building was set on fire with Molotov cocktails and petrol bombs. During the attacks, the police arrived and dispersed protesters from the embassy premises and extinguished the fire.

The Embassy of Sweden in Baghdad is Sweden's diplomatic mission in Iraq. The mission consists of an embassy, a number of Swedes from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and local staff. Ambassador since 2022 is Jessica Svärdström.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahrain–Iran relations</span> Bilateral relations

Bilateral relations exist between the countries of Bahrain and Iran. Since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, relations between the two countries have been strained over various geopolitical issues such as the interpretations of Islam, Awakening of the Islamic world, and relations with the United States, Europe, and other Western countries. In addition, Iran has been severely critical of Bahrain for hosting the United States Fifth Fleet within the Persian Gulf at the Naval Support Activity Bahrain base.

The Embassy of Sweden in Tehran is Sweden's diplomatic mission in Iran. The mission consists of an embassy, a number of Swedes sent by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and local employees. Mathias Otterstedt has been ambassador since 2023.

The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Kabul was the United Kingdom's diplomatic mission to Afghanistan. The British first established a diplomatic mission, a legation, in 1922 after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919. The Viceroy of India George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston ordered that a large and opulent compound be constructed and this was completed in 1927. The legation was withdrawn in the Kabul Airlift as a result of the 1928-29 civil war but was re-established in 1930. The legation became an embassy in 1948 but this was withdrawn in 1989 following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. The embassy compound was handed over to Pakistan in 1994. Following the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan an embassy was re-established at a new site in the Wazir Akbar Khan District. The embassy, on the edge of Kabul's secure zone, was considered vulnerable to attack in 2018 and consideration was given to a new site, but did not proceed. Following the start of the 2021 withdrawal of foreign troops from Afghanistan there has been speculation that the embassy might close.

References

  1. ↑ "British embassy in Tehran reopens four years after closure". BBC. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  2. ↑ "Iran relations 'important' but Hammond urges caution". BBC. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  3. ↑ Shorter, Hugo (November 2024). "Hugo Shorter appointed as HM Ambassador to Iran". The UK Government Website. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Embassy History". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  5. ↑ Britain's embassy in Iran is reopening – but how long will it last this time?, The Guardian , 17 June 2014
  6. ↑ Britain to reopen embassy in Iran on Bobby Sands Street, Belfast Telegraph, 20 August 2015
  7. ↑ "Iran protesters storm UK embassy in Tehran". BBC. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  8. ↑ "Iranian protesters storm British diplomatic compounds". Reuters. 29 November 2011.
  9. ↑ Borger, Julian (30 November 2011). "Britain expels Iranian diplomats and closes Tehran embassy". The Guardian. London.
  10. ↑ "Sweden to be 'protecting power' for UK in Iran". www.thelocal.se. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  11. ↑ "Oman 'looking after Iran interests in UK'". Trade Arabia. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  12. ↑ "Britain says open to better relations with Iran". Tehran Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  13. ↑ "UK for Iranians". Gov.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  14. ↑ "British Foreign Secretary Reopens Embassy in Tehran". Wall Street Journal. Associated Press. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  15. ↑ "UK names first Iran ambassador since 2011". 5 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  16. ↑ "Arrest of Ambassador to Iran: Foreign Secretary statement". GOV.UK. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Michael Theodoulou (22 November 2011). "Iran fines British embassy for 'environmental vandalism' in Tehran compound". The National. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  18. ↑ Robert Tait (17 July 2007). "Iranian militants demand return of British diplomatic compound". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  19. ↑ Robin Pomeroy (29 November 2011). "Iranian protesters storm UK diplomatic compounds". Reuters. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.