Foreign relations of Madagascar

Madagascar has diplomatic relations with many countries, both individual bilateral relations and by virtue of its membership of African and other regional blocs. International aid has been received from the IMF and the World Bank, and a national environmental plan supported by the World Bank and USAID began in 1990.

Regional relations

Madagascar historically has remained outside the mainstream of African affairs, although it is a member of the Indian Ocean Commission, the Organization of African Unity (now renamed the AU), the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Madagascar was admitted to the Southern African Development Community in 2004.

Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Madagascar maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	France	25 June 1960 [1]
2	India	25 June 1960 [2]
3	United States	25 June 1960 [3]
4	Germany	26 June 1960 [4]
5	United Kingdom	27 June 1960 [5]
6	Israel	1 July 1960 [6]
7	Japan	5 July 1960 [7]
8	Panama	20 September 1960 [8]
9	Portugal	September 1960 [9]
10	Norway	27 October 1960 [10]
11	Netherlands	16 March 1961 [11]
12	Switzerland	13 June 1961 [12]
13	Sweden	1961 [13]
14	South Korea	25 June 1962 [14]
15	Pakistan	16 August 1962 [15]
16	Greece	1962 [16]
17	Turkey	30 January 1963 [17]
18	Algeria	15 June 1964 [18]
19	Belgium	15 July 1964 [19]
20	Denmark	1964 [20]
21	Canada	7 January 1965 [21]
22	Spain	25 March 1966 [22]
23	Sierra Leone	5 November 1966 [23]
—	Holy See	24 December 1966 [24]
24	Luxembourg	13 January 1967 [25]
25	Austria	1967 [26]
26	Mauritius	27 August 1968 [27]
27	Romania	10 September 1968 [28]
28	Tunisia	12 March 1969 [29]
29	Egypt	23 February 1970 [30]
30	Serbia	4 June 1971 [31]
31	Nigeria	24 June 1971 [32]
32	Lesotho	7 December 1971 [33]
33	Chile	23 December 1971 [34]
34	Russia	29 September 1972 [35]
35	China	6 November 1972 [36]
36	North Korea	16 November 1972 [37]
37	Vietnam	19 December 1972 [38]
38	Guinea	26 December 1972 [39]
39	Tanzania	28 June 1973 [40]
40	Zambia	13 September 1973 [41]
41	Poland	28 November 1973 [42]
42	Kuwait	6 December 1973 [43]
43	Libya	9 February 1974 [44]
44	Cuba	11 April 1974 [45]
45	Democratic Republic of the Congo	26 July 1974 [46]
46	Australia	22 August 1974 [47]
47	Indonesia	13 December 1974 [48]
48	Mozambique	9 August 1975 [49]
49	Hungary	1 December 1975 [50]
50	Mexico	26 December 1975 [51]
51	Iraq	26 March 1976 [52]
52	Albania	28 April 1976 [53]
53	Czech Republic	5 May 1976 [54]
54	Bulgaria	15 June 1976 [55]
55	Comoros	12 November 1976 [56]
56	Finland	1 June 1977 [57]
57	Yemen	31 December 1977 [57]
—	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (frozen)	29 January 1978 [58]
58	Mongolia	11 May 1979 [57]
59	Laos	27 February 1980 [57]
60	Zimbabwe	19 October 1981 [59]
61	Iran	13 July 1983 [60]
62	Nicaragua	26 October 1984 [57]
63	Seychelles	12 April 1989 [61]
64	Singapore	31 January 1990 [62]
65	Thailand	30 November 1990 [57]
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	1990 [63]
66	Kyrgyzstan	26 March 1992 [64]
67	Kazakhstan	10 April 1992 [65]
68	Estonia	13 April 1992 [66]
69	Brunei	20 October 1992 [57]
70	Azerbaijan	26 May 1993 [67]
71	Belarus	28 May 1993 [68]
72	Moldova	28 May 1993 [69]
73	Ukraine	10 June 1993 [70]
74	Tajikistan	12 June 1993 [71]
75	Armenia	25 June 1993 [72]
76	South Africa	27 January 1994 [73]
77	Morocco	15 April 1994 [74]
78	Malaysia	6 April 1995 [57]
79	Colombia	15 June 1995 [57]
80	Turkmenistan	1 December 1995 [75]
81	Slovakia	16 February 1996 [76]
82	Brazil	7 October 1996 [57]
83	Cambodia	25 March 1997 [57]
84	Djibouti	13 August 1999 [77]
85	Argentina	20 July 2001 [57]
86	Sri Lanka	27 July 2001 [78]
87	Senegal	12 August 2002 [79] [80]
88	North Macedonia	18 October 2002 [57]
89	Burkina Faso	14 October 2002 [80]
90	Mali	1 August 2003 [80]
91	Cape Verde	9 October 2003 [80]
92	Gambia	20 July 2004 [81] [80]
93	Namibia	13 July 2005 [82]
94	Botswana	August 2005 [83]
95	Iceland	22 September 2006 [57]
96	Croatia	27 September 2006 [84]
97	Slovenia	5 October 2006 [57]
98	Georgia	24 May 2007 [57]
99	Saudi Arabia	22 October 2008 [85]
100	Venezuela	17 November 2008 [57]
101	Republic of the Congo	17 September 2014 [86]
102	Togo	25 March 2015 [87]
103	Sudan	15 April 2015 [88]
104	Eswatini	21 October 2015 [89] [90]
105	Mauritania	11 November 2015 [91]
106	Niger	13 January 2016 [92]
107	Oman	29 June 2016 [57]
108	United Arab Emirates	22 September 2016 [57]
109	Lebanon	5 May 2017 [93]
110	Eritrea	12 April 2017 [94]
111	Lithuania	19 September 2017 [95]
112	Rwanda	17 January 2018 [96]
113	Andorra	25 September 2018 [57]
114	Latvia	26 September 2018 [57]
115	Nepal	26 September 2018 [57]
116	Bangladesh	4 March 2020 [97]
117	Monaco	11 December 2020 [98]
118	Malta	22 September 2021 [57]
119	Qatar	24 September 2021 [57]
120	Dominican Republic	23 September 2022 [57]
121	Bahrain	23 September 2022 [57]
122	San Marino	1 February 2023 [57]
123	Ireland	6 March 2024 [99]
124	Angola	8 July 2024 [100]
125	Guinea-Bissau	30 July 2024 [101]
126	Ghana	24 September 2024 [102]
127	Burundi	26 September 2024 [103]
128	Benin	Unknown
129	Cameroon	Unknown
130	Chad	Unknown
131	Cyprus	Unknown
132	Ecuador	Unknown
133	Equatorial Guinea	Unknown
134	Ethiopia	Unknown
135	Gabon	Unknown
136	Italy	Unknown
137	Ivory Coast	Unknown
138	Kenya	Unknown
139	Liberia	Unknown
140	Malawi	Unknown
141	Philippines	Unknown [104]
142	Somalia [105]	Unknown
143	Uganda	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Active diplomatic relationships are maintained with Europe, especially the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland, as well as with Russia, Japan, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Egypt and China. Madagascar also maintains good relations with the United States.

International agencies being present in the country allows to react quickly to emergencies such as a food crisis. ^[106]

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Kenya	13 September 1973	Kenya is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique. Madagascar is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Mauritius	27 August 1968	See Madagascar–Mauritius relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1968 [107] Madagascar has an embassy in Port Louis. Mauritius has an embassy in Antananarivo.
Morocco	15 April 1994	See Madagascar–Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1994 [108] Madagascar is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal. Morocco has an embassy in Antananarivo.
Mozambique	9 August 1975	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975 [109] Madagascar is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. Mozambique is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
Namibia	13 July 2005	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2005 when has been accredited ambassador of Madagascar to Namibia with residence in Pretoria Mr. Yvan Randriasandratriniony. [110] Madagascar is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. Namibia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Nigeria	24 June 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1971 [111] Madagascar is accredited to Nigeria from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Nigeria is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.
Senegal	12 August 2002	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2002 [112] Madagascar has an embassy in Dakar. Senegal is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
South Africa	27 January 1994	See Madagascar–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1994. [113] South Africa and Madagascar share maritime borders with each other. Madagascar has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town. [114] South Africa has an embassy in Antananarivo. [115]
Tanzania	28 June 1973	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1973 [116] Madagascar is accredited to Tanzania from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. Tanzania is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina	20 July 2001	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2001 [117] Argentina is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
Brazil	7 October 1996	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1996 [118] Brazil is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique. Madagascar is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Canada	7 January 1965	See Canada–Madagascar relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965 [119] Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa. [120] Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa. [121]
Colombia	15 June 1995	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1995 [122] Colombia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. [123] Madagascar is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Cuba	11 April 1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1974 [124] Cuba is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Madagascar is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada.
Mexico	26 December 1975 [125]	Madagascar is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City. [126] Mexico is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo. [127]
United States	26 June 1960 [128]	See Madagascar–United States relations Relations between the United States and Madagascar date to the middle 19th century. The two countries concluded a commercial convention in 1867 and a treaty of peace, friendship, and commerce in 1881. Traditionally warm relations suffered considerably during the 1970s, when Madagascar expelled the U.S. ambassador, the USA closed a NASA tracking station, allied with the USSR, and nationalized two U.S. oil companies. In 1980, relations at the ambassadorial level were restored. Throughout the troubled period, commercial and cultural relations remained active. In 1990, Madagascar was designated as a priority aid recipient, and assistance increased from $15 million in 1989 to $40 million in 1993. Recent U.S. assistance has contributed to a population census and family planning programs; conservation of Madagascar's remarkable biodiversity, private sector development, agriculture, democracy and governance initiatives; and media training. Madagascar became the first country with a Millennium Challenge Account compact when it signed an agreement worth $110 million in April 2006. The Ravalomanana government is especially positive about ties with the United States. Madagascar has an embassy in Washington, DC. [129] United States has an embassy in Antananarivo. [130]  This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State. [131] [132]

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
China	6 November 1972	See China-Madagascar relations China and Madagascar established diplomatic relations on November 6, 1972. [133] China has an embassy in Antananarivo and a consulate-general in Toamasina. [134] Madagascar has an embassy in Beijing. [135]
India	27 June 1960	See India–Madagascar relations India has had maritime links with Madagascar for several centuries. [136] India opened a consulate general in Antananarivo in 1954. Upon Madagascar gaining independence in 1960, it was upgraded to an embassy. [136] There are about 20,000 persons of Indian origin in Madagascar, including approximately 2,500 Indian passport holders. [137] India has an embassy in Antananarivo. [138] Madagascar has an embassy in New Delhi. [139]
Indonesia	13 December 1974 [140]	See Indonesia–Madagascar relations Indonesia has an embassy in Antananarivo. Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Indonesia.
Israel		The two countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force. [141] Israel does not have an accreditation to Madagascar. Madagascar is accredited to Israel from its embassy in Paris, France.
Japan	March 1962	The two countries established diplomatic relations on July 5, 1960. [142] Japan has an embassy in Antananarivo. Madagascar has an embassy in Tokyo.
Saudi Arabia	22 October 2008	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 2008 [143] Madagascar has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
South Korea	25 June 1962, [144] broke off diplomatic relations in July 1972, Restored 19 May 1993	Madagascar is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan. South Korea has an embassy in Antananarivo.
Turkey	30 January 1963	See Madagascar–Turkey relations Madagascar is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Rome, Italy. [145] Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo. [145] Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Malagasy exports/imports: 5.2/71.3 million USD). [145]
Vietnam	19 December 1972	The two countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1972. [146] Madagascar is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China. Vietnam is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Croatia	27 September 2006	The two countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2006. [147] Croatia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Croatia.
Cyprus		Cyprus is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa. [148] and an honorary consulate in Antananarivo. [149] Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Cyprus.
Denmark	1964 [20]	Denmark is represented in Madagascar, through its embassy in Pretoria. [150] Denmark have a consulate in Antananarivo. [150]
France	25 June 1960	See France–Madagascar relations both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1960. France has an embassy in Antananarivo. [151] Madagascar has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Marseille and Saint-Denis. [152]
Germany	26 June 1960	See Germany–Madagascar relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1960 [153] Germany has an embassy in Antananarivo. Madagascar has an embassy in Berlin.
Greece	1962	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 [154] Greece is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. [155] Madagascar is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy. [155]
Holy See	24 December 1966 [156]	Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Antananarivo. Madagascar is accredited to the Holy See from its embassy in Paris, France.
Iceland	22 September 2006	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2006 [157] Iceland is accredited to Madagascar from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík. Madagascar is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Norway	27 October 1960	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1960 [158] Madagascar is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Norway has an embassy in Antananarivo.
Poland	28 November 1973	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1973 [159] Madagascar is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia. Poland is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.
Romania	10 September 1968	The two countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1968. [160] Madagascar is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Rome, Italy. Romania is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Russia	29 September 1972	See Madagascar–Russia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1972. [161] During the 2009 Malagasy political crisis, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that Russia is "concerned by the increased frequency of attempts on the African continent to resort to non-constitutional methods of solving internal political problems." He went on to say that, in addition to increasing economic and social problems, the use of force is of concern and runs counter to democratic principles, whilst affirming Russia's support of the African Union's position. [162] Madagascar has an embassy in Moscow. [163] Russia has an embassy in Antananarivo. [164]
Serbia	9 December 1969	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1969. [165] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between the two countries. [166] Madagascar is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy. Serbia is accredited to Madagascar from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
Spain	25 March 1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1966 [167] Madagascar is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Switzerland	13 June 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1961 [168] Madagascar has an embassy in Geneva. Switzerland has an embassy in Antananarivo.

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Madagascar
• List of diplomatic missions of Madagascar
• Visa policy of Madagascar

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External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar Archived 2019-12-21 at the Wayback Machine (French)