Foreign relations of Mali

Last updated

A Malian Visa Visa Mali.jpg
A Malian Visa

Following independence in 1960, Mali initially followed a socialist path and was aligned ideologically with the communist bloc. Mali's foreign policy orientation became increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time. Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 1992, Mali's relations with the West in general and the United States in particular have improved significantly. U.S.-Malian relations are described by the U.S. Department of State as "excellent and expanding," especially given Mali's recent record of democratic stability in the volatile area of West Africa and its avowed support of the war on terrorism. Mali is reported to be one of the largest recipients of U.S. aid in Africa. [1]

Contents

Mali is active in regional organizations such as the African Union (AU). Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, is one of Mali's major foreign policy goals. Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are often uneasy. General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border banditry and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional regions. [1]

Although Azawad, a region spanning the expansive north of Mali, was proclaimed independent in April 2012 by Tuareg rebels, Mali has not recognised the de facto state. [2] Britain has closed its embassy; ECOWAS has declared an embargo against Mali, aiming to squeeze out Malian oil supplies; closed Mali's assets in the ECOWAS regional bank and has prepared a potential intervention force of 3,000 troops. France has declared it will assist in a potential intervention. [3]

Multilateral membership

Mali is a member of the United Nations (and many of its specialized agencies), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It also belongs to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU); Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC); Non-Aligned Movement (NAM); an associate member of the European Community (EC); and African Development Bank (ADB).

Mali is active in regional organizations. It participates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic Monetary Union (UEMOA) for regional economic integration; Liptako–Gourma Authority, which seeks to develop the contiguous areas of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso; the Niger River Commission; the Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel (CILSS); and the Senegal River Valley Development Organization (OMVS).

Historically, Mali has used these organizations to leverage the promotion of regional peacekeeping efforts. One of the largest issues facing the country is security threats from extremist groups and consequential political unrest. One of the most prominent examples of this is Mali's former membership the G5 Sahel with the fellow member states Burkina Faso (formerly), Chad, Mauritania, and Niger (formerly). The Sahel was originally formed on 16 February 2014, with the main objective of encouraging security and development. This partnership is historically significant due to the group's shared colonizer, France. In its first year of existence, the organization formed a legal framework for strategic intervention and a secretariat located in Nouakchott, Mauritania. [4] The framework was titled the Development and Security Strategy (SDS). In 2017, the G5 Sahel Joint Force was created and funded through the Priority Investment Program (PIP), aiming to reduce violence and create more stability in the region. In a December 2018 coordination conference, $2.6 billion was pledged from foreign nations including the United States, European Union, Saudi Arabia, and China. American and French financial support is suspected to be, in part, a result of their consequentially lowered troop commitment in the region. This military collective targets organized crime and religious extremists specifically with cross-border operations. In addition to military-centered approaches, Mali and Niger have implemented Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration, or DDR, programs while Mauritania and Burkina Faso have not. DDR is an approach that removes weapons, breaks up crime organizations, and reintegrates combatants into civilian life or state-sanctioned armed forces. Although more costly and time-intensive, DDR has proven to be more sustainable than other stabilization approaches over time. [5] The G5 Sahel has been weakening in the most recent years, with many forces from the European Union pulling their troops to concentrate their efforts on the ongoing Ukrainian conflict. [6] However, to compensate, the Sahel member states have reported on plans to expand the size of their force from six to fourteen battalions. [7] Biannual reports from the Sahel have revealed that the efforts have become increasingly dire with high humanitarian needs and large terrorist activity with large resource and land occupation. [8] This eventually lead to its withdrawal on 15 May 2022. [9]

As seen with the G5-Sahel, Mali has not been a particularly active or compliant member of these organizations as a result of their ongoing political unrest. Despite some early successful peacekeeping initiatives by ECOWAS and the AU, their most recent joint policies are facing challenges of limited institutional capacity, low enforcement, and inexplicit language surrounding its implementation. [10] ECOWAS was originally founded to promote economic development across its 15 West African member states, but also works to promote political institutions and stability. Recently, it promised to end the unconstitutional takeover of political power in member states, [11] but Mali has since developed new policies to distance themselves from the organization and limit its reach. [12]

The UN has also attempted many peacekeeping missions focusing on political unrest, economic objectives, and women's rights throughout Mali's history. The most notable effort began with the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) in 2013. In 2022, Mali restricted United Nations peacekeeping operations through their security council [13] and, in June 2023, asked for them to be removed. Although this program is being dissolved, some UN presence will remain in Mali. This effort kept about 15,000 soldiers and police personnel in Mali throughout the project's decade, but has recently been threatened by nearby territorial conflicts. It is also rumored that this removal may be the result of some strategic differences. [14] Since the AU's creation in 2002, there have been some difficulties aligning it with the UN. Generally, the AU prioritizes short-term solutions over long-term, which is opposite to the UN. This disagreement has contributed to arguments about jurisdiction and the correct approach to security efforts. [15]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Mali maintains diplomatic relations with:

Diplomatic relations of Mali.svg
#CountryDate
1Flag of France.svg  France 20 August 1960 [16]
2Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 23 September 1960 [17]
3Flag of the United States.svg  United States 24 September 1960 [18]
4Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 14 October 1960 [19]
5Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 14 October 1960 [20]
6Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 14 October 1960 [21]
7Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 17 October 1960 [22]
8Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 23 October 1960 [23]
9Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 25 October 1960 [24]
10Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 31 October 1960 [25]
11Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 4 November 1960 [26]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel (suspended)27 November 1960 [27]
12Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 1 December 1960 [28]
13Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 30 December 1960 [29]
14Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 10 January 1961 [30]
15Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 10 January 1961 [30]
16Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 25 January 1961 [31]
17Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 3 March 1961 [32]
18Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 12 March 1961 [33]
19Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 15 March 1961 [34]
20Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 18 March 1961 [35]
21Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 12 May 1961 [36]
22Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 26 May 1961 [37]
23Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 29 August 1961 [38]
24Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 9 October 1961 [39]
25Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 23 November 1961 [40] [41]
26Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 18 January 1962 [42]
27Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 24 January 1962 [43]
28Flag of India.svg  India 24 January 1962 [44]
29Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 16 April 1962 [45]
30Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 27 April 1962 [46]
31Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 1 August 1962 [47]
32Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 1 August 1962 [48]
33Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 19 August 1962 [49]
34Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 21 August 1962 [50]
35Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 13 October 1962 [51] [52]
36Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 1962 [53]
37Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 1962 [54]
38Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 7 January 1963 [55]
39Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 20 February 1963 [56]
40Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 17 April 1963 [57]
41Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 22 June 1963 [58]
42Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 3 July 1963 [59]
43Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 22 July 1963 [60]
44Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 1 August 1963 [61]
45Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 5 September 1963 [62]
46Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 30 October 1963 [63]
47Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 1963 [64]
48Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 1963 [65]
49Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 1963 [66]
50Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 23 March 1964 [67]
51Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 11 July 1964 [68]
52Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 20 August 1964 [69]
53Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 8 September 1964 [70]
54Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 4 November 1964 [71]
55Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 4 November 1964 [71]
56Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 4 November 1964 [71]
57Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 24 November 1964 [72]
58Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 29 November 1964 [73]
59Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 25 January 1965 [74]
60Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 9 February 1965 [75]
61Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 21 June 1965 [76]
62Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 27 August 1965 [77]
63Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 15 December 1965 [78]
64Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 15 January 1966 [79]
65Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 1968 [80]
66Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 1969 [81]
67Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 21 February 1970 [82]
68Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 25 June 1971 [83]
69Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 17 November 1972 [84]
70Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 1972 [85]
71Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 10 April 1973 [86]
72Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 12 April 1975 [87]
73Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 31 October 1976 [88]
74Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 17 December 1976 [89]
75Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 24 December 1976 [90]
76Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 1976 [91]
77Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 2 January 1977 [92]
78Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 23 March 1977 [93]
79Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 6 June 1977 [94]
80Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 17 June 1977 [95]
81Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 1977 [96]
82Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 2 March 1979 [97]
83Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen April 1979 [98]
Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 29 October 1979 [99]
84Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 1979 [100]
85Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 1979 [101]
86Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 5 September 1980 [102]
87Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 16 October 1980 [103]
88Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 8 December 1980 [104]
89Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 1980 [105]
90Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 18 August 1981 [106]
91Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 15 September 1981 [107]
92Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 30 September 1981 [108]
93Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 21 August 1982 [109]
94Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 6 March 1983 [110]
95Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 15 March 1984 [111]
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1986 [112]
96Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 6 January 1987 [113]
97Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 2 October 1987 [114]
98Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 25 April 1988 [115]
99Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 29 September 1988 [116]
100Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 29 August 1989 [117]
101Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 26 January 1990 [118]
102Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 27 September 1990 [119]
103Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 5 November 1992 [120]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine (severed) [121] 5 November 1992 [122]
104Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 13 November 1992 [123]
105Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 16 November 1992 [124]
106Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 26 November 1992 [125]
107Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 26 November 1992 [126]
108Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 3 December 1992 [127]
109Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 12 February 1993 [128]
110Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 27 July 1993 [129]
111Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 15 October 1993 [130]
112Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 3 November 1993 [131]
113Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 4 November 1993 [132]
114Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 21 February 1994 [133]
115Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 6 May 1994 [134]
116Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 December 1994 [135]
117Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 21 November 1995 [136]
118Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 26 November 1996 [137]
119Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 13 February 1997 [138]
120Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 16 July 1998 [139]
121Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles April 2001 [140]
122Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 13 September 2001 [141]
123Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 28 October 2002 [142]
124Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 2002 [143]
125Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 1 August 2003 [144]
126Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 1 December 2003 [145]
127Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 17 December 2003 [146]
128Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 23 July 2004 [147]
129Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 27 September 2004 [148]
130Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 27 October 2004 [149]
131Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 18 August 2005 [150]
132Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 23 March 2006 [151]
133Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 7 July 2006 [152]
134Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 15 September 2006 [153]
135Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 5 June 2007 [154]
136Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11 June 2007 [155]
137Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 19 November 2009 [156]
138Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 25 June 2010 [157]
139Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 13 July 2011 [158]
140Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 19 January 2012 [159]
141Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 26 January 2012 [160]
142Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 16 February 2012 [161]
143Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 10 May 2012 [162]
144Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 31 May 2012 [163]
145Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 12 November 2012 [164]
146Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 23 September 2014 [165]
147Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 17 April 2015 [166]
148Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 16 February 2016 [167]
149Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 22 July 2021 [168]
150Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 2 August 2023 [169]
151Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 26 June 2024 [170]
152Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei Unknown
153Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini Unknown
154Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Unknown [171]
Flag of Palestine.svg  State of Palestine Unknown
155Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown
156Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay Unknown

Bilateral relations

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 22 July 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1963. [60]

During the Tuareg rebellion of 2012, the Algerian consulate was seized by at least two people wearing explosives belts. Seven hostages were taken, including the consul. In regards to Azawad's UDI, Algeria's Prime Minister has declared it would never "accept questioning Mali's territorial integrity" Algeria has planned to co-ordinate with MNLA to work towards freeing the hostages.

Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 26 November 1996
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1996 [137]
  • The Azerbaijani embassy in Rabat is accredited to Mali. [172]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 1 August 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1963 when M. Gerard Walravens, first Ambassador of Belgium to Mali, resident in Abidjan, presented his letters of credentials to President Modibo Keita. [61]
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 27 August 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1965 when first ambassador of Mali to Dahomey (resident in Niamey) Mr. Hangadoumbo Toure presented his credentials. [77]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 24 January 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1962. [43]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Brasília.
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 7 January 1963See Canada–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1963 [55]

Mali established its embassy in Canada in 1978, with its first appointed ambassador Zana Ousmane Dao, [173] while Canada's embassy in Mali has been open since 1995. [174] Canada has moved from Mali's sixth-largest donor of bilateral official development assistance in 2000 to third-largest in 2007. [175] The value of Canada's exports of goods to Mali exceeded imports from Mali by Cdn.$22m. between 1990 and 2008. [176] Natural Resources Canada estimated that Canadian mining investment in Mali reached Cdn.$500 million in 2009, [177] and in 2005, 73 mining concessions were held by Canadian firms in Mali. [178]

  • Canada has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Ottawa.
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 25 October 1960See China–Mali relations

China established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Mali on 25 October 1960 [24]

  • China has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Beijing. [179]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 30 December 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1960 [29]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Havana.
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 26 January 1990Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1990 when first Ambassador of Mali to Cyprus Mr. Sinally Coulibaly presented his credentials [118]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 23 March 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1964 when first Ambassador of the Republic of Mali, Mr. Modibo Diallo, has presented his credentials to Emperor Haile Selassie [67]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 18 August 2005See Finland–Mali relations
Flag of France.svg  France 20 August 1960

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1960 [16]

Mali has a longstanding relationship with France, its former colonial ruler, but relations have been described as ambivalent rather than close. Mali dropped out of the Franc Zone shortly after independence, not rejoining until 1967. One contentious issue between the two nations is the frequent expulsion of illegal Malian immigrants from France since 1996. [1]

However, France has played a significant part in helping Mali via military support in the Northern Mali conflict, with soldiers of the two nations' armies working together to take back territory from the rebels. [180] This military intervention, named Operation Barkhane, had the main objectives of strengthening Mali's armed forces and counterrorism efforts which began in 2013. [181] It was meant to bring stability to the state's institutions but, ultimately, helped to enable the 2020 military-led coup d'état. [182] In 2022, Mali expelled the last 2,400 troops of the advanced French military services due to increased violence and worsening conditions following the 2021 coup. [183] This marked a shift in relations between the two countries but appears to have not threatened other forms of support, such as financial aid. France has historically lent significant funding to Mali, most notably starting in December 2018 during the G-5 Sahel's Joint Force's Priority Investment Program (PIP) conference. This funding was meant to boost security efforts with the G5 Sahel, raising US$2.6 billion in pledges for the region from international donors. [5] Since the dismantling of the Sahel, it is unclear if and how these funds have been distributed. France also donated US$128 million between 2020–2021 to Mali through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC). [184]

  • France has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Paris.
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 25 June 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1971 when Gambia's first Ambassador to Mali, Mr. Samuel Jonathan Okiki Sarr, presented his credentials to the Head of States, Lieut. Traore. [83]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 23 September 1960See Germany–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1960 [17]

Flag of India.svg  India 24 January 1962See India–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1962. [44]

Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 21 June 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1965 when M. Souraedi Tashi, Indonesia's first Ambassador to Mali, presented his credentials to President Modibo Keita. [76]
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 17 November 1972See Libya-Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1972 when the first Libyan Ambassador to Mali, Muhammad Ahmad Mograhi, presented his credentials to President Mousa Traore. [84]

  • Libya has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Tripoli.
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 1963See Mali–Mauritania relations

Since Mauritania negotiated a boundary dispute with Mali in 1963, ties between the two countries have been mostly cordial. Mali and Mauritania have cooperated on several development projects, such as the OMVS and a plan to improve roads between Nouakchott and Bamako. This cooperation somewhat lessened Mali's dependence on Senegal and Ivory Coast. Although relations were warm with other black African states, since 1965 the orientation of Mauritania's foreign policy has been geared towards relations with North African countries. [189]

  • Mali has an embassy in Nouakchott.
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Bamako.
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 23 March 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1977 [93]
  • Mali is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C.. [190]
  • Mexico is accredited to Mali from its embassy in Rabat and has an honorary consulate in Bamako. [191]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 27 October 2004Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 2004 when has been accredited non-resident Ambassador of Mali to Namibia Mr. Sinally Coulibaly. [149]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 11 July 1964See Mali–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1964 when has been accredited Ambassador of the Netherlands to Mali with residence in Dakar. [68]

Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 6 March 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1983 when first Mali Ambassador to New Zealand (resident in Peking), Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials to the Governor-General [110]
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 1963
  • Mali is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 12 May 1961See Mali–Poland relations
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 14 October 1960See Mali–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960 [21]

Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 6 January 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 January 1987 when ambassador Moktar Kounta El Bakaye presented his credentials to president Juvénal Habyarimana. [113]
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 27 September 1990

Both countries estadlished diplomatic relations on 27 September 1990 [119]

  • Mali is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Beijing, China.
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 20 August 1964See Mali–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1964. [69]

  • Mali has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Bamako.
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 25 January 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1965, when the first Swedish ambassador to Mali with residence in Abidjan, Karl Henrik Anderson, presented his letters of credentials. [74] In January 2024, the Swedish government suspended humanitarian aid to Mali due to the pro-Russian policies adopted by the military government of Assimi Goïta. [192]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 17 April 1963
  • Mali has an embassy in Ankara. [193]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bamako. [193]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$57 million in 2019 (Mali's exports/imports: 8.6/48.4 million USD). [193]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 5 November 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1992. [122]

In August 2024, the Malian military government severed diplomatic relations with Ukraine following the Battle of Tinzaouaten. [121]

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 15 March 1961See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 15 March 1961 [34]

  • Mali does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Mali through its embassy in Bamako. [194]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 24 September 1960See Mali–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1960 [18]

The bilateral agenda is dominated by efforts to increase broad-based growth, improve health and educational facilities, promote the sustainable use of natural resources, reduce the population growth rate, counter the spread of highly infectious diseases, encourage regional stability, build peacekeeping capabilities, institutionalize respect for human rights, and strengthen democratic institutions in offering good governance. Mali currently is a small market for U.S. trade and investment, but there is potential for considerable growth as its economy expands. [195]

The majority of Mali-US relations and support is centered around military efforts in the form of intelligence, equipment, and financial aid valuing over $588 million, which began in 2017. [196] From 2020 to 2021, US$205 million was also donated in aid through OECD-DAC. [197] This pledged support was announced as conditional on Mali's ability to uphold elections on an agreed timeframe. Although this election timeframe has not been upheld, USAID is currently giving to the distinct initiatives of Agriculture and Economic Growth, Education, Health, Humanitarian Assistance, Multi-Sectoral Nutrition, and Peace, Democracy, and Governance (PDG) Programs. [198] The most recent coups, expulsion of foreign troops, and rejection of intergovernmental foreign aid has made these programs less stable, but has not slowed donations or halted the US support.

Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 2 October 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Mali to Zambia (resident in Cairo) Elbekaye Moctar Kounta. [114]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Burkina Faso</span>

Burkina Faso has good relations with the European Union, African and certain Asian countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Burundi</span>

Burundi's relations with its neighbours have often been affected by security concerns. Hundreds of thousands of Burundian refugees have at various times crossed to neighboring Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Hundreds of thousands of Burundians are in neighboring countries as a result of the ongoing civil war. Most of them, more than 340,000 since 1993, are in Tanzania. Some Burundian rebel groups have used neighboring countries as bases for insurgent activities. The 1993 embargo placed on Burundi by regional states hurt diplomatic relations with its neighbors; relations have improved since the 1999 suspension of these sanctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Cameroon</span>

Cameroon's noncontentious, low-profile approach to foreign relations puts it squarely in the middle of other African and developing country states on major issues. It supports the principles of non-interference in the affairs of third world countries and increased assistance to underdeveloped countries. Cameroon is an active participant in the United Nations, where its voting record demonstrates its commitment to causes that include international peacekeeping, the rule of law, environmental protection, and Third World economic development. In the UN and other human rights fora, Cameroon's non-confrontational approach has generally led it to avoid criticizing other countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of the Central African Republic</span>

President François Bozizé has said that one of his priorities is to get the support of the international community. This has indeed been visible in his relations to donor countries and international organisations. At the same time it is difficult to have an open policy towards neighbouring countries when they are used as safe haven by rebels regularly attacking Central African Republic (C.A.R.), or when one allied country is in war with another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of the Comoros</span>

In November 1975, Comoros became the 143rd member of the United Nations. The new nation was defined as consisting of the entire archipelago, despite the fact that France maintains control over Mayotte.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Gabon</span>

Gabon has followed a non-aligned policy, advocating dialogue in international affairs and recognizing both parts of divided countries. Since 1973, the number of countries establishing diplomatic relations with Gabon has doubled. In inter-African affairs, Gabon espouses development by evolution rather than revolution and favors regulated free enterprise as the system most likely to promote rapid economic growth. Concerned about stability in Central Africa and the potential for intervention, Gabon has been directly involved with mediation efforts in Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Angola, and former Zaire. In December 1999, through the mediation efforts of President Bongo, a peace accord was signed in the Republic of Congo between the government and most leaders of an armed rebellion. President Bongo has remained involved in the continuing Congolese peace process. Gabon has been a strong proponent of regional stability, and Gabonese armed forces played an important role in the UN Peacekeeping Mission to the Central African Republic (MINURCA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Guinea</span>

The foreign relations of Guinea, including those with its West African neighbors, have improved steadily since 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Madagascar</span>

Madagascar has diplomatic relations with many countries, both individual bilateral relations and by virtue of its membership of African and other regional blocs. International aid has been received from the IMF and the World Bank, and a national environmental plan supported by the World Bank and USAID began in 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Niger</span>

Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with both East and West. It is a member state of the United Nations. Niger maintains a special relationship with France and enjoys close relations with its West African neighbours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo</span>

For the two decades preceding the Republic of the Congo's 1991 National Conference, the country was firmly in the socialist camp, allied principally with the Soviet Union and other Eastern bloc nations. Educational, economic, and foreign aid links between Congo and its Eastern bloc allies were extensive, with the Congolese military and security forces receiving significant Soviet, East German, and Cuban assistance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Senegal</span>

Senegal's first President, Léopold Senghor, advocated close relations with France and negotiation and compromise as the best means of resolving international differences after Senegal's independence from its status as a French colony. To a large extent, the two succeeding presidents, Abdou Diouf and Abdoulaye Wade, have carried on Senghor's policies and philosophies. Senegal has long supported functional integration among French-speaking West African states through the West African Economic and Monetary Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Togo</span>

Although Togo's foreign policy is nonaligned, it has strong historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, exchanging high commissioners with other Commonwealth countries. It recognizes the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Cuba, and re-established relations with Israel in 1987.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau</span>

The Republic of Guinea-Bissau follows a nonaligned foreign policy and seeks friendly and cooperative relations with a wide variety of states and organizations. France, Portugal, Angola, Brazil, Egypt, Nigeria, Libya, Cuba, the Palestine Liberation Organization, Ghana, and Russia have diplomatic offices in Bissau.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Monaco</span>

The Principality of Monaco is a sovereign and independent state, linked closely to France by the Treaty of July 1918, which was formally noted in Article 436 of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. The foreign policy of Monaco is one illustration of this accord: France has agreed to defend the independence and sovereignty of Monaco, while the Monegasque Government has agreed to exercise its sovereign rights in conformity with French interests, whilst at the same time maintaining complete independence. Since then, the relations between the sovereign states of France and Monaco have been further defined in the Treaty of 1945 and the Agreement of 1963.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Mauritania</span>

The foreign relations of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania have, since 1960, been dominated by the issues of the Spanish Sahara and the recognition of its independence by its neighbours, particularly Morocco. Mauritania's foreign relations are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, who is currently Mohamed Salem Ould Merzoug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Ivory Coast</span>

Throughout the Cold War, Ivory Coast's foreign policy was generally favorable toward the West. In particular, Félix Houphouët-Boigny kept relations with France that was among the closest between any African country and a former colonial power. The country became a member of the United Nations at independence in 1960 and participates in most of its specialized agencies. It is also an associate member of the European Union. In general, President Bédié initiated and maintained relations with many countries of the European Union and Asia. Ivory Coast maintains a wide variety of diplomatic contacts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</span>

Democratic Republic of Congo formerly known as Zaire is a country located in central Africa. Its the second largest country in Africa and 11th in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Djibouti</span>

Foreign relations of Djibouti are managed by the Djiboutian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Djibouti maintains close ties with the governments of Somalia, Ethiopia, France and the United States. It is likewise an active participant in African Union, United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Arab League affairs.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Mali country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2005). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  3. "AU, US reject Mali rebels' independence declaration – Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  4. "G5 Sahel". 7 October 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Take It to the People: A Civil-Military Roadmap for the G5 Sahel | Wilson Center".
  6. "Disjointed force".
  7. "G5 Sahel Joint Force: Briefing and Consultations : What's in Blue : Security Council Report".
  8. "ASG Pobee: "Notwithstanding the support extended to the G5 Sahel, stabilizing the region hinges on aligning our policies and approaches, and on putting the Sahelian people at the forefront of our efforts." | Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs".
  9. "Mali's withdrawal from G5 Sahel, Joint Force 'a setback' for the region | UN News". 19 May 2022.
  10. Aning, Kwesi; Edu-Afful, Fiifi (23 December 2023). "African Agency in R2P: Interventions by African Union and ECOWAS in Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, and Libya". International Studies Review. 18 (1): 120–133. doi:10.1093/isr/viv017. JSTOR   24758342.
  11. Affa'a-Mindzie, Mireille; Perry, Chris (23 December 2023). "Mali and the Sahel-Sahara". International Peace Institute.
  12. Bolarinwa, Joshua O.; Adeleke, Adewole A. (23 December 2023). "ECOWAS and the promotion of democracy in Mali, Guinea and the Gambia". Lagos Historical Review. 20 (1): 159–176.
  13. Chifamba, Jerry (12 December 2023). "West Africa: UN Peacekeeping Mission Officially Ends in Mali". Allafrica.com.
  14. "Mali rejects human rights mandate".
  15. Weiss, Thomas G.; Welz, Martin (23 December 2023). "The UN and the African Union in Mali and beyond: A shotgun wedding?". International Affairs. 90 (4): 889–905. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12146. JSTOR   24538203.
  16. 1 2 "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 78. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  17. 1 2 "Mali: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  18. 1 2 "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Mali". history.state.gov. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  19. "Journal officiel de la Republique du Mali de l'annee 1 Novembre 1960" (PDF) (in French). p. 855. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  20. "Journal officiel de la Republique du Mali 1 Novembre 1960" (PDF) (in French). p. 855. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  21. 1 2 "Diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Mali were established in 1960". MFA Russia. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  22. Pavol Petruf. "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 105. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  23. "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  24. 1 2 "Mali". china.org.cn. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  25. "Republic of Mali". vietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  26. Summary of the Yugoslav Press. 1960. p. 34.
  27. Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 313.
  28. "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  29. 1 2 "Celebra un año más en las relaciones políticas,diplomáticas y de cooperación entre Cuba y Mali". Embajada de Cuba en la República de Mali (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  30. 1 2 "Le Mali développe ses relations avec le Maroc et la République arabe unie". Le Monde (in French). 12 January 1961. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  31. "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  32. "Journal officiel de la République du Mali № 80 15 Mars 1961" (PDF) (in French). p. 247. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  33. Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 91.
  34. 1 2 The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book for ... Volume 135. Great Britain. Foreign Office. 1962. p. 511.
  35. Europe, France outremer Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 64. HAUTE - VOLTA . M. Ahmed Diallo , délégué permanent du Mali en Haute - Volta , a présenté ses lettres de créance au président Yameogo (18 mars)
  36. Bogdan Grzeloński (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 128.
  37. "Information about Person: Keller, René". Dodis (in French). Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  38. "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK (The National Committee on North Korea). p. 3. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  39. Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961 Volume 2. Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center. p. 415. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  40. Études congolaises Volume 2 (in French). Institut politique congolais. 1962. p. 55. 23 novembre ... - M. Alioune Diakite , ambassadeur du Mali , présente ses lettres de créan- ces au Président Kasa - Vubu.
  41. Congo (in French). Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques. 1961. p. 624. 23 novembre ... Alioune Diakite , ambassadeur du Mali , présente ses lettres de créance au président Kasa - Vubu .
  42. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 14-15. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962.
  43. 1 2 Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu (23 December 1962). "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International /Année 1962 / 8". Annuaire Français de Droit International (in French). 8 (1): 1051. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  44. 1 2 Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu (23 December 1962). "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1962 / 8". Annuaire Français de Droit International (in French). 8 (1): 1051. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  45. "Journal officiel du Mali de l'annee 1962" (PDF) (in French). p. 333. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  46. "Presidenza Giovanni Gronchi Sua Eccellenza Bokar N'Diaye, nuovo ambasciatore del Mali: presentazione delle lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  47. Monde colonial illustré Volume 39, Issues 383-392 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1961. p. 73. M. Touré Hangadoumbou, délégué permanent du Mali auprès du Niger, a présenté ses lettres de créance au Président Diori Hamani
  48. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 150-151. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 2. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  49. Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 48-50 (in French). G. P. Maisonneuve. 1962. p. 267.
  50. "Mali and Guatemala envoys present credentials". Haiti Sun. 26 August 1962. p. 16. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  51. West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company, Limited. 1962. p. 1131. Yaounde: Diplomatic relations between Mali and Cameroon were scaled when Mr. Mamadou Sangare, Mali Ambassador in Lagos, presented his letters of credence to President Ahidjo of Cameroon.
  52. Europe, France outremer Issues 393-404 (in French). 1962. p. 62. MALI . M. Mamadou Sangare , premier ambassadeur du Mali au Cameroun , avec résidence à Lagos , a présenté ses lettres de créance au president Ahidjo
  53. Europe, France outremer Issues 393-404 (in French). 1962. p. 146. MALI: République Arabe Unie (R.A.U.), Soudan, Arabie Saoudite: Ambassadeur (résidant au Caire) : M. El Hadj Modibu Kane Diallo
  54. Europe, France outremer Issues 393-404 (in French). 1962. p. 146. Guinée, Sierra Leone: Ministre résident (residant à Conakry) M. Tiemoko Compah
  55. 1 2 "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  56. Bulletin d'information de la représentation permanente auprès de l'O.N.U. Issues 1-10 (in French). Congo (Brazzaville). Représentation permanente auprès de l'O.N.U. 1962. p. 14. Etablissement de relations diplomatiques entre le Mali et le Congo : Le Président de la République, Monsieur 1'Abbé Fulbert Youlou, a reçu, le 20 Février 1963 en fin de matinée, les lettres de créance de Son Excellence Abdoul Thierno DIALLO ...
  57. "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 830. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  58. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 121-122. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. p. 7. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  59. "Today in Kuwait's History". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 3 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  60. 1 2 "CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie" (in French). p. 38. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  61. 1 2 Europe, France outremer - Issues 393-404 (in French). 1962. p. 53.
  62. "Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p. 10. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  63. Europe, France outremer Issues 405-416 (in French). 1963. p. 62. M. Abdoul Thierno Diallo, ambassadeur du Mali au Gabon, résidant à Léopoldville, a présenté ses lettres de créance au Président Mba.
  64. Mauritania Foreign Policy and Government Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments Volume 1. International Business Publications, USA. 2013. p. 49.
  65. Administration et diplomatie d'Afrique noire et de Madagascar Volume 2 (in French). Europe-Outremer. 1963. p. 332. Mali: Pakistan Ambassadeur ( résidant à Accra ) : M. Nasim HUSAIN .
  66. "Relations bilatérales: Mali". République Tunisienne Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (in French). Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  67. 1 2 Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 33.
  68. 1 2 Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1964. p. 123.
  69. 1 2 "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  70. "Decreto 7.009/64 - Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Malí y Creación de Embajada". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  71. 1 2 3 Bulletin de l'Institut international de droit des pays d'expression française Issues 1-9 (in French). The Institut. 1965. p. 62.
  72. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233-234. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  73. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233-234. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964.
  74. 1 2 Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 355-366 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965.
  75. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 245. ( SG 1 Mali - Albania . M. Gaqo P : Albania's Ambassador to Mali , preser his credentials on February 9th ...
  76. 1 2 Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 335.
  77. 1 2 Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 379-388 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965.
  78. "Bulletin de documentation_1965_17" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 9. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  79. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 443. ... M. Toure is also Mali's Ambassador to Chad, where he presented his credentials on January 15th.
  80. Europe, France outremer Issues 465-476 (in French). 1968. p. 75. R.centrafricaine A l'étranger ... Mali : Ambassadeur ( résidant à Brazzaville ) : M. Halidou Touré .
  81. Europe, France outremer Issues 477-488 (in French). 1969. p. 160. MALI: Nigeria, Ghana, Dahomey, Togo : Ambassadeur (résidant à Lagos) : M. Mohamed Ould Aly
  82. Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Issues 581-605 (in French). Ediafric. 1970. August Josef TARTER , ambassadeur d'Autriche au Sénégal , en Côte - d'Ivoire , au Dahomey , en Haute - Volta , au Mali , en Mauritanie , au Niger et au Togo , a présenté ses lettres de créance au Mali le 21 février dernier ...
  83. 1 2 Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1971. p. 2159.
  84. 1 2 ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1972. p. 559.
  85. The Europa Year Book 1972 A World Survey Vol.-i. Europa Publications Limited. 1972. p. 638.
  86. "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  87. Iran Almanac and Book of Facts Volume 15. Echo of Iran. 1976. p. 137.
  88. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4243.
  89. "Mali". Portal Diplomatico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  90. "El 24 de diciembre de 1976, se establecieron las relaciones diplomáticas entre Mali y Venezuela". Cancillería Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  91. The Europa year book : a world survey Volume II 1976. Europa Publications Limited. 1976. p. 1028.
  92. "List of states which the Lao PDR has established diplomatic relations since 1950". mofa.gov.la. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  93. 1 2 "REPÚBLICA DE MALÍ" (PDF). centrogilbertobosques.senado.gob.mx (in Spanish). p. 14. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  94. "Bilateral Relations: Mali". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  95. "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  96. "العلاقات الثنائية". mofa.gov.qa (in Arabic). Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  97. Joseph A. Kechichian. "Countries with which Oman has diplomatic relations" (PDF). Oman and the World The emergence of an independent foreign policy. p. 320. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  98. "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1980. Выпуск двадцать четвертый: Зарубежные страны" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 270. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  99. "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  100. Monde colonial illustré Volume 57, Issues 597-608 (in French). Société nouvelle des Éditions France outremer S.A. 1979. p. 138. ... ambassadeurs des pays suivants , accrédités au Mali , résident dans un autre pays : ... Autriche , Belgique , Brésil , Cambodge , Cap - Vert ...
  101. The Europa year book : a world survey. 1979. Vol. 2. Europa Publications Limited. 1979. p. 1381.
  102. Le Mois en Afrique Issues 170-179 (in French). 1980. p. 139. BAMAKO , 5 septembre . Le général Moussa Traoré , président de la République du Mali a reçu les lettres de créance des ambassadeurs ... de la République d'Irak ... Abdul Karim Mohamed Najim . L'Irak vient d'ouvrir à Bamako sa mission diplomatique .
  103. "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  104. "Mali – Agreement between the Government of Malta and the Government of Mali to establish diplomatic relations". foreign.gov.mt. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  105. The Europa year book 1980 : a world survey Volume 2. Europa Publications Limited. 1980. p. 426.
  106. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens Volume 37 (in French). 1981. p. 2275. ... ouverture d'une ambassade du Mali à Abou Dhabi , a - t - on appris le 18 août ...
  107. "สาธารณรัฐมาลี (Mali)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  108. South and East Asia Report No. 1071. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 24 November 1981. p. 72. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  109. Malaysia Official Year Book. Vol. 22. Director General of Printing. 1984. p. 118.
  110. 1 2 New Zealand External Relations Review - Volumes 33-34. Ministry of External Relations and Trade. 1983.
  111. Foreign Representation in Australia. Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 55 No. 3 (March 1984). p. 300. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  112. de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
  113. 1 2 Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens Issues 2147-2163 (in French). 1987. p. 449.
  114. 1 2 List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1989. p. 5.
  115. Jahrbuch Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika : bilanz und Chronik des Jahres 1988 (in German). Berlin : Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. 1989. p. 219.
  116. "Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Mali as of 29 Sept. 1988". United Nations Digital Library. 29 September 1988. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  117. "Republic of Singapore Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). p. 145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  118. 1 2 Cyprus Bulletin - Volume 28. Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus. 1990. p. 3.
  119. 1 2 "Mali". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  120. "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения". mfa.gov.kg (in Russian). 10 January 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  121. 1 2 Stapleton, AnneClaire; McCluskey, Mitch (5 August 2024). "Mali severs diplomatic relations with Ukraine for providing intelligence to rebels". CNN. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  122. 1 2 "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  123. "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Estonian). Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  124. "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  125. "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан". mfa.kz (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  126. "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  127. "Today marks the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Slovenia and Mali". MFEA Slovenia. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  128. "Mali: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  129. "La Gaceta Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 163 del 30 de agosto 1993" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  130. "List of States with which the Republic of Tajikistan established diplomatic relations" (PDF). Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  131. "Ambassador of Belarus I.Petrishenko meets the Ambassador of Mali". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  132. FBIS Daily Report Sub-Saharan Africa. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 9 November 1993. p. 36. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  133. "Bilateral Relations: Mali". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  134. "Transition (1990 - 1994) - Chronologies: 1994". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  135. "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  136. "Mali". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  137. 1 2 "The Republic of Mali". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  138. "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Ukraine. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  139. "Comunicado conjunto entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica de Mali para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  140. "Le nouvel ambassadeur du Mali a présenté ses lettres de créance au Président Michel". statehouse.gov.sc (in French). 9 August 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  141. "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". mvep.gov.hr. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  142. "Angola: President Dos Santos Accredits Five Ambassadors". allAfrica. 29 October 2002. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  143. Philippine Yearbook Volume 17. Republic of the Philippines, National Economic and Development Authority, National Census and Statistics Office. 2002. p. 156. Mali H.E. Amadou N'Diaye Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Embassy of the Republic of Mali ...
  144. "AFRIQUE - MADAGASCAR Présentation des lettres de créance". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). 5 April 2005. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  145. "Diplomatic Relations between Mali and Mauritius as of 1 Dec. 2003". United Nations Digital Library. December 2003. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  146. "Diplomatic Relations between Jamaica and Mali as of 17 Dec. 2003". United Nations Digital Library. 17 December 2003. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  147. "Diplomatic Relations Between Iceland and Mali as of 23 July 2004". United Nations Digital Library. 23 July 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  148. "Diplomatic Relations Between Mali and Republic of Moldova as of 27 Sept. 2004". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  149. 1 2 Diplomatic List. Namibia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Protocol. 2009. p. 2.
  150. "Diplomatic Relations Between Finland and Mali as of 18 Aug. 2005". United Nations Digital Library. 18 August 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  151. "Zimbabwe: Ambassadors Present Credentials". allAfrica. 24 March 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  152. "Diplomatic Relations Between Mali and Guatemala as of 7 July 2006". United Nations Digital Library. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  153. "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas". mirex.gob.do (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  154. "Diplomatic Relations Between Mali and Botswana as of 5 June 2007". United Nations Digital Library. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  155. "Diplomatic Relations Between Mali and Saint Vincent and The Grenadines as of 11 June 2007". United Nations Digital Library. 11 June 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  156. "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  157. "Paraguay establece relaciones con República de Mali". paraguay.com (in Spanish). 28 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  158. "Presidente da República acredita novos embaixadores". verdade.co.mz (in Portuguese). 14 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  159. "Diplomatic Relations Between Sri Lanka and Mali as of 19 Jan. 2012". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  160. "Rapport Politique Extérieure 2012 DRE" (PDF). Government of Monaco (in French). p. 8. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  161. "More Than 20 Ambassadors Present Their Credentials To The Eritrean Government". tesfanews.net. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  162. "Diplomatic Relations Between Montenegro and Mali as of 10 May 2012". United Nations Digital Library. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  163. "Diplomatic Relations between Mali and Georgia as of 31 May 2012". United Nations Digital Library. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  164. "Le chef de l'Etat reçoit les lettres de créances des ambassadeurs de Cuba, du Mali et de l'Union Européenne accrédités à Djibouti". Agence Djiboutienne d'Information (in French). 12 November 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  165. "República de Malí y El Salvador acuerdan relaciones diplomáticas". periodicoequilibrium.com (in Spanish). 24 September 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  166. "Diplomatic Relations between Ecuador and Mali as of 17 Apr. 2015". United Nations Digital Library. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  167. "Le nouvel Ambassadeur de la Republique du Mali a presente ses lettres de creance au Chef de l'Etat SE. Dr. IKILILOU Dhoinine". HABARI ZA COMORES (in French). 20 February 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  168. "Diplomatic Relations Between Barbados and Mali as of 22 July 2021". United Nations Digital Library. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  169. "5 envoys letters of credence to President Chakwera". Nyasa Times. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  170. "Diplomatic relations between Mali and Saint Lucia as of 26 June 2024". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  171. "Government approves the nomination of 22 Ambassadorial and senior-level international appointments". 14 December 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  172. "Mali". mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  173. L'Ambassadeur Mamadou Bandiougou Diawara, Welcome, Mali Embassy website. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  174. Government of Canada, Canada – Mali Relations, web page, Date Modified: 2009-07-06.
  175. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "ODA Total, Net disbursements", OECD.Stat, ODA by Recipient by country, extracted on 30 July 2009 03:34 UTC.
  176. Industry Canada. "Trade by Product (HS Codes)", Trade Data Online, Trade Type: Trade Balance.
  177. Government of Canada. Canada – Mali Relations, Modified: 2009-07-06
  178. Natural Resources Canada. 2006. Canadian minerals yearbook, p.7.23 Archived 4 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  179. "Embassy of Mali in Beijing, China".
  180. "French army in major Mali pullout". BBC News. 25 May 2013.
  181. "Anti-jihad forces try to do without Mali". Africa Confidential. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2024.(subscription required)
  182. Gazeley, Joe (2022). "The Strong 'Weak State': French Statebuilding and Military Rule in Mali". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 16 (3): 269–286. doi: 10.1080/17502977.2022.2030627 . hdl: 10023/24932 .
  183. "How France Failed Mali: The End of Operation Barkhane". 30 January 2023.
  184. "OECD DAC Aid at a glance by recipient_new".
  185. "Deutsche Vertretungen in Mali". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  186. "Mali: Vertretungen in Deutschland". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  187. Indian Embassy in Mali
  188. "Mali Embassy in India". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  189. Handloff, Robert E. "Relations with Other African States". In Mauritania: A Country Study (Robert E. Handloff, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (June 1988). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  190. Embassy of Mali in the United States
  191. Embassy of Mexico in Morocco
  192. "Regeringen drar in biståndet till Mali". TV4 (in Swedish). 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  193. 1 2 3 "Relations between Turkey and Mali".
  194. "British Embassy Bamako". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  195. "Background Note: Mali". US State Department.
  196. Nations, United States Mission to the United (12 November 2021). "Remarks at a UN Security Council Briefing on the G5 Sahel Joint Force". United States Mission to the United Nations. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  197. "OECD DAC Aid at a glance by recipient_new". Tableau Software. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  198. "Fact Sheets | Mali". U.S. Agency for International Development. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.