Foreign relations of Mozambique

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While alliances dating back to the Mozambican War of Independence remain relevant, Mozambique's foreign policy has become increasingly pragmatic. The twin pillars of the policy are maintenance of good relations with its neighbors and maintenance and expansion of ties to development partners.

Contents

History

During the 1970s and early 1980s, Mozambique's foreign policy was inextricably linked to the struggles for majority rule in Rhodesia and South Africa as well as superpower competition and the Cold War. Mozambique's decision to enforce United Nations sanctions against Rhodesia and support Rhodesian guerrillas led Ian Smith's regime to undertake overt and covert actions to destabilize the country. Although the change of government in Zimbabwe in 1980 removed this threat, the apartheid regime in South Africa continued to finance the destabilization of Mozambique.

The 1984 Nkomati Accord, while failing in its goal of ending South African support to RENAMO, opened initial diplomatic contacts between the Mozambican and South African governments. This process gained momentum with South Africa's elimination of apartheid, which culminated in the establishment of full diplomatic relations in October 1993. While relations with neighboring Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania show occasional strains, Mozambique's ties to these countries remain strong.

Embassy of Mozambique in Washington, D.C. Embassy of Mozambique, Washington, D.C..jpg
Embassy of Mozambique in Washington, D.C.

In the years immediately following its independence, Mozambique benefited from considerable assistance from some western countries, notably the Scandinavians. The Soviet Union and its allies, however, became Mozambique's primary economic, military, and political supporters and its foreign policy reflected this linkage. This began to change in 1983; in 1984 Mozambique joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Western aid quickly replaced Soviet support, with the Scandinavians, Finland, the United States, the Netherlands, and the European Union becoming increasingly important sources of development assistance. Italy also maintains a profile in Mozambique as a result of its key role during the peace process. Relations with Portugal, the former colonial power, are complex and of some importance as Portuguese investors play a visible role in Mozambique's economy.

Mozambique is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and ranks among the moderate members of the African Bloc in the United Nations and other international organizations. Mozambique also belongs to the Organisation of African Unity/African Union and the Southern African Development Community. In 1994, the Government became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), in part to broaden its base of international support but also to please the country's sizeable Muslim population. Similarly, in early 1996 Mozambique joined its Anglophone neighbors in the Commonwealth. In the same year, Mozambique became a founding member and the first President of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), and maintains close ties with other Lusophone states. The country is also a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Illicit drugs: Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish, South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa); corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Mozambique maintains diplomatic relations with:

Diplomatic relations of Mozambique.svg
#CountryDate
1Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 25 June 1975 [1]
2Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 25 June 1975 [2]
3Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 25 June 1975 [3]
4Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 25 June 1975 [1]
5Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 25 June 1975 [1]
6Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 25 June 1975 [1]
7Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 25 June 1975 [1]
8Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 25 June 1975 [1]
9Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 25 June 1975 [1]
10Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 25 June 1975 [1]
11Flag of India.svg  India 25 June 1975 [1]
12Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 25 June 1975 [1]
13Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 25 June 1975 [4]
14Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 25 June 1975 [5]
15Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 25 June 1975 [1]
16Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 25 June 1975 [1]
17Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 25 June 1975 [1]
18Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 25 June 1975 [6]
19Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 25 June 1975 [7]
20Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 25 June 1975 [1]
21Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 25 June 1975 [8]
22Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 25 June 1975 [1]
23Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 25 June 1975 [1]
24Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 25 June 1975 [9]
25Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 25 June 1975 [5]
26Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 25 June 1975 [5]
27Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 26 June 1975 [10]
28Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 28 June 1975 [1]
30Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 5 July 1975 [11]
29Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 18 July 1975 [12]
31Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 5 August 1975 [13]
32Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 9 August 1975 [14]
33Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 9 August 1975 [15]
34Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 19 August 1975 [16]
35Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 21 August 1975 [17]
36Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 29 August 1975 [14]
37Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 1 September 1975 [14]
38Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 9 September 1975 [18]
39Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 11 September 1975 [14]
40Flag of the United States.svg  United States 23 September 1975 [19]
41Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 27 September 1975 [20]
42Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 14 November 1975 [14]
43Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 5 December 1975 [21]
44Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 9 December 1975 [22]
45Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 1975 [23]
46Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 1975 [24]
47Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 12 March 1976 [25]
48Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 12 March 1976 [25]
49Flag of France.svg  France 8 April 1976 [26]
50Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 12 April 1976 [27]
51Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 17 April 1976 [28]
52Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 17 April 1976 [28]
53Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 9 June 1976 [29]
54Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 30 July 1976 [30]
55Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 30 September 1976 [31]
56Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 19 October 1976 [32]
57Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 5 November 1976 [33]
58Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 5 November 1976 [33]
59Flag of Japan.svg  Japan January 1977 [34]
60Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 27 May 1977 [35]
61Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 27 June 1978 [36]
Flag of Palestine.svg  State of Palestine 30 May 1979 [37]
62Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 7 August 1979 [38]
63Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 16 April 1980 [38]
64Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 30 April 1980 [39]
65Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 20 January 1981 [38]
66Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua January 1981 [40]
67Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 1 July 1981 [38]
68Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 27 July 1981 [38]
69Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 19 October 1981 [38]
70Flag of Libya.svg  Libya December 1981 [41]
71Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 1981 [42]
72Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 10 October 1982 [43]
73Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 11 June 1982 [44]
74Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 13 February 1983 [45]
75Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 24 March 1983 [46]
76Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles August 1983 [47]
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 26 September 1984 [48]
77Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 29 November 1984 [49]
78Flag of Afghanistan (2013-2021).svg  Afghanistan 7 January 1985 [38]
79Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 20 June 1985 [50]
80Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 20 February 1986 [38]
81Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 30 September 1986 [51]
82Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 20 November 1986 [38]
83Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 7 January 1988 [52]
84Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 26 February 1988 [53]
85Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 10 May 1988 [38]
86Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 6 June 1988 [54]
87Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 19 April 1989 [55]
88Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 1989 [56]
89Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 25 July 1990 [38]
90Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 4 October 1991 [38]
91Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 29 April 1992 [38]
92Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 4 May 1993 [38]
93Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 26 July 1993 [38]
94Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 11 August 1993 [38]
95Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 19 August 1993 [38]
96Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 11 October 1993 [57]
97Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 28 October 1993 [58]
98Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 30 March 1994 [38]
99Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 11 June 1994 [59]
100Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 10 May 1995 [38]
101Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 20 June 1995 [60]
102Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 13 September 1995 [61]
103Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 27 November 1995 [38]
Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg  Holy See 14 December 1995 [62]
104Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 17 January 1996 [38]
105Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 3 April 1996 [63]
106Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 20 May 1996 [64]
107Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 13 June 1996 [38]
108Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 18 June 1996 [38]
109Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 29 July 1996 [38]
110Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 23 August 1996 [65]
111Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 13 September 1996 [66]
112Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 September 1996 [67]
113Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 22 November 1996 [38]
114Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 3 December 1996 [38]
115Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 19 December 1996 [38]
116Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 1996 [68]
117Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 4 February 1997 [38]
118Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 28 February 1997 [38]
119Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 4 March 1997 [38]
120Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 27 March 1997 [38]
121Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 25 September 1997 [38]
122Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 30 September 1997 [38]
123Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 3 October 1997 [38]
124Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 3 November 1997 [38]
125Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 20 April 1998 [38]
126Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 12 March 1999 [38]
127Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 29 February 2000 [38]
128Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 15 March 2001 [38]
129Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor 21 May 2002 [69]
130Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 7 September 2005 [38]
131Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 16 November 2005 [70]
132Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 18 June 2008 [71]
133Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 17 December 2008 [72]
134Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 18 May 2009 [38]
135Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 25 September 2009 [38]
136Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 27 May 2010 [38]
137Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 15 August 2010 [73]
138Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan 15 July 2011 [74]
139Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 9 August 2012 [75]
140Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 5 December 2012 [76]
141Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 6 December 2012 [38]
142Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 10 December 2012 [77]
143Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 5 September 2013 [38]
144Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 29 September 2015 [38]
145Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 18 February 2016 [78]
146Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis 9 November 2017 [79]
147Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 11 December 2017 [80]
148Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 14 May 2018 [81]
149Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 24 October 2018 [82]
150Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 6 November 2018 [83]
151Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 2 August 2019 [38]
152Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 27 September 2019 [38]
153Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 29 September 2019 [84]
154Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 24 March 2021 [85]
155Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 24 March 2021 [85]
156Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 21 September 2021 [86]
157Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 20 October 2022 [87]
158Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 21 June 2023 [88]
159Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria Unknown
160Flag of Chad.svg  Chad Unknown
161Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus Unknown
162Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti Unknown
163Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia Unknown
164Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia Unknown
165Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Unknown
166Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia Unknown
167Flag of Togo.svg  Togo Unknown
168Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago Unknown

Bilateral relations

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 5 September 1978See Angola–Mozambique relations
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 15 November 1975See Brazil–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1975 [89]

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 25 June 1975See Canada–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [93]

Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [1]

See China–Mozambique relations

China-Mozambique relations date back to the 1960s, when China began to support the struggle of Mozambique's Marxist-oriented FRELIMO party against Portuguese colonialism. [95] Diplomatic relations were formally established on 25 June 1975, soon after Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal. [96] In November 2006, Mozambique became the thirteenth African country to be added to China's official list of tourism destinations. [97] Hu Jintao, president of the People's Republic of China, made an official visit to Mozambique in February 2007, during which he and Armando Guebuza, the president of Mozambique, pledged further cooperation in the areas of economy, technology, agriculture, education and sports. [98]

  • China has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Macau.
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 27 August 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1975 [99]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Havana.
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [1]

See Denmark–Mozambique relations

  • Denmark has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 18 July 1975See Finland–Mozambique relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975 [100]
  • Mozambique is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Finland has an embassy in Maputo. [101]
Flag of France.svg  France 19 February 1976See France–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1976 [102]

  • France has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Paris.
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 3 February 1976See Germany–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1976 [103]

  • Germany has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Berlin.
Flag of India.svg  India 25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [1]

See India–Mozambique relations

Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 5 November 1976See Kenya–Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1976 when Ambassador of Kenya Hon. Kiyinda Nincola, has presented his credentials to President of Mozambique Samora Moises Machel. [33]

  • Kenya has a high commission in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Nairobi.
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 1 July 1981See Malawi-Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1981 [108]

  • Malawi has a high commission in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Lilongwe.
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 26 February 1988Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 1988 [109]

See Mexico–Mozambique relations

  • Mexico is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. [110]
  • Mozambique is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 25 June 1975See Mozambique–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [111]

Both nations are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

  • Mozambique has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulate-general in Porto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Maputo and a consulate-general in Beira.
  • Portuguese companies are the second largest private investor in Mozambique. [112]
  • In July 2008, Mozambique and Portugal have signed an agreement to set up a fund to support investments worth US$124 million in the Mozambican energy sector. [113]
  • In July 2008, Portugal cancelled Mozambique's remaining debts to Portugal, estimated at US$393.4 million, accumulated from independence until 2005. [114]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [1]

See Mozambique–Russia relations

Mozambique-Russia relations date back to the 1960s, when Soviet Union began to support the struggle of Mozambique's Marxist-oriented FRELIMO party against Portuguese colonialism. Most leaders of the FRELIMO were trained in Moscow. Diplomatic relations were formally established on 25 June 1975, soon after Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal. In June 2007, both Russia and Mozambique signed an agreement on economic cooperation. [115]

  • Mozambique has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Maputo.
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 1981
  • Mozambique is accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe from its embassy in Luanda, Angola and maintains an honorary consulate in São Tomé.
  • São Tomé and Príncipe is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Luanda, Angola and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo. [116]
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 26 September 1993See Mozambique–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1993 [117]

Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 11 August 1993

Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Korea and Mozambique on 11 August 1993 [118] There were 78 South Koreans living in Mozambique in 2012. [119]

Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 27 May 1977See Mozambique–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1977 [120]

  • Mozambique has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Maputo.
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 25 June 1975See Mozambique–Tanzania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [5]

  • Mozambique has a high commission in Dar es Salaam and a consulate-general in Zanzibar City.
  • Tanzania has a high commission in Maputo.
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 20 January 1981See Mozambique–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 1981 [121]

  • Mozambique is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Rome, Italy. [122]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Maputo. [122]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$153 million in 2019. [122]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 23 September 1975See Mozambique–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1975 [123]

Relations between the United States and Mozambique are good and steadily improving. By 1993, U.S. aid to Mozambique was prominent, due in part to significant emergency food assistance in the wake of the 1991-93 southern African drought, but more importantly in support of the peace and reconciliation process. During the process leading up to elections in October 1994, the United States served as a significant financier and member of the most important commissions established to monitor implementation of the Rome General Peace Accords. The United States is the largest bilateral donor to the country and plays a leading role in donor efforts to assist Mozambique.

See also

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Throughout the Cold War, Ivory Coast's foreign policy was generally favorable toward the West. In particular, Félix Houphouët-Boigny kept relations with France that was among the closest between any African country and a former colonial power. The country became a member of the United Nations at independence in 1960 and participates in most of its specialized agencies. It is also an associate member of the European Union. In general, President Bédié initiated and maintained relations with many countries of the European Union and Asia. Ivory Coast maintains a wide variety of diplomatic contacts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Haiti</span> Overview of the foreign relations of Haiti

Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.

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