Foreign relations of the Gambia

The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Sir Dawda Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom, Senegal, and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers, particularly the United States. Starting in 1995, President Yahya Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, including Libya, the Republic of China (on Taiwan, before 2013), and Cuba. As scholars on Gambia's foreign policy have argued, throughout Jammeh's period, the country's foreign policy was a shifting sand, with little of direction.

Amat Jeng, a scholar on The Gambia's foreign policy, argues that "The Gambia under Jammeh was not constrained by the bureaucratic hurly-burly which characterizes the foreign policy terrain of big democracies. In The Gambia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) had, on several occasions, been left in a vacuum, thereby placing it under the Office of the President. Between 1997 and 2013, the MFA had been occupied by more than 18 different ministers in more than 20 sworn-in occasions. This qualifies the argument that Jammeh had always had the power to fire ministers at will. In North Korea, the MFA has been occupied only by ten different foreign ministers since 1948." ^[1] During Yahya Jammeh's presidency, The Gambia's foreign relations were characterized by a mix of isolationism, confrontational diplomacy, and strategic alliances. Jammeh's regime frequently clashed with Western nations over human rights issues, resulting in strained relations with the European Union and the United States. He often pursued alliances with non-Western countries, such as China, Iran, and Libya, to counterbalance Western influence and gain economic support. His administration also pulled The Gambia out of the Commonwealth in 2013, accusing the organization of neo-colonialism. Jammeh's unpredictable and authoritarian leadership style made Gambia's foreign policy under his rule highly controversial and often isolated the country on the international stage.

Despite these tensions, Jammeh's government engaged in regional diplomacy within West Africa, maintaining membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), though relations with neighboring Senegal were often tense due to border disputes and differing political stances. Jammeh's erratic foreign policy choices ultimately contributed to The Gambia's diplomatic isolation until his ouster in 2017.

During his last years, the EU grew increasingly intolerant of Jammeh's iron-fist rule. Consequently, Brussels withheld millions of Euros to The Gambia. Jammeh fired back by expelling the EU's top diplomat in the country after he had accused the bloc and human rights activists of conniving to besmirch the image of his government for its stance on homosexuality. ^[2]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which the Gambia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	United Kingdom	18 February 1965 [3]
2	Japan	18 February 1965 [4]
3	Turkey	18 February 1965 [5]
4	South Korea	21 April 1965 [6]
5	Germany	26 April 1965 [7]
6	Senegal	13 May 1965 [3]
7	Lebanon	24 May 1965 [8]
8	Ghana	28 May 1965 [9]
9	Nigeria	28 May 1965 [3]
10	France	31 May 1965 [10]
11	Israel	3 June 1965 [3]
12	India	25 June 1965 [11]
13	Russia	17 July 1965 [12]
14	United States	9 August 1965 [13]
15	Spain	14 August 1965 [14]
16	Italy	30 October 1965 [15]
17	Liberia	3 November 1965 [16]
18	Mauritania	15 December 1965 [17]
19	Serbia	1965 [18]
20	Egypt	31 January 1966 [19]
21	Belgium	7 February 1966 [20]
22	Switzerland	30 March 1966 [21]
23	Morocco	29 June 1966 [22]
24	Netherlands	1 August 1966 [23]
25	Canada	24 August 1966 [24]
26	Ethiopia	17 October 1966 [25]
27	Sierra Leone	10 December 1966 [3]
28	Pakistan	1967 [26]
29	Sweden	1968 [27]
30	Austria	1970 [28]
31	Hungary	14 June 1971 [29]
32	Mali	25 June 1971 [30]
33	Romania	30 July 1971 [31]
34	Guinea	6 August 1971 [32]
35	Czech Republic	19 February 1972 [33]
36	Algeria	22 May 1972 [34]
37	Tunisia	28 December 1972 [35]
38	North Korea	2 March 1973 [36]
39	Vietnam	30 October 1973 [37]
40	Libya	1973 [38]
41	Saudi Arabia	9 May 1974 [39]
42	Guinea-Bissau	10 August 1974 [40]
43	Venezuela	17 August 1974 [41]
44	Kuwait	29 August 1974 [42]
45	China	14 December 1974 [43]
46	Zambia	30 December 1974 [44]
47	Bangladesh	1974 [45]
48	Poland	21 January 1975 [46]
49	Iran	27 January 1975 [47]
50	Cameroon	8 March 1975 [48] [49]
51	Luxembourg	15 April 1975 [50]
52	United Arab Emirates	9 July 1975 [51]
53	Ivory Coast	8 August 1975 [52]
54	Mexico	15 August 1975 [53]
55	Portugal	8 September 1976 [54]
56	Malta	21 October 1976 [55]
57	Uganda	16 November 1976 [56]
58	Togo	10 May 1977 [57]
59	Suriname	17 October 1977 [58]
60	Qatar	22 January 1978 [59]
61	Cape Verde	January 1978 [60]
—	Holy See	7 June 1978 [61]
62	Denmark	January 1979 [62]
63	Brazil	11 May 1979 [63]
64	Cuba	19 May 1979 [64]
65	Argentina	15 January 1980 [65]
66	Oman	4 February 1980 [66]
67	Democratic Republic of the Congo	7 January 1981 [67]
68	Niger	23 February 1981 [68]
69	Australia	10 July 1981 [69]
70	Malaysia	1981 [70]
71	Iraq	16 February 1982 [71]
72	Indonesia	30 May 1982 [72]
73	Bahrain	6 February 1983 [73]
74	Norway	8 February 1983 [74]
75	Thailand	15 February 1985 [75]
76	Yemen	28 March 1985 [76]
77	Bahamas	1985 [77]
78	Finland	1 September 1988 [78]
79	Colombia	3 October 1988 [79]
80	Maldives	3 July 1989 [80]
—	State of Palestine	1989 [81]
81	Namibia	1990–1992 [82]
82	Azerbaijan	11 November 1994 [83]
83	Slovakia	18 August 1995 [84]
84	Philippines	26 June 1996 [85]
85	Bosnia and Herzegovina	12 July 1996 [86]
86	Latvia	12 March 1998 [87]
87	South Africa	7 August 1998 [88]
88	North Macedonia	29 September 1998 [89]
89	Croatia	16 October 1998 [79]
90	Ukraine	2 July 1999 [79]
91	Costa Rica	26 October 1999 [79]
92	Lithuania	17 February 2000 [79]
93	Kyrgyzstan	30 June 2000 [79]
94	Cyprus	8 December 2000 [79]
95	Ireland	29 May 2001 [79]
96	Estonia	30 May 2001 [90]
97	Belarus	10 April 2002 [79]
98	Mauritius	4 March 2003 [79]
99	Iceland	11 May 2004 [79]
100	Madagascar	20 July 2004 [91]
101	San Marino	29 October 2004 [92]
102	Slovenia	25 August 2005 [79]
103	Guatemala	25 September 2006 [79]
104	Jordan	13 March 2007 [93]
105	Uruguay	25 September 2007 [79]
106	Sudan	13 February 2008 [94]
107	Kenya	15 October 2008 [95]
108	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	2 March 2009 [96]
109	Guyana	24 September 2009 [79]
110	Georgia	21 April 2010 [79]
111	Paraguay	22 April 2010 [97]
112	Cambodia	28 April 2010 [79]
113	Myanmar	13 January 2011 [79]
114	Kazakhstan	26 April 2011 [98]
115	Solomon Islands	19 May 2011 [99]
116	Jamaica	29 November 2011 [79]
117	Ecuador	1 December 2011 [79]
118	Mongolia	22 December 2011 [79]
119	Moldova	12 June 2012 [79]
120	Zimbabwe	19 July 2012 [100]
121	Dominica	26 July 2012 [79]
122	Tuvalu	26 July 2012 [79]
123	Turkmenistan	9 August 2012 [79]
124	Montenegro	16 August 2012 [79]
125	Kiribati	27 September 2012 [101]
126	Nauru	27 September 2012 [101]
127	Rwanda	14 July 2014 [102]
128	Fiji	24 October 2014 [79]
129	Singapore	23 January 2015 [79]
130	Brunei	21 January 2016 [103]
131	Saint Lucia	13 April 2016 [104]
132	Saint Kitts and Nevis	6 June 2016 [105]
—	Kosovo	23 September 2016 [106]
133	Tajikistan	18 December 2017 [107]
134	Armenia	9 October 2018 [108]
135	Malawi	19 February 2019 [109]
136	Tanzania	25 April 2019 [110]
137	Dominican Republic	10 May 2019 [111]
138	Sri Lanka	10 May 2019 [79]
139	Nicaragua	8 July 2019 [79]
140	Nepal	24 May 2021 [79]
141	Djibouti	1 July 2021 [112]
142	Chad	31 August 2021 [112]
143	Gabon	1 September 2021 [112]
144	Angola	3 September 2021 [112]
145	Comoros	11 October 2021 [113]
146	Burundi	15 October 2021 [114] [115]
147	Equatorial Guinea	29 May 2022 [116]
148	Republic of the Congo	17 June 2022 [117]
149	Somalia	22 June 2022 [118]
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	20 September 2023 [119]
150	Belize	22 September 2023 [120]
151	Seychelles	16 November 2023 [121]
152	Botswana	13 February 2024 [122]
153	Uzbekistan	14 March 2024 [123]
154	Marshall Islands	25 September 2024 [124]
155	Mozambique	11 June 2025 [125]
156	Grenada	18 June 2025 [126]
157	Benin	Unknown
158	Burkina Faso	Unknown [127]
159	Greece	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Benin		The two countries maintain diplomatic relations. [128]
Burkina Faso		The two countries maintain diplomatic relations. [129]

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Azerbaijan	11 November 1994	See Azerbaijan-The Gambia relations On November 11, 1994, Azerbaijan and the Gambia signed the Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations. [130]
China	14 December 1974 [131]	See China–Gambia relations China and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016. [132]
India	25 June 1965	See The Gambia–India relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1965 [11]
Malaysia	1981	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1981 [70] See The Gambia–Malaysia relations The Malaysian embassy in Dakar is accredited to The Gambia while the Gambian embassy in Abu Dhabi is accredited to Malaysia. The relations are friendly and warm. [133]
Taiwan	—	See The Gambia–Taiwan relations The Gambia firstly established diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 1968, three years after The Gambia gained its independence from the United Kingdom. [2] In 1974, The Gambia switched diplomatic relations from ROC to the People's Republic of China but switched again back to ROC in 1995. In December 2006, the Premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) completed an official visit to the Gambia in part to pay respects to President Jammeh's inaugural ceremony and to donate funds for medical purposes. The Gambian Secretary of State reciprocated with an official visit to Taiwan. There have been several occasional official visits between the two countries. The People's Republic of China cut ties with the Gambia in 1995 after the latter established diplomatic links with the Republic of China (Taiwan). After 18 years, however, Gambian President Yahya Jammeh announced the breaking of diplomatic ties with ROC to recognize PRC on 14 November 2013 citing national strategic interest, immediately even after receiving US$6.6  million worth of aid from the Republic of China (Taiwan) earlier. The ROC officially terminated its ties with The Gambia four days later on 18 November 2013. [134] In an unprecedented move, however, the PRC did not respond to Gambia's offer to establish diplomatic relations, presumably because of its desire to improve relations with Taiwan. [134] The PRC and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016. [2]
Turkey	18 February 1965	The Gambia has an embassy in Ankara. [135] Turkey has an embassy in Banjul. [135] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018. [135]

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
United States	9 August 1965	See The Gambia–United States relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1965 [136] U.S. policy seeks to build improved relations with the Gambia on the basis of historical ties, mutual respect, democratic rule, human rights, and adherence to UN resolutions on counterterrorism, conflict diamonds, and other forms of trafficking. In accordance with U.S. law, most direct bilateral development and military assistance to the Gambia was suspended because of the 1994 coup d'état. U.S. assistance continues, however, in the form of food aid administered through Catholic Relief Services, support for democracy and human rights projects, and the financing of girls' secondary education. In addition, the Peace Corps maintains a large program with about eighty volunteers engaged in the environment, public health, and education sectors, mainly at the village level. The Gambia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Belgium		Gambia has an embassy in Brussels. [137]
Greece		The two countries maintain diplomatic relations. [138]
Italy		Italy is represented in Gambia through its embassy in Dakar, Senegal. [139]
Luxembourg		Gambia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels. [137]
Netherlands		Gambia is represented in the Netherlands through its embassy in Brussels. [137]
Russia	17 July 1965	See The Gambia–Russia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1965. [140]
Spain	14 August 1965	See The Gambia–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1965 [141]
United Kingdom	18 February 1965 [3]	The Gambia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965. [3] [ failed verification ] The Gambia maintains a High Commission in London. [142] The United Kingdom is accredited to Ghana through its High Commission in Banjul. [143] The UK governed the Gambia from 1816 to 1965, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact, [144] the Commonwealth, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention, [145] and an Investment Agreement. [146] An 1889 agreement with France established the present boundaries. The Gambia became a British Crown Colony, British Gambia, divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder of the territory). The Gambia received its own executive and legislative councils in 1901 and gradually progressed toward self-government. It passed a 1906 ordinance abolishing slavery. During World War II, Gambian troops fought with the Allies in Burma. Banjul (then named Bathurst) served as an air stop for the U.S. Army Air Corps and a port of call for Allied naval convoys. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped overnight in Banjul en route to and from the Casablanca Conference in 1943, marking the first visit to the African continent by a sitting American president. After World War II, the pace of constitutional reform increased. Following general elections in 1962, the United Kingdom granted full internal self-governance in the following year. The Gambia achieved independence on 18 February 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations.

The Gambia and the Commonwealth of Nations

The Gambia was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations from its independence in 1965 until its withdrawal in October 2013. ^[147]

After presidential elections in 2016, the winning candidate Adama Barrow promised to return The Gambia to the Commonwealth. ^[148] On 14 February 2017, The Gambia began the process of returning and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018. ^{[149] [150]} Boris Johnson, who became the first British Foreign Secretary to visit The Gambia since the country gained independence in 1965, ^[151] announced that the British government welcomed The Gambia's return to the Commonwealth. ^[151]

On 8 February 2018, The Gambia returned to its status as a Commonwealth republic with President Adama Barrow becoming a Commonwealth head of government as well as a Commonwealth head of state.

Francis Blain, the last Gambian Ambassador to the U.K. became the Gambian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, in which he remained until his death in January 2022.

Sharon Wardle, the last British Ambassador to The Gambia became the British High Commissioner to the Gambia.

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in the Gambia
• List of diplomatic missions of the Gambia

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