Foreign relations of Eritrea

The foreign relations of Eritrea are the policies of the Eritrean government by which it administers its external relations with other nations. Since its independence, Eritrea's foreign relations have been dominated by conflict and confrontation, both in the regional and international arenas. It has maintained often troubled, and usually violent, relations with its neighbors, including brief armed conflicts with Yemen and Djibouti and a destructive war with its bigger-neighbour, Ethiopia. ^[1] At present, Eritrea has very tense relations with neighboring Ethiopia and Djibouti. Relations in the international arena also have been strained since the last decade, particularly with major powers. What appeared cordial relations with the US in the 1990s turned acrimonious following the border war with Ethiopia, 1998-2000. ^[1] Although the two nations have a close working relationship regarding the ongoing war on terror, there has been a growing tension in other areas. Ties with international organizations such as the United Nations, the African Union, and the European Union have also been complicated in part because of Eritrea's outrage at their reluctance to force Ethiopia to accept a boundary commission ruling issued in 2002. ^[1]

International organizations

Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League.

Eritrea holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ).

Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa, and the World Customs Organization.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Eritrea maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	Ethiopia	22 May 1993 [2]
2	Argentina	24 May 1993 [3]
3	Italy	24 May 1993 [4]
4	Russia	24 May 1993 [5]
5	South Korea	24 May 1993 [6]
6	Sudan	24 May 1993 [2]
7	Yemen	24 May 1993 [2]
8	North Korea	25 May 1993 [7]
9	Finland	28 May 1993 [8]
10	Bulgaria	31 May 1993 [9]
11	United States	11 June 1993 [10]
12	Mexico	23 June 1993 [11]
13	United Arab Emirates	28 June 1993 [2]
14	Qatar	5 July 1993 [2]
15	Djibouti	11 July 1993 [2]
16	China	14 July 1993 [2]
17	Jordan	15 July 1993 [2]
18	Poland	15 July 1993 [2]
19	Vietnam	20 July 1993 [12]
20	Sweden	24 June 1993 [13]
21	Indonesia	2 August 1993 [2]
22	Germany	3 August 1993 [14]
23	Ivory Coast	4 August 1993 [2]
24	Egypt	9 August 1993 [2]
25	Hungary	24 August 1993 [2]
26	Japan	31 August 1993 [2]
27	Lebanon	3 September 1993 [2]
28	Kenya	14 September 1993 [2]
29	India	17 September 1993 [2]
30	Denmark	28 September 1993 [15]
31	Spain	5 October 1993 [2]
32	Kuwait	20 October 1993 [2]
33	Tunisia	25 October 1993 [2]
34	Israel	28 October 1993 [2]
35	Canada	28 October 1993 [2]
36	United Kingdom	16 November 1993 [2]
37	Saudi Arabia	20 November 1993 [2]
38	Romania	23 November 1993 [2]
39	Australia	24 November 1993 [2]
40	Pakistan	1 December 1993 [2]
41	Thailand	7 December 1993 [2]
42	Singapore	15 December 1993 [2]
43	Ukraine	20 December 1993 [2]
44	Czech Republic	6 January 1994 [2]
45	Namibia	28 January 1994 [2]
46	Uganda	28 January 1994 [2]
47	Austria	9 March 1994 [2]
48	Norway	14 March 1994 [16]
49	Switzerland	22 March 1994 [2]
50	France	23 March 1994 [2]
51	Algeria	25 March 1994 [2]
52	Belgium	31 March 1994 [2]
53	Oman	30 April 1994 [2]
54	Syria	April 1994 [2]
55	Morocco	30 May 1994 [2]
56	Turkey	30 June 1994 [2]
57	Netherlands	15 July 1994 [2]
58	Zambia	15 July 1994 [2]
58	Armenia	16 October 1994 [17]
60	Colombia	22 December 1994 [18]
61	Slovakia	26 February 1995 [19]
62	South Africa	17 March 1995 [20]
63	Portugal	8 June 1995 [18]
64	Greece	9 June 1995 [21]
65	Zimbabwe	9 June 1995 [21]
—	Holy See	15 July 1995 [22]
66	Bahrain	2 December 1995 [23]
67	Slovenia	4 April 1996 [24]
68	Bosnia and Herzegovina	17 September 1996 [25]
69	Brazil	7 November 1996 [18]
70	Cuba	8 November 1996 [18]
71	Philippines	4 February 1997 [26]
72	Libya	5 February 1998 [27]
73	Lithuania	29 August 1998 [28]
74	Belarus	11 September 1998 [29]
75	Nigeria	1998 [30]
76	Croatia	4 June 1999 [31]
77	Malaysia	1999 [32]
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	1999 [33]
78	North Macedonia	13 September 2000 [34]
79	New Zealand	30 March 2001 [35]
80	Cyprus	6 August 2001 [18]
81	Ireland	13 March 2002 [36]
82	Seychelles	25 April 2002 [18]
83	Venezuela	7 April 2004 [18]
84	Azerbaijan	20 April 2004 [18]
85	Mauritius	21 April 2004 [18]
86	Brunei	13 May 2004 [18]
87	Ghana	26 August 2004 [37]
88	Iceland	6 October 2004 [18]
89	Estonia	31 May 2005 [38]
90	Tajikistan	19 September 2005 [39]
91	San Marino	28 October 2005 [40]
92	Iran	31 May 2007 [41] [42]
93	Tanzania	13 July 2007 [43]
94	Dominican Republic	28 September 2007 [44]
95	Sri Lanka	15 November 2007 [45]
96	Montenegro	18 March 2008 [18]
97	Luxembourg	2 October 2008 [46]
98	Malta	18 December 2008 [18]
99	Cambodia	2 February 2010 [18]
100	Paraguay	March 2010 [47]
101	Fiji	12 April 2010 [18]
102	Solomon Islands	27 June 2011 [18]
103	South Sudan	11 July 2011 [48]
104	Mali	16 February 2012 [49]
105	Georgia	24 February 2012 [18]
106	Angola	11 March 2012 [50]
107	Latvia	5 April 2012 [51]
108	Serbia	19 October 2012 [52]
109	Mozambique	10 December 2012 [53]
110	Ecuador	13 March 2013 [18]
111	Mongolia	24 March 2013 [18]
112	Kyrgyzstan	27 February 2014 [18]
113	Senegal	10 October 2014 [54]
114	Lesotho	21 June 2015 [55]
115	Mauritania	16 August 2015 [56]
116	Kazakhstan	7 December 2016 [18]
117	Eswatini	30 March 2017 [57]
118	Madagascar	12 April 2017 [58]
119	Rwanda	18 April 2017 [59]
120	Malawi	20 April 2017 [60]
121	Nepal	31 October 2017 [18]
122	Somalia	30 July 2018 [61]
123	Guinea	8 February 2019 [62]
124	Nicaragua	6 June 2019 [18]
125	Maldives	10 February 2021 [18]
126	Dominica	11 May 2021 [18]
127	Chad	12 October 2021 [63]
128	Jamaica	17 November 2023 [64]
129	Niger	17 November 2023 [65]

Bilateral relations

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Croatia	4 June 1999	See Croatia–Eritrea relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1999 [66]
Denmark	28 September 1993	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1993 [15] [67] See Denmark–Eritrea relations
Ethiopia	22 May 1993	See Eritrea–Ethiopia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 1993 when first Ambassador of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia's to Eritrea Mr. Awalom Woldu Tuku presented his credentials to President Issaias Afwerki. [68] Diplomatic relations were broken on 12 May 1998 when Ethiopia and Eritrea went to war over the disputed border area of Badme. [69] Diplomatic relations were restored on 8 July 2018 [70] Eritrea's foreign relations with Ethiopia are adversarial. [71] Immediately after Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia, relations were cordial despite the former relationship. Since independence Eritrea's relationship with Ethiopia was entirely political, especially in the resuscitation and expansion of IGAD's scope. Since 1998 and the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, the relationship became increasingly hostile. In December 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia signed a peace treaty ending their war and created a pair of binding judicial commissions, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission and the Eritrean-Ethiopian Claims Commission, to rule on their disputed border and related claims. In April 2002 The Commission released its decision (with a clarification in 2003). [72] Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. [73] [74] Since these decisions Ethiopia has refused to permit the physical demarcation of the border while Eritrea insists the border must be demarcated as defined by the commission. Consequently, the Boundary Commission ruled boundary as virtually demarcated and effective. Eritrea maintains a military force on its border with Ethiopia roughly equal in size to Ethiopia's force, which has required a general mobilization of a significant portion of the population. [75] Eritrea has viewed this border dispute as an existential threat to itself in particular and the African Union in general, because it deals with the supremacy of colonial boundaries in Africa. [76] Since the border conflict Ethiopia no longer uses Eritrean ports for its trade. [77] During the border conflict and since, Ethiopia has fostered militants against Eritrea (including ethnic separatists and religiously based organizations). [78] Eritrea has retaliated by hosting militant groups against Ethiopia as well. The United Nations Security Council argues that Eritrea and Ethiopia have expanded their dispute to a second theater, Somalia. [79] In March 2012, Ethiopia attacked Eritrean army outposts along the border. Addis Ababa said the assault was in retaliation for the training and support given by Asmara to subversives while Eritrea said the U.S. knew of the attacks, an accusation denied by U.S. officials. [80] In July 2018, leaders both countries signed a peace treaty to put a formal end to a state of war between both nations paving the way for greater economic cooperation and improved ties between them. [81] Eritrea has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia has an embassy in Asmara.
Finland	28 May 1993	See Eritrea–Finland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1993 [82]
Germany	3 August 1993	See Eritrea–Germany relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1993 [14]
Israel	24 May 1993	See Eritrea–Israel relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993. [83] Eritrea developed relations with Israel shortly after gaining its independence in 1993, despite protests among Arab countries. Israeli-Eritrean relations are close. The president of Eritrea has visited Israel for medical treatment. However, Eritrea condemned Israeli military action during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. [84] Israeli-Eritrean ties are complicated by Israel's close ties to Ethiopia, who have shared an unfriendly dyad with Eritrea for a long time.
Italy	24 May 1993	See Eritrea–Italy relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993 [85] Eritrea has an embassy in Rome and a consulate in Milan. Italy has an embassy in Asmara.
Mexico	23 June 1993	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1993 [86] Eritrea is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. [87] Mexico is accredited to Eritrea from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. [88]
North Korea	1993	Despite Pyongyang's alignment with Ethiopia during the Eritrean War of Independence, Eritrea has maintained diplomatic relations with North Korea since the 1990s. Covert military ties also exist between Eritrea and North Korea. [89]
Portugal	8 June 1995	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1995 when Ambassador of Portugal to Eritrea with residence in Nairobi Mr. José Caetano da Costa Pereira presented his credentials. [90]
Qatar	5 July 1993 [91]	During the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Eritrea refused a request by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates to cut relations with Qatar, citing its "strong ties with the brother people of Qatar." [92]
Russia	24 May 1993	See Eritrea–Russia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993 [93]
Sudan	24 May 1993, [94] diplomatic relations were broken from 5 December 1994 to 2 May 1999	Eritrea broke diplomatic relations with the Sudan in December 1994. This action was taken after a long period of increasing tension between the two countries due to a series of cross-border incidents involving the Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ). Although the attacks did not pose a threat to the stability of the Government of Eritrea (the infiltrators have generally been killed or captured by government forces), the Eritreans believe the National Islamic Front (NIF) in Khartoum supported, trained, and armed the insurgents. After many months of negotiations with the Sudanese to try to end the incursions, the Government of Eritrea concluded that the NIF did not intend to change its policy and broke relations. Subsequently, the Government of Eritrea hosted a conference of Sudanese opposition leaders in June 1995 in an effort to help the opposition unite and to provide a credible alternative to the present government in Khartoum. Eritrea resumed diplomatic relations with Sudan on December 10, 2005. [95] Since then, Sudan has accused Eritrea, along with Chad, of supporting rebels. [96] The undemarcated border with Sudan previously posed a problem for Eritrean external relations. [97] After a high-level delegation to the Sudan from the Eritrean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ties are being normalized. While normalization of ties continues, Eritrea has been recognized as a broker for peace between the separate factions of the Sudanese civil war. "It is known that Eritrea played a role in bringing about the peace agreement [between the Southern Sudanese and Government]," [98] while the Sudanese Government and Eastern Front rebels have requested Eritrea to mediate peace talks. [99] The Eritrean President, Isaias Afewerki, and his Sudanese counterpart Omar Al-Bashir held talks in Asmara on a number of bilateral issues of mutual concern to the two East African countries. The talks dealt with enhancing bilateral ties and cooperation including making their shared border more open. Sudan and Eritrea agreed to abolish entry visa requirements, opening their common borders for free movement of both nationals. [100] In 2011, Eritrea and Sudan cooperated in the building of the Kassala-Al Lafa Highway linking the two countries. [101]
Turkey	19 July 1993	See also Eritrea–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1993 [102] The Embassy of Eritrea in Doha is accredited to Turkey. [103] Turkey has an embassy in Asmara. [103] Trade volume between the two countries was US$13.9 million in 2019. [103]
United Arab Emirates	28 June 1993 [91]	The United Arab Emirates are a member of the Saudi-led coalition against Houthi rebels in Yemen. Foreign Minister Osman Saleh Mohammed is quoted stating the UAE are using "logistical facilities at the port and airport" in the southern city of Assab. [104] Human Rights Watch reported that the UAE maintains a detention facility at the Assab base, where it may have transferred high-profile prisoners out of Yemen. [105]
United States	11 June 1993	See Eritrea–United States relations Diplomatic relations between the United States and the State of Eritrea were established on June 11, 1993. [106] Eritrea has an embassy in Washington, D.C. The United States has an embassy in Asmara.
Yemen	24 May 1993 [94]	A dispute with Yemen over the Hanish Islands in 1996 resulted in a brief war. As part of an agreement to cease hostilities, the nations agreed to refer the issue to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague. At the conclusion of the proceedings, both nations acquiesced to the 1998 decision which said sovereignty should be shared. [107]

See also

• Arab–Eritrean relations
• Eritrea–United States relations
• Denmark–Eritrea relations
• List of diplomatic missions in Eritrea
• List of diplomatic missions of Eritrea

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