Foreign relations of Zambia

After independence in 1964 the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such as the African National Congress and SWAPO. During the Cold War Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Zambia is a member of 44 international organizations, with the United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations and Southern African Development Community being among the most notable.

Zambia is involved in a border dispute concerning the convergence of the boundaries of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. An additional dispute with the Democratic Republic of Congo concerns the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave.

History

Kenneth Kaunda visiting communist Romania's leader, Nicolae Ceauşescu, in 1970.

Kaunda talking privately with U.S. President Jimmy Carter at the White House in 1978

U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell and President of Zambia Levy Mwanawasa meet in New York City during the 59th UN General Assembly.

After independence in 1964, Zambia was one of the most vocal opponents to white minority rule and colonialism. President Kenneth Kaunda, who held office 1964–1991, was a very visible advocate of change in Southern Africa. He actively supported UNITA during the Angolan liberation and civil war, SWAPO during their fight for Namibian independence from apartheid South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and the African National Congress in their fight against apartheid in South Africa. ^[1]

Many of these organizations were based in Zambia during the 1970s and 1980s. For this reason South Africa as well as Rhodesia carried out military raids on targets inside Zambia. Zambia's support for the various liberation movements also caused problems for the Zambian economy, since it was heavily dependent on electricity supply and transportation through South Africa and Rhodesia. However these problems was partly solved by the Kariba Dam and the construction of the Chinese supported Tan-Zam railway.^{[ citation needed ]}

For their part in the liberations struggles, Zambia enjoys wide popularity among the countries they supported as well as all over Africa. For instance, former South African president Nelson Mandela often referred to the debt South Africa owes Zambia. ^[2]

Before Zambian independence, Kaunda met with John F Kennedy while visiting the United States in 1961, and he would meet with Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush at the White House during his long presidency. ^[1] He also clashed with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher on several occasions, disliking her policy towards South Africa. ^[3]

As with most African states, Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War, and is still today. The country hosted the 3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970. In practice Zambia was more to the left than to the right during the Cold War. The country had good relations with China and with Yugoslavia. Kaunda is famous in Yugoslavia for crying openly at president Josip Broz Tito's funeral.

Kaunda's successor, president Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002), also played an important role in African politics. His government played a constructive regional role sponsoring Angola peace talks that led to the 1994 Lusaka Protocols. Zambia has provided troops to UN peacekeeping initiatives in Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, and Sierra Leone. Zambia was the first African state to cooperate with the International Tribunal investigation of the 1994 Rwanda genocide.

In 1998, Zambia took the lead in efforts to establish a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia was active in the Congolese peace effort after the signing of a cease-fire agreement in Lusaka in July and August 1999, although activity diminished considerably after the Joint Military Commission tasked with implementing the ceasefire relocated to Kinshasa in September 2001.

International organizations

Zambia is a member of 45 international organisations. These are: ^[4]

Lomé Convention (ACP) African Development Bank (AfDB) African Union (AU) Commonwealth of Nations (CN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Group of 77 (G-77) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Criminal Court (ICCt) International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) ICRM International Development Association (IDA) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Finance Corporation (IFC) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) International Labour Organization (ILO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Interpol International Olympic Committee (IOC) International Organization for Migration (IOM) International Organization for Standardization (ISO, correspondent)

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Southern African Development Community (SADC) United Nations (UN) United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) Universal Postal Union (UPU) WCL World Customs Organization (WCO) World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Tourism Organization (WToO) World Trade Organization (WTrO)

Concerning Zambia's membership in the ICC, Zambia has a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military from prosecution.

United Nations

Zambia joined the United Nations on 1 December 1964, ^[5] only a month after the nation had become independent. Zambia has a permanent mission to the UN, with headquarters on 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. The head of the mission is Tens Chisola Kapoma.

International Monetary Fund managing director Rodrigo Rato meeting with the Republic of Zambia's President Levy Mwanawasa.

Regional diplomacy

Lusaka province, the capital of Zambia

Following the independence of Zambia on 24 October 1964, the country has lent military aid and support to numerous movements and governments on the international stage. Most notably, Zambia has a history of providing military aid to combatants and political parties fighting for independence throughout Africa. ^[6] The aid that Zambia has provided for African nationalistic movements during the colonial era revolves around both military and diplomatic arrangement for liberation and peace. ^[7] The Zambian Defense Force (ZDF), which consists of the Zambian Army, Zambian Air force and Zambian National Service, has played a key part in a multitude of key regional and international conflicts throughout the 1970s and 1980s. ^[8] Most notably, the Zambian military has provided counter insurgent efforts during major African confrontations such as the Rhodesian Bush War despite not being the main belligerent. ^[9]

Zambia has a history of supporting regional liberation movements and Former President Kenneth Kaunda had previously decreed that "Zambia will not be independent and free until the rest of Africa is Free". ^[10] Critics^{[ weasel words ]} have pointed to Zambia's historical stance of non-engagement and détente as a self-preservation act for a historically authoritarian government. ^[11] As a large central nation, the governability of Zambia relies on the stability and diplomacy of nearby states that surround Zambia. ^[7] Regional stability has allowed Former President Kenneth Kaunda to maintain power in the relatively poor nation for several decades. ^[12]

Liberation and political support

Zambia received its own liberation from colonialism relatively early from Britain. The newly formed Zambian government under President Kenneth Kaunda of the UNIP party was active in the liberation and disputes of its neighbors for decades following its independence. ^[13] The Zambian government offered shelter for revolutionaries, mediated treaty signings and offered aid and weapons. The continuation of colonial rule in Southern Africa was seen as a slight to Zambia and inherent feelings of African unity drove the new nation to aid its neighbors resist colonial rule. ^[14]

Most notably, Zambia was a haven for revolutionaries from the Namibia liberation party, ^[15] South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa. Zambia provided a rear base for revolutionaries as well as administrative and political aid.

SWAPO

Former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela had previously expressed the important role Zambia played in post-apartheid South Africa

The South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) is a political party that was formerly an independence movement based in Namibia. ^[16] Due to pressures from within Namibia, SWAPO moved its headquarters and much of its forces into neighboring Zambia in the 1970s. Zambia became a safe haven for the group and SWAPO set up guerrilla training camps and sent exiled members into Zambia. ^[15] The Shipanga Crisis, so named for senior SWAPO leader Andreas Shipanga, saw the Zambian government help round up thousands of dissidents and critics of the movement. ^[17] SWAPO leaders in Namibia saw growing dissent in the SWAPO installations and guerrilla camps in Zambia, and appealed to then President Kaunda for help. After rounding up thousands of perceived rebels, including Shipanga with the aid of Zambia, SWAPO leadership in Namibia became markedly more authoritarian. ^[18]

African National Congress

The African National Congress was an anti-apartheid political party based in South Africa, with close ideological ties to the Zambian African National Congress of President Kenneth Kaunda. ^[19] When the political party was banned in South Africa by the colonial government, many of its leaders went underground or fled to Zambia. ^[20] Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, became the new headquarters for many ANC leaders in exile from their native South Africa. Zambia thus developed a legacy of being the center of activity for South African liberation and allowed exiled leaders to convene and organize. Former South African President Nelson Mandela had expressed the important role that Zambia played in the liberation of their country during the years of exile. ^[21] Zambia's policy of liberation through diplomacy and discreet support for African nationalist movements within the region is most poignant in the South African case. ^[22]

Zimbabwe

Zambia has also provided key support to the liberation struggles of nearby Zimbabwe from their colonial rulers in the 1960s to 1970s. ^[23] Specifically, Zambia provided armed and diplomatic support to Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) during their struggles against the unrecognized rogue state Rhodesian government in the Rhodesian Bush War. ^[24] Zambia provided limited arms and training towards Zimbabwe's African nationalist movements, but largely applied diplomatic approaches to induce liberation in Zimbabwe. ^[25] This included multiple visits and discussion between the Rhodesian government and Zambia leaders to negotiate a resolution to the civil strife within the country. Eventually, in 1979, the Rhodesian government submitted to international pressures and conducted elections that lead to majority rule and the eventual renaming of the country as Zimbabwe. ^[26]

UNITA

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) was a party in Angola that served as one of the main belligerents in the Angolan Civil War of 1975 against People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). ^[27] Zambia, under Kenneth Kaunda trained and funded UNITA against the MPLA during the civil war. Lusaka remained one of the most ardent supporters of the UNITA African nationalists and UNITA troops trained in Zambia. ^[28] Since then, Zambia has rescinded its historical support of UNITA and has apologized to the current Angolan government over the historical support of UNITA. ^[29]

Roles in regional disputes

Angolan Civil War

Zambia was key in facilitating talks between People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) of the Angolan Civil War. ^[30] The Angolan Civil War waged on from 1975 onward and involved massive foreign intervention in the face of the Cold War. ^[31] Initiated by Zambia, the Lusaka Protocol was a treaty that attempted to end the Civil War by disarmament and national reconciliation. The treaty was signed in Lusaka on 20 November 1994 and garnered international support, as well as support from Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela. ^[32] Ultimately the fighting resumed, and by 1998, the peace process ceased. ^[33]

The Second Congo War

The Second Congo war was a major African continental war that began in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1998, and involved nine different African countries. ^[34] Zambia was not a belligerent in this military engagement, but sought to facilitate peace and an end to the fighting. Representatives from various international organizations such as the United Nations, met on 21–27 June 1999 in Lusaka in order to draft a resolution to the conflict. ^[35] The ceasefire agreement set to end the fighting, deploy peacekeeping forces and release prisoners of war on both sides of the fighting. Heads of state from Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe convened in Lusaka, Zambia on 10 July 1999 to sign the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. ^[36] Ultimately hostilities continued despite the passage of the Peace Agreement, and the official fighting did not resolve itself until 2003. ^[37]

African cooperation

Zambia is a member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union, and was its chairman until July 2002. Zambia also takes part in the unions economical cooperation, the African Economic Community (AEC). Among th AEC's different pillars, Zambia takes part in two; Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the preferential trade area Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The country is also a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

SADC was founded in Zambia's capital Lusaka on 1 April 1980, and COMESA has its headquarters there as well.

International disputes

A dormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe's boundaries converge; and with the DRC in the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave in the North of Chienge following concerns on the Zambia-Congo Delimitation Treaty raised with the late President Laurent Kabila. The lack of demarcation beacons, and the citizenship rights of people in that enclave remain thorny issues, especially in Luapula Province.

Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations

Zambia has been a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations since 24 October 1964, when Northern Rhodesia became independent.

List

List of countries which Zambia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	United Kingdom	24 October 1964 [38]
2	United States	24 October 1964 [39]
3	Democratic Republic of the Congo	24 October 1964 [40]
4	France	24 October 1964 [41]
5	Germany	24 October 1964 [42]
6	Serbia	24 October 1964 [43]
7	China	29 October 1964 [44]
8	Russia	30 October 1964 [45]
9	Japan	October 1964 [46]
10	Ghana	30 November 1964 [47]
11	Egypt	15 December 1964 [48]
12	Sweden	1964 [49]
13	Tanzania	7 January 1965 [50]
14	Czech Republic	2 February 1965 [51]
15	Norway	2 February 1965 [52]
16	Denmark	10 February 1965 [53]
17	Belgium	12 February 1965 [54]
18	Philippines	26 February 1965 [55]
19	Israel	17 March 1965 [56]
20	Austria	18 March 1965 [57]
21	India	April 1965 [58]
—	Holy See	15 May 1965 [59]
22	Ethiopia	8 July 1965 [60]
23	Chile	29 July 1965 [61]
24	Netherlands	2 November 1965 [62]
25	Nigeria	1965 [63]
26	Canada	13 April 1966 [64]
27	Italy	10 May 1966 [65]
28	Switzerland	10 June 1966 [66]
29	Poland	1 July 1966 [67]
30	Hungary	13 August 1966 [68]
31	Botswana	28 November 1966 [69]
32	Kenya	1966 [70]
33	Uganda	1966 [71]
34	Lebanon	3 February 1967 [72]
35	Guinea	10 November 1967 [73]
36	Finland	8 March 1968 [74]
37	Ivory Coast	10 April 1968 [75]
38	Romania	28 May 1968 [76]
39	Somalia	7 July 1968 [77]
40	Bulgaria	20 October 1968 [78]
41	North Korea	12 April 1969 [79]
42	Senegal	25 April 1969 [80]
43	Syria	15 May 1969 [81]
44	Albania	9 July 1969 [82]
45	Spain	26 September 1969 [83]
46	Brazil	28 December 1969 [84]
47	Malawi	15 September 1970 [85]
48	Peru	5 October 1970 [86]
49	Guyana	11 February 1971 [87]
50	Trinidad and Tobago	17 February 1971 [88]
51	Sierra Leone	19 February 1971 [89]
52	Jamaica	25 February 1971 [90]
53	Turkey	25 February 1971 [91]
54	Barbados	1 March 1971 [92]
55	Eswatini	31 March 1971 [93]
56	Mauritania	30 April 1971 [94]
57	Liberia	3 April 1972 [95]
58	Cameroon	April 1972 [96]
59	Australia	18 May 1972 [97]
60	Cuba	19 July 1972 [98]
61	Vietnam	15 September 1972 [99]
62	Malta	17 October 1972 [100]
63	Morocco	1972 [101]
64	Pakistan	1972 [102]
65	Tunisia	1972 [103]
66	Togo	5 January 1973 [104]
67	Republic of the Congo	12 January 1973 [105]
68	Algeria	15 January 1973 [106]
69	Rwanda	January 1973 [107]
70	Burundi	13 March 1973 [108]
71	Sri Lanka	16 April 1973 [109]
72	Iran	7 July 1973 [110]
73	Madagascar	13 September 1973 [111]
74	Lesotho	19 September 1973 [112]
75	Benin	8 February 1974 [113]
76	Argentina	27 September 1974 [114]
77	United Arab Emirates	29 November 1974 [115]
78	Mauritius	29 December 1974 [116]
79	Gambia	30 December 1974 [117]
80	Iraq	1974 [118]
81	Sudan	1974 [119]
82	Haiti	6 March 1975 [120]
83	Portugal	3 April 1975 [121]
84	Mozambique	25 June 1975 [122]
85	Gabon	18 July 1975 [123]
86	Mexico	15 October 1975 [124]
87	Bahamas	1975 [125]
88	Kuwait	12 November 1975 [126]
89	Indonesia	18 November 1975 [127]
90	Cyprus	10 December 1976 [128]
91	Angola	3 May 1977 [129]
92	Greece	1977 [130]
93	Saudi Arabia	1 May 1978 [131]
94	Mongolia	2 October 1978 [132]
95	Venezuela	2 November 1978 [133]
96	Bangladesh	26 July 1979 [134]
97	Grenada	7 September 1979 [135]
98	Ireland	29 February 1980 [136]
99	Nicaragua	21 April 1980 [137]
100	Zimbabwe	30 April 1980 [138]
101	Oman	2 June 1982 [139]
102	Qatar	25 June 1982 [140]
103	Cape Verde	10 July 1982 [141]
104	Bahrain	24 January 1983 [142]
105	Antigua and Barbuda	2 March 1983 [143]
106	New Zealand	2 April 1985 [144]
107	Nepal	10 September 1986 [145]
108	Libya	1986 [146]
109	Bolivia	5 January 1987 [133]
110	São Tomé and Príncipe	31 August 1987 [147]
111	Mali	2 October 1987 [148]
112	Thailand	9 November 1987 [149]
113	Colombia	21 April 1988 [150]
114	Afghanistan	December 1988 [151]
115	Malaysia	26 February 1990 [152]
116	Namibia	5 August 1990 [153]
117	South Korea	4 September 1990 [154]
—	State of Palestine	20 February 1991 [155]
118	Ukraine	22 April 1993 [156]
119	Slovakia	5 May 1993 [157]
120	Kyrgyzstan	17 September 1993 [158]
121	Armenia	7 October 1993 [159]
122	Belarus	13 October 1993 [160]
123	Georgia	14 October 1993 [161]
124	Moldova	26 October 1993 [162]
125	Azerbaijan	18 November 1993 [163]
126	Turkmenistan	2 December 1993 [164]
127	Uzbekistan	1 February 1994 [165]
128	South Africa	10 May 1994 [166]
129	Eritrea	15 July 1994 [167]
130	Slovenia	26 January 1995 [168]
131	Bosnia and Herzegovina	20 March 1995 [169]
132	Croatia	20 September 1995 [170]
133	Tajikistan	31 October 1995 [171]
134	Kazakhstan	25 March 1996 [172]
135	Cambodia	8 May 1996 [173]
136	Laos	9 November 1996 [133]
137	Singapore	17 December 1996 [174]
138	Latvia	27 February 1997 [175]
139	Estonia	15 May 1997 [176]
140	Seychelles	11 March 1998 [177]
141	North Macedonia	30 March 1998 [178]
142	Lithuania	13 July 2001 [179]
143	Brunei	3 February 2003 [133]
144	Belize	18 September 2003 [180]
145	Iceland	23 July 2004 [133]
146	Jordan	6 June 2006 [181]
147	Comoros	22 February 2007 [182]
148	Montenegro	29 June 2010 [133]
149	Paraguay	28 September 2010 [183]
150	Burkina Faso	15 July 2011 [184]
151	Honduras	8 August 2011 [185]
152	Suriname	2 September 2011 [186]
153	Guatemala	19 March 2013 [187]
154	Ecuador	16 July 2013 [188]
155	Costa Rica	28 May 2014 [189]
156	Central African Republic	28 August 2017 [190]
157	Djibouti	23 October 2017 [191]
158	Maldives	1 April 2018 [133]
159	Equatorial Guinea	19 April 2018 [192]
160	Dominican Republic	23 September 2024 [133]
161	Panama	24 September 2024 [133]
162	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	24 September 2024 [193]
163	Luxembourg	Unknown
164	Niger	Unknown
—	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (cancelled)	Unknown
165	South Sudan	Unknown [194]
166	Yemen	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Albania	9 July 1969	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1969 [82]
Algeria	15 January 1973	Both countries established diplomatic relationson 15 January 1973 [106]
Angola	3 May 1977	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1977 [129] Angola has an embassy in Lusaka and consulates-general in Mongu and Solwezi. Zambia has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general in Luena.
Antigua and Barbuda	2 March 1983	On 15 November 2012, the High Commissioner of Zambia (resident in Ottawa) Mr. Bobby Mbunji Samakai presented his credentials to Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda. [195]
Argentina	27 September 1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1974 [114]
Armenia	7 October 1993	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1993 [159]
Australia	18 May 1972	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1972 when first Australian High Commissioner to Zambia Mr. W. G. A. Landale presented credentials (resident in Dar es Salaam) [97] Australia is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Zambia has a High Commission in Canberra. [196] Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Austria	18 March 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1965 when accredited first Ambassador of Austria to Zambia (resident in Nairobi) Dr. Friedrich Kudernatsch [57]
Azerbaijan	18 November 1993	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1993 [163]
Bangladesh	26 July 1979	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1979 [134]
Barbados	1 March 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1971 [92]
Belarus	13 October 1993	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1993 [160]
Belgium	12 February 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1965 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Zambia Mr. Jean Bourgaux presented his credentials [54]
Belize	18 September 2003	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2003 when accredited first High Commissioner of Zambia to Belize (resident in Washington D.C.) Dr. Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika. [180]
Benin	8 February 1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1974 when Zambian ambassador Andreya S. Masiye presented credentials to President Kerekou [113]
Bolivia	5 January 1987	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1987 [197]
Botswana	28 November 1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1966 when first Botswana's High Commissioner to Zambia, Richard Mannathoko presents his credentials [69]
Brazil	28 December 1969	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1969 [84] Brazil has an embassy in Lusaka. Zambia has an embassy in Brasília.
Burkina Faso	15 July 2011	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 2011 when Ambassador of Zambia with residence in Abuja M. Alexis Cadman Luhila, has presented his credentials to President of Burkina Faso Blaise Compaore. [184]
Burundi	13 March 1973	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1973 [108]
Cameroon	April 1972	Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1972 [96]
Canada	13 April 1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1966 [64] Canada has a high commission in Lusaka. Zambia has a high commission in Ottawa.
Cape Verde	10 July 1982	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1982 [141]
Central African Republic	28 August 2017	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 2017 when first Ambassador of CAR to Zambia with residence in Pretoria M. Andre Nzapayeke, presented his credentials to President Edgar Lungu. [190]
Chile	29 July 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1965, but Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Chile on 1 October 1973, diplomatic relations were restored on 18 July 1991 [61]
China	29 October 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1964 [44] See China–Zambia relations China has an embassy in Lusaka. Zambia has an embassy in Beijing.
Colombia	21 April 1988	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1988 [150]
Comoros	22 February 2007	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 2007 when first Ambassador of Zambia Professor Royson M. Mukwena, has presented his credentials to President of Comoros Ahmed Abdallah Sambi. [182]
Democratic Republic of the Congo	24 October 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to charge d'affaires [40] DR Congo has an embassy in Lusaka. Zambia has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
Republic of Congo	12 January 1973	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1973 when the first Zambian Ambassador to the Congo People's Republic, M. Chalikulima, presented his credentials to President Ngouabi [105]
Costa Rica	28 May 2014	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 2014 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Costa Rica (resident in Washington) Mr. Palan Mulonda presented his credentials to President Luis Guillermo Solís. [189]
Cote d'Ivoire	10 April 1968	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1968 [75]
Croatia	20 September 1995	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1995 [170]
Cyprus	10 December 1976	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1976 when the first High Commissioner of Cyprus to Zambia, Mr. Fillios Antoniou Grammenopoulos, presented his credentials to President Kaunda [128] Cyprus is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa [198] and an honorary consulate in Lusaka. [198] Zambia is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Rome, Italy [198] and an honorary consulate in Limassol. [198] Both countries have a bilateral agreement on Air Service between both countries. [199] Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Denmark	10 February 1965	See Denmark-Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1965 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Zambia (resident in Nairibi) Mr. Birger Abrahamson [53] Denmark has an embassy in Lusaka. [200] Zambia is accredited to Denmark, from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. [201]
Ecuador	16 July 2013	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 2013 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Ecuador (resident in Brasilia) Ms. Cynthia Misozi Jangulo presented his credentials [188]
Egypt	15 December 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964 when the UAR (Egypt) has decided to open an embassy in Zambia. [48]
Equatorial Guinea	19 April 2018	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 2018 when Ambassador of Zambia with residence in Kinshasa Mr. Friday Musiyalike Nyambe has presented his credentials to President of Equatorial Guinea Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. [192]
Eritrea	15 July 1994	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1994 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Eritrea Simataa Akapelwa presented his credentials to President Isaias Afwerki [167]
Eswatini	31 March 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1971 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Swaziland to Zambia (resident in Nairobi) Mr. Martin Buya Mdiniso. [93]
Ethiopia	8 July 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1965 when Chief Mapanza has been appointed the Zambian Ambassador to Ethiopia [60]
Finland	8 March 1968	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1968 [202] Finland recognised Zambia on 29 October 1964. Zambia is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Lusaka. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Zambia
France	24 October 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964 [41]
Gabon	18 July 1975	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975 [123]
Gambia	30 December 1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1974 when the Zambian High Commissioner to Gambia, Mr. A. N. Kalyati, presented his letters of credence to the President, Sir Dawda Jawara. [117]
Germany	24 October 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964 [42]
Ghana	30 November 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1964 when first Zambian High Commissioner to Ghana, Mr. M. Ngalande, presented his letters of credence [47]
Greece	1977	Greece is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and an honorary consulate in Lusaka. [203] Zambia is accredited to Greece from its embassy in London, United Kingdom. [203]
Grenada	18 September 1979	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 1979 [204]
Guinea	10 November 1967	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967 when the first Guinean Ambassador to Zambia, Mr. Fily Cissoko, presented his credentials to President Kaunda [73]
Guyana	11 February 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1971 Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Haiti	6 March 1975	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier. [120]
Honduras	8 August 2011	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 August 2011 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Honduras (resident in Washington) Mrs Sheila Siwela presented his credentials to President Porfirio Lobo [185]
India	April 1965	See India-Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1965 when first High Commissioner of India to Zambia Mr. C. Krishnamurti began his duties. [58] India has a high commission in Lusaka. [205] [206] Zambia has a high commission in New Delhi. [207] [208] Bilateral Relations between India and Zambia
Ireland	29 February 1980	See Ireland–Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1980 when Ireland's first Ambassador to Zambia, His Excellency Mr Michael Greene, presented credentials to President Kaunda [136] Ireland has an embassy in Lusaka. [209] Zambia is accredited to Ireland from its high commission in London [210]
Israel	17 March 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1965 when Israel's first ambassador to Zambia Col. Ben-Zion Tehan presented his credentials to the President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda. [56] Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Israel on 26 October 1973. [211] Diplomatic relations between two countries were re-established on 25 December 1991 [212] Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force. [213]
Italy	10 May 1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1966 with the appointment of Armando Albini as Chargé d'affaires of Italy to Zambia (before that, from 31 May 1965, Consul General of Italy in Lusaka). First Ambassador of Italy to Zambia Girolamo Trotta was appointed 27 November 1967. [65]
Jordan	6 June 2006	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 2006 when ambassador of Zambia to Jordan Mr. Cecil Almos Holmes, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah. [181]
Kenya	1966	See Kenya–Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Zambia to Kenya Mr. A. M. Simbule. [70] Kenya has a high commission in Lusaka. Zambia has a high commission in Nairobi.
Lebanon	3 February 1967	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1967 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Zambia to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M.Rupiah Bwezani Banda. [72]
Liberia	3 April 1972	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials [95]
Mali	2 October 1987	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Mali to Zambia (Resident in Cairo) Mr. Elbekaye Moctar Kounta. [148]
Mauritania	30 April 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1971 when Zambia's first Ambassador to Mauritania Mr. Seteke Mwale presented his credentials to President Moktar Ould Daddah. [94]
Mexico	15 October 1975	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1975 [124] Mexico is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. [214] Zambia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. [215]
Mozambique	25 June 1975	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975 [122] Mozambique has a high commission in Lusaka. Zambia has a high commission in Maputo.
Namibia	5 August 1990	See Namibia–Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1990 [153] Namibia has a high commission in Lusaka. Zambia has a high commission in Windhoek.
Netherlands	2 November 1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1965 when opened Embassy of the Netherlands in Zambia's capital Lusaka with Charge d'Affaires Mr. M. A. Beelaerts van Blokland [62]
New Zealand	2 April 1985	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1985 [144] New Zealand is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa. Zambia is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia. [216] Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Poland	1 July 1966	See Poland–Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1966 [67] Poland is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Zambia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Russia	30 October 1964	See Russia–Zambia relations Russia has an embassy in Lusaka. Zambia has an embassy in Moscow.
Rwanda		Ambassador of Rwanda to Zambia Mr. Jean Marie Sibomana presented his credentials to President Kaunda on 23 March 1976 [217]
Sao Tome and Principe	31 August 1987	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Sao Tome and Principe to Zambia (resident in Luanda) Mr. J. Jose Da Costa. [147]
Senegal	25 April 1969	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1969 when first Zambia's Ambassador to Senegal, Mr. Ali Simbule presented his credentials to President Senghor [80]
Serbia	24 October 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964. [43] Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements. [218]
Sierra Leone	19 February 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1971 when first High Commissioner of Zambia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials to the Governor General of Sierra Leone Sir Banja Tejan-Sie [89]
South Africa	10 May 1994	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994 [166] See South Africa–Zambia relations Zambia was a strong supporter of the African National Congress during their struggle against minority rule and hosted the ANC for a number of years. In 2009, nearly 52% of all goods imported to Zambia were from South Africa. South Africa has a high commission in Lusaka. Zambia has a high commission in Pretoria.
South Korea	4 September 1990	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1990 [154] High-level Exchanges: May 1991 Special Envoy Chung Won-shik; October 1994 Special Envoy Hong Soon-young; May 1995 Special Envoy Kim Hang-kyung; May 2010 Economic Mission Kim Jung-hoon (The Republic of Korea-Zambia business Forum). [219]
Spain	26 September 1969	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1969 [83] Spain is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Lusaka. Zambia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
Sri Lanka	16 April 1973	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1973 when High Commissioner to Zambia from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) presented his credentials to President Kaunda. [109]
Switzerland	10 June 1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1966 when appointed first Ambassador of Switzerland to Zambia (resident in Kinshasa) Mr. Theodor Curchod [66]
Tanzania	7 January 1965	See Tanzania–Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965 when Zambia's first High Commissioner to Tanzania, Mr. A. M. Simbule presented his credentials to President Nyerere [50] Tanzania has a high commission in Lusaka. Zambia has a high commission in Dar es Salaam.
Trinidad and Tobago	17 February 1971	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1971 when first Zambia's high commissioner in Trinidad and Tobago, Mr. Vernon Johnson Mwaanga presented his credentials to Governor General Sir Solomon Hochoy [88]
Turkey	25 February 1971	See Turkey–Zambia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1971 when accredited first Ambassador of Turkey to Zambia (resident in Nairibi) Mr. Sadum Terem [91] Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka. [220] Zambia has an embassy in Ankara. [220] Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Zambian exports/imports: 5.9/17.8 million USD). [220] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018. [220]
United Kingdom	17 October 1964	See United Kingdom–Zambia relations Zambia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 17 October 1964. [38] Zambia maintains a high commission in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Zambia through its embassy in Lusaka. [221] The UK governed Zambia from 1911 to 1964, when Zambia achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership, [222] and have signed an Investment Agreement. [223]
United States	24 October 1964	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964 [39] See United States–Zambia relations Zambia, led by president Kenneth Kaunda and other diplomats such as Vernon Mwaanga, Mark Chona, and Siteke Mwale, cooperated closely with the United States between 1975 and 1984 in order to promote peaceful solutions to the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. [224] United States has an embassy in Lusaka. Zambia has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
Zimbabwe	30 April 1980	See Zambia–Zimbabwe relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980 [138] From 1953 to 1963 Zambia and Zimbabwe were, along with Nyasaland (now Malawi) part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. [225] Initially the two countries had good relations after gaining independence. However, relations have recently been strained. Following the controversial Zimbabwean presidential election of 2008, the late Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa described Mugabe's Zimbabwe as a "regional embarrassment". [226] The former foreign affairs minister, Kabinga Mpande, once said Zambia had lodged a protest against Zimbabwe, against the "sustained malicious campaign against Zambia". [227] But relations have improved tremendously with the election of Michael Sata as President of Zambia. It was reported in the Zambian media that Zambia was pushing for the readmission of Zimbabwe into the British led Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

• History of Zambia
• Politics of Zambia
• Kenneth Kaunda
• African Union
• List of diplomatic missions in Zambia
• List of diplomatic missions of Zambia

References

1. Andy DeRoche, Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).
2. "Kenneth Kaunda: A life in power". BBC. 26 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
3. Clines, Francis (6 August 1986). "Commonwealth Chiefs Rebuke Thatcher Harshly". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
4. "The World Factbook – Zambia". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 1 November 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2004.
5. "List of Member States". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
6. Tordoff, William (1974). Politics in Zambia. North Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 358–362.
7. Shaw, Timothy M. "The foreign policy system of Zambia". African Studies Review 19.1 (1976): 31-66.
8. Abrahams, Diane; Cawthra, Gavin; Williams, Rocklyn (2003). Ourselves To Know: Civil-military Relations and Defence Transformation in Southern Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies South Africa. pp. 3–6.
9. Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008, pp. 140–143
10. Musonda, Emelda. "Price Zambia Paid for Africa's Liberation". Zambia Daily Mail, www.daily-mail.co.zm/price-zambia-paid-for-africas-liberation/.
11. Shaw, Timothy M. "Dilemmas of Dependence and (Under) Development: conflicts and choices in Zambia's present and prospective foreign policy". Africa Today 26.4 (1979): 43-65
12. Shaw, T. M., & Mugomba, A. T. (1977). The political economy of regional detente: Zambia and southern africa. Journal of African Studies, 4(4), 392
13. Isaacman, Allen; Lalu, Premesh; Nygren, Thomas (2005). "Digitization, History, and the Making of a Postcolonial Archive of Southern African Liberation Struggles: The Aluka Project". Africa Today. 52 (2): 55–77. doi:10.1353/at.2006.0009. JSTOR   4187703. S2CID   145625678.
14. Taylor & Francis Group (May 2007). "Introduction: White Power, Black Nationalism and the Cold War in Southern Africa". Cold War History. 7 (2): 165–168. doi:10.1080/14682740701284090. ISSN   1468-2745. S2CID   218577817.
15. A., Williams, Christian (2009). Exile History: An Ethnography of the SWAPO Camps and the Namibian Nation (Thesis). hdl:2027.42/64754. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
16. Vigne, Randolph (January 1987). "SWAPO of Namibia: A movement in exile". Third World Quarterly. 9 (1): 85–107. doi:10.1080/01436598708419963. ISSN   0143-6597.
17. Leys, Colin; Saul, John S. (1994). "Liberation without Democracy? The Swapo Crisis of 1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 20 (1): 123–147. doi:10.1080/03057079408708390. JSTOR   2637123.
18. Fivush, Robyn (February 2010). "Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives". Memory. 18 (2): 88–98. doi:10.1080/09658210903029404. ISSN   0965-8211. PMID   19565405. S2CID   36928878.
19. "South Africa Bans African National Congress". African American Registry. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
20. Macmillan, Hugh. "The African National Congress of South Africa in Zambia: The Culture of Exile and the Changing Relationship with Home, 1964-1990". Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, 2009, pp. 303–329.
21. "Nelson Mandela's Work and Freedom Would Have Been Difficult If Not for Zambia". New African , 31 July 2018
22. Landsberg, Chris. The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa's Transition. Jacana Media, 2004
23. Scarritt, James R., and Solomon M. Nkiwane. "Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context". Africa Today 43.1 (1996): 7-31.
24. Chongo, Clarence. Decolonising Southern Africa: a history of Zambia's role in Zimbabwe's liberation struggle 1964-1979. Diss. University of Pretoria, 2
25. Scarritt, James R., Solomon M. Nkiwane, and Henrik Sommer. "A process tracing plausibility probe of uneven democratization's effects on cooperative dyads: The case of Zambia and Zimbabwe 1980–1993". International Interactions 26.1 (2000): 55-90.
26. "Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and Assessment". International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1973.
27. "Absolute Hell Over There". Time . 17 January 1977. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
28. Wade. "The Angolan Civil War (1975-2002): A Brief History". South African History Online, 13 July 2017
29. Simuchoba, Arthur (31 October 2011). "We Are so Sorry, Sata Tells Angola" Archived 9 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine . TimesLIVE .
30. Vines, Alex. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, 1999. Human Rights Watch.
31. "AfricanCrisis". AfricanCrisis. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
32. "IV. The Lusaka Peace Process". Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/reports/1999/angola/Angl998-04.htm.
33. Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. Human Rights Watch.
34. Bowers, Chris (24 July 2006). "World War Three". My Direct Democracy. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018.
35. "DR Congo: Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
36. Ngolet F. (2011) The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. In: Crisis in the Congo. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
37. Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN   9781554588787.
38. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
39. "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Zambia". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
40. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 211-212. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 4. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
41. "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 110. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
42. "Sambia: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
43. Summary of the Yugoslav Press. 1964. p. 22.
44. "China and Zambia celebrated the 55th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Zambia. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
45. "Diplomatic relations with Zambia were established on October 30, 1964". MFA Russia. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
46. "Japan-Zambia Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
47. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 184.
48. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 203.
49. "Om Zambia". Sveriges Ambassad Lisaka (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
50. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 5-6. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965.
51. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 21-22. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
52. "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
53. Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1967. p. 194.
54. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 246.
55. "Today we celebrate of formal diplomatic relations with Zambia!". 27 February 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
56. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 51-52. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965. p. 19. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
57. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1970. p. 1.
58. Asian Recorder Volume 11. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1965. p. 6352.
59. "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
60. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 327.
61. "Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p. 15. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
62. Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken, Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 125.
63. Douglas G Anglin (2021). Zambia's Foreign Policy Studies In Diplomacy And Dependence. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-000-01075-6.
64. "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
65. Filippo Scammacca del Murgo (27 July 2021). Sulle tracce di Livingstone Storia di Zambia e Malawi e degli italiani che vi hanno viaggiato (in Italian). Infinito Edizioni. ISBN   978-88-6861-537-6.
66. "Ambassade de Suisse à Kinshasa (1962...)". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
67. The Polish Review - Volume 12. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. 1967. p. 117.
68. Political Translations on Eastern Europe Issues 248-284. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1967. p. 32.
69. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 657.
70. Kenya Directory of the Diplomatic Corps of High Commissions, Embassies, Consulate-generals, Consuls, Trade Commissions, Holy See, International Organizations. Kenya Ministry of External Affairs. 1966. p. 97.
71. Cooperation and Conflict in Southern Africa Papers on a Regional Subsystem. University Press of America. 1977. p. 246.
72. Who's who in Lebanon Volume 3 (in French). Les Editions Publitec. 1968. p. 374.
73. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 903.
74. "Zambia". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
75. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1968. p. 1033.
76. "Republica ZAMBIA". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe (In Romanian). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
77. Problèmes africains et du tiers monde - Issues 449-474 (in French). 1968. p. 5.
78. "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
79. "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). ncnk.org. August 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
80. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1374.
81. Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
82. Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 6.
83. "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
84. Documentos de política externa Volumes 1-4 (in Portuguese). Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Brazil. Secretaria Geral Adjunta para o Planejamento Político. 1967. p. 21. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
85. Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 3420-3497. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970.
86. Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 5.
87. "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). minfor.gov.gy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
88. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 31-40. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1971. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
89. Sierra Leone Trade Journal Volumes 8-13. Sierra Leone. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1968. p. 42.
90. "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". mfaft.gov.jm. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
91. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 3.
92. "List of countries with which Barbados has established diplomatic relations". foreign.gov.bb. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
93. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1971. p. 5.
94. Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3650-3723. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971. p. 3.
95. William R. Tolbert (Jr.) (1976). Presidential Papers Documents, Diary, and Record of Activities of the Chief Executive · Volume 1. Press Division of the Executive Mansion. p. 28.
96. Irving Kaplan (1974). Area Handbook for Zambia Volume 550. American University, Foreign Area Studies. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
97. "Australian Representation Overseas". Current notes on international affairs.Vol. 43 No. 5 (May 1972). p. 263. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
98. "Hoy se conmemora el 50 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Cuba y la República de Zambia". Cancillería de Cuba (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
99. "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010)". mofa.gov.vn. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
100. "Press Release" (PDF). parlament.mt. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
101. "Zambie". Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
102. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 62.
103. "Relations bilatérales: Zambie". République Tunisienne Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (in French). Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
104. Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1254-1264. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973.
105. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2718.
106. Africa News Letter Risālat Ifrīqīyā. African Society. 1972. p. 14.
107. "Часть II Зарубежные страны: Руанда" (PDF). Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1974. Выпуск восемнадцатый (in Russian). p. 366. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
108. Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1275-1285. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973. p. 3. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
109. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2834.
110. Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4335-4411. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1973. p. 5.
111. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2984.
112. Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. p. 127.
113. Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1450-1459. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 11. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
114. "Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas y Consulares entre el Gobierno de la República Argentina y el Gobierno de la República de Zambia". tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
115. ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1974. p. 557.
116. "Ambassador of Zambia calls on Minister Maneesh Gobin, discusses bilateral trade, investments and regional integration". Facebook . 21 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
117. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1975. p. 3487.
118. A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1974. p. 442. ISBN   978-0-11-580141-9 . Retrieved 24 January 2024.
119. A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1974. p. 442. ISBN   978-0-11-580141-9 . Retrieved 24 January 2024.
120. Jean-Claude Duvalier (1978). Discours et messages: 21 avril 1973-avril 1975 (in French). Impr. H. Deschamps. p. 245.
121. "Zâmbia". Portal do Governo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
122. Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4866-4942. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
123. Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4943-5020. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
124. "Hoy conmemoramos el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Zambia". Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
125. A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1975. p. 111. ISBN   978-0-11-580169-3 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
126. Cairo Press Review. 1975. p. 15.
127. Asian Almanac - Volume 14. V.T. Sambandan. 1976. p. 7628.
128. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4272.
129. Ostos, Manuel (4 May 1977). "Zambia y Angola establecen relaciones diplomáticas". El Pais (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
130. The Europa year book 1977 : a world survey. 2, Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australasia. London : Europa Publications. 1977. p. 1887.
131. ARR, Arab Report and Record. Arab Report and Record. 1978. p. 338.
132. "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). mfa.gov.mn. March 2020. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
133. "Diplomatic relations between Zambia and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
134. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1978. p. 6.
135. FBIS Daily Report--Sub-Saharan Africa. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 14 September 1979. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
136. Ireland Today - Issues 942-983. Information Section, Department of Foreign Affairs. 1979. p. 13.
137. Le mois en Afrique - Issues 170-175 (in French). 1980. p. 125.
138. Schwartz, Richard, 1954- (2001). Coming to terms : Zimbabwe in the international arena. London; New York : I.B. Tauris. p. 65.
139. Keesing's Contemporary Archives - Volume 28. 1982. p. 31783.
140. Daily Report: Middle East & Africa. Index. NewsBank, inc, United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 136.
141. Le mois en Afrique - Issues 200-204 (in French). 1982. p. 167.
142. "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
143. Latin America Report, 2655. [Executive Office of the President], Federal Broadcast Information Service, Joint Publications Research Service. 17 March 1983. p. 32.
144. Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 7914-7938. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1985. p. 10.
145. "Nepal–Zambia Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
146. World Guide to Foreign Services Volume 1. World Guides Internationale Publikationen. 1986. p. 834.
147. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organizations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1993. p. 1.
148. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1989. p. 5.
149. "สาธารณรัฐแซมเบีย". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
150. "Directorio del Cuerpo Diplomático y Consular acreditado en la República de Colombia" (PDF). cancilleria.gov.co (in Spanish). 14 April 2015. p. 12. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
151. "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1989. Выпуск тридцать третий. Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Малайзия" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
152. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organizations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1993. p. 4.
153. Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 305.
154. "Zambia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
155. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organizations. 1993. p. 5.
156. "Political relations between Ukraine and Zambia". Embassy of Ukraine to the Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
157. "Zambia: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 4 July 2023.
158. "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения". mfa.gov.kg (in Russian). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
159. "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
160. "Матэрыялы брыфінга прэс-сакратара МЗС Беларусі Паўла Латушкі, праведзенага для прадстаўнікоў СМІ 23 мая б.г." mfa.gov.by (in Belarusian). 23 May 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
161. "Zambia, Republic of". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
162. "Republica Zambia". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe şi Integrării Europene al Republicii Moldova (in Romanian). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
163. "The Republic of Zambia". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
164. "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.tm. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
165. "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Ukraine. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
166. "Key Relations". High Commission of the Republic of Zambia - Pretoria. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
167. Eritrea Update. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. 1992. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
168. Mojca Pristavec Đogić. "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 7. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
169. "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
170. "Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
171. "List of states with which the Republic of Tajikistan established diplomatic relations" (PDF). mfa.tj. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
172. "Countries which has established Diplomatic Relations with Kazakhstan". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
173. "LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA". mfaic.gov.kh. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
174. "Diplomatic & Consular list" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. 2 July 2015. p. 240. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
175. "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Latvia. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
176. "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Estonian). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
177. "The new Zambian High Commissioner to the Republic of Seychelles accredited". 19 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
178. "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
179. "Zambia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
180. "Order of accreditation and precedence" (PDF). Belize Diplomatic & Consular List 2004. p. 123. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
181. "Ten ambassadors present credentials to King". kingabdullah.jo. 6 June 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
182. "Le premier Ambassadeur de la République de Zambie, SEM le Professeur Royson M. Mukwena a présenté ses lettres de créance à SEM Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, Président de l'Union des Comores". beit-salam.km (in French). Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
183. "Masivo relacionamienton diplomatico". abc.com.py (in Spanish). 29 September 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
184. "Six nouveaux Ambassadeurs accrédités auprès du Burkina présentent leurs Lettres de créance au Président du Faso". lefaso.net (in French). 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
185. "Embajadores presentan credenciales a Lobo". La Prensa (in Spanish). 9 August 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
186. "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
187. "Hoy se celebran 10 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Zambia. Guatemala reafirma el compromiso por estrechar aún más los vínculos de amistad y cooperación". MINEX Guatemala (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
188. "Cinco Embajadores presentan copias de cartas credenciales en Quito". confirmado.net (in Spanish). 16 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
189. "Finlandia, Grecia, Guyana y Zambia acreditan a sus nuevos embajadores ante Solís". La Nacion (in Spanish). 28 May 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
190. "Pres. Lungu Receives Letters Of Credence from Nine Envoys". MUVI Television. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
191. "Le Président de la République reçoit les Lettres de Créances de 4 nouveaux Ambassadeurs accrédités à Djibouti" (in French). 23 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
192. "Presentación de cartas credenciales y audiencias con el Presidente de la República". guineaecuatorialpress.com (in Spanish). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
193. "St Vincent establishes diplomatic relations with Zambia". 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
194. "Held bilateral meeting with Dr Barnaba Marial Benjamin". Hakainde Hichilema on X. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
195. "High Commissioner invites Antigua and Barbuda business community to Zambia". High Commission of the Republic of Zambia in Canada. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
196. "Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia - Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
197. "Diplomatic Relations Between Bolivia and Zambia as of 5 Jan. 1987". United Nations Digital Library. 5 January 1987. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
198. "Home - MFA". mfa.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
199. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
200. "Danish Embassy Zambia". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
201. "World Embassy Information - Panduan dan Info Untuk Jalan Jalan Keluar Negeri". World Embassy Information. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
202. "Finland and Zambia". Finland Abroad. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
203. "Greece's Bilateral Relations". www.mfa.gr. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
204. Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6208-6259. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1979. p. 8.
205. "Welcome to High Commission of India, Lusaka, Zambia". www.hcizambia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
206. "MEA | Indian Missions Abroad | Indian Mission". mea.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
207. "Zambian Embassy in India". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
208. "Zambian Embassy in India contact info". Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
209. Irish embassy in Lusaka Archived 2 August 2012 at archive.today
210. "ZHCL". www.zhcl.org.uk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
211. Benyamin Neuberger. "Israel's Relations with the Third World (1948–2008)" (PDF). tau.ac.il. p. 20. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
212. Uri Bialer (2020). Israeli Foreign Policy A People Shall Not Dwell Alone. Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-0-253-04623-9 . Retrieved 5 June 2023.
213. "Bilateral Treaties". Archived from the original on 7 August 2013.
214. "Bienvenido". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
215. "Embassy of Zambia in the United States". Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
216. "High Commission for the Republic of Zambia | New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
217. List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1978. p. 1.
218. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
219. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa". www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015.
220. "Relations between Turkey and Zambia". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
221. "British Embassy Lusaka". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
222. "Country and regional development partnership summaries". GOV.UK. 17 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
223. "United Kingdom - Zambia BIT (2009)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
224. Andy DeRoche, Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2016)
225. Africa Today Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context.(Southern Africa in the Postapartheid Era) by Scarritt, James R.; Nkiwane, Solomon M.; published 01-JAN-96
226. "Zimbabwe's neighbours" Archived 6 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine , BBC, June 2008
227. "Zambia protests against Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2009.

• "Permanent Mission of The Republic of Zambia to The United Nations". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
• "Background Note: Zambia". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
• "Kenneth Kaunda: A life in power". BBC. 26 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.