2008 Zambian presidential election

Last updated

2008 Zambian presidential election
Flag of Zambia.svg
←  2006 30 October 2008 2011  →
Turnout45.43%
  Rupiah Banda 2010-11-18.jpg Michael Sata 2013 (cropped).jpg Hakainde Hichilema 2014.jpg
Nominee Rupiah Banda Michael Sata Hakainde Hichilema
Party MMD PF UPND
Popular vote718,359683,150353,018
Percentage40.63%38.64%19.96%
2008 Zambia Presidential Election Results by Constituency.svg
Acting President before election

Rupiah Banda
MMD

President-elect

Rupiah Banda
MMD

Presidential elections were held in Zambia on 30 October 2008 following the death of the incumbent President Levy Mwanawasa on 19 August 2008, as the elections had to be called within 90 days of his death. [1] [2] It was expected that there would be internal problems within the ruling Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) as Mwanawasa had not declared a successor prior to his death, [3] but Acting President Rupiah Banda was selected as the MMD's candidate without apparent problems. [4] Michael Sata stood as the candidate of the Patriotic Front (PF), [2] [5] while Hakainde Hichilema stood as the candidate of the United Party for National Development (UPND). [2] Godfrey Miyanda stood as the candidate of the Heritage Party. [6]

Contents

The elections were held to determine who should serve out the remainder of Mwanawasa's presidential term, which ended in 2011, rather than for a full five-year term. [2] The elections were decided in a single round on a first-past-the-post basis.

Final results were announced on 2 November 2008, giving Banda the victory with 40.6% of the vote against 38.6% for Sata. Banda was promptly sworn in on the same day. [7]

Background

Following Mwanawasa's death, some questioned whether it would be financially possible for the Electoral Commission of Zambia to hold the elections within the designated timeframe. It was also suggested that it would be necessary to hold the election without updating the voters' roll, but using an outdated voters' roll could cause complications during an election. [8] The Electoral Commission decided to use the voters' roll from the 2006 elections due to lack of time. A group called Anti-Vote Rigging, which was aligned with the opposition, took the matter to the High Court, seeking a decision that would force the Electoral Commission to "register new voters ahead of the elections because most people will be defranchised". [9] The High Court ruled on 14 October that it was acceptable to use the old voters' roll due to time constraints. [10]

At a press conference on 5 September, Sata demanded that a date for the elections be announced. [11] Acting President Rupiah Banda announced on 9 September that the elections would be held on 30 October 2008. [1] [2]

The Electoral Commission set a budget of 240 billion kwacha (about US$75 million) for the elections, and the United Nations Development Programme said that it would contribute US$11.5 million. By 9 September, many provinces had received electoral materials being distributed by the Electoral Commission. [2]

The Electoral Commission printed 600,000 more ballot papers than needed, saying that they would be used as substitute ballots in case of voter mistakes. The opposition objected to the printing of the extra ballot papers, arguing that they could facilitate vote rigging and calling for them to be destroyed. The Electoral Commission asked the four presidential candidates to attend a meeting on 15 October to discuss the issue. [10] In response to allegations from the opposition that there were plans to rig the elections in Banda's favour, Florence Mumba, the Chairperson of the Electoral Commission, said on 22 October that the commission was committed to "a credible and acceptable" election and that any complaints regarding the elections would be investigated. [12]

Campaign

On 27 September 2008, Chief Justice Ernest Sakala announced that four candidates had validly filed and would stand in the elections; Banda for the MMD, Sata for the PF, Hichilema for the UPND, and Miyanda for the Heritage Party. [6] Banda and Sata were considered the frontrunners. [13] Two opinion polls conducted before the elections showed Sata in the lead; [14] one of them was conducted by the Kenya-based Steadman Group, and it showed Sata with 40% support and Banda with 29% support. [15] The MMD released a poll on 29 October that placed Banda's support at 42–46% and Sata's support at 31–35%. [14]

MMD

Acting President Rupiah Banda, who succeeded Mwanawasa due to his position as vice-president, was the MMD candidate. [4]

There were initially disagreements in the MMD regarding the party's presidential candidate. The party's Chairman for Information and Publicity, Benny Tetamashimba, argued that Rupiah Banda should be the candidate in an interview on 24 August. He claimed wide support for this in the party and praised Banda's "high leadership qualities". On the same day, however, Northern Province Minister Lameck Chibombamilimo argued in favour of Mwanawasa's wife, Maureen Mwanawasa, becoming the MMD candidate. According to Chibombamilimo, "her developmental work scattered throughout the country and her leadership at the continental level where she has led her fellow first ladies in the fight against HIV/AIDS" demonstrated that she had the ability to serve as president. [16] Banda filed his application to run as the party's candidate on 26 August. The MMD in Eastern Province issued a statement supporting his candidacy, and politicians such as Vernon Mwaanga and Mbita Chitala also stated their support; according to Chitala, Banda had the support of most members of the MMD National Executive Committee. [17] Finance Minister Ng'andu Magande also applied to be the MMD's candidate [17] [18] on 25 August, saying that he was "eminently qualified" because he had "rich experience in managing state operations both internationally and locally". [18] Former vice-president Enoch Kavindele and former Minister of Works and Supply Ludwig Sondashi also applied. Katele Kalumba and Michael Mabenga did not apply; [17] [19] Tetamashimba praised their decision, saying that it would "enhance unity in the party". [17]

Sondashi called for the MMD candidate to be decided through secret voting, while Southern Province Minister Daniel Munkombwe called for the candidate to be decided at a party convention and not a meeting of the National Executive Committee, as a convention would allow broader participation in the process. According to Munkombwe, Mwanawasa was nearly beaten by Anderson Masoka in the 2001 presidential election because he had been essentially "handpicked" by the MMD National Executive Committee. [17]

It was reported on 31 August that thirteen politicians had filed to run as the MMD's candidate: Maxwell Mwamba, Pastor Nyirongo, former vice-president Enoch Kavindele, Acting President Rupiah Banda, former vice-president Nevers Mumba, Home Affairs Minister Ronnie Shikapwasha, MMD Chairperson for Commerce and Trade Sebastian Kopulande, Finance Minister Ng'andu Magande, Charles Ngesa, Billy Phiri, Martin Chama, former Constitution Review Commission (CRC) chairperson Wila Mung'omba and former Works and Supply Minister Ludwig Sondashi. [20] Ultimately there were 19 candidates. [4]

The MMD National Executive Committee chose Rupiah Banda as the party's presidential candidate in a secret ballot on 5 September 2008. He had been widely expected to win, and he received 47 votes against 11 for Magande. On this occasion, Banda promised to "unite the party and the entire nation" and to "continue implementing [Mwanawasa's] programs", while expressing gratitude for the support he had received. Magande's unsuccessful candidacy was said to have been favoured by Maureen Mwanawasa. [4]

Two smaller parties, the United Liberal Party and the All People's Congress, chose to support Banda's candidacy. [2]

Banda launched his campaign on 18 September. On this occasion, he praised Mwanawasa's liberal economic policies, saying that they had "made us one of the most stable countries on the African continent", and he promised to continue those policies if he was elected. [21] Shortly before the elections, he announced a 75% reduction in the price of fertilizer; this was considered a populist move intended to buttress his rural support. [22]

Speaking on 24 October, Independence Day, Banda said that the country could "look to the future with hope because even when prophets of doom were predicting chaos following the death of Mwanawasa, Zambians were united in ensuring that the due process of the law is observed as we prepare for his successor". He called for a high turnout in the elections. [23]

In reaction to Sata's statement that he would reject the results if he lost, Banda urged his opponents to accept the results on 27 October, warning that anyone who incited violence in the wake of the elections could face arrest. [24]

PF

Michael Sata, the leader of the opposition Patriotic Front, stood as the PF candidate in the elections. He was unanimously chosen as the party's candidate at a meeting of its Central Committee on 30 August 2008. Accepting the nomination, he expressed the need "to scrub this country and wash it"; he also said that he would refrain from campaigning until after Mwanawasa's funeral. [5] Although he suffered a heart attack in April 2008, Sata said that he was healthy and in good condition. [11] He said on 8 September that he would protect Chinese investments if he was elected, abandoning the hostility towards Chinese investment that he had expressed during the 2006 presidential election campaign. [25]

On 15 October, Sata said that, if elected, he would require foreign investors to reserve at least 25% of the shares in their companies for Zambians, with the penalty of losing their licenses if they did not do so. [26] Sata also said that he would reduce taxes on government employees and improve housing, rural industries, and agriculture. [13]

Prior to the elections, Sata stated that he would not accept the results if they showed that he was defeated, believing that he could not legitimately lose. [24] Supporters of Sata in Livingstone set up a roadblock on 28 October to halt trucks that they believed might be transporting pre-marked ballots from South Africa into the country through Zimbabwe; they were dispersed by police with tear gas. The Electoral Commission said that the trucks only contained lamps and batteries. At his last rally of the campaign, held in Lusaka on 29 October, Sata denied that he was seeking to incite unrest, but he remained unwilling to state ahead of time that he would accept the results. [14]

There were some concerns about Sata's health; although he appeared vigorous in the period leading up to the elections, he suffered a heart attack in April 2008 and had to be evacuated to South Africa. [13]

UPND

The PF and United Party for National Development were reportedly in talks over an electoral pact in August. [3] However, the UPND decided to contest the elections alone, with UPND leader Hakainde Hichilema as the party's candidate. [2] Hichilema promised free health care for all citizens, free primary and secondary education, and improved housing. Some commentators felt he was too young and inexperienced for the presidency, and the UPND was criticised as a tribally-based party. [13] Hichilema said before the elections that if electoral fraud occurred, there would be "severe consequences". [24]

UNIP

United National Independence Party (UNIP) Deputy Secretary-General Alfred Banda said that UNIP would contest the elections with Tilyenji Kaunda as its candidate, according to The Post on 26 August. UNIP's Information and Publicity Secretary for Copperbelt Province, Brian Chishimba, had previously said that the party would not present a candidate due to internal disagreements, but Alfred Banda dismissed this statement. [27] However, UNIP ultimately did not present a candidate in the elections.

Conduct

The South African Development Community (SADC), the African Union and the European Union were invited to send election observers. [28] The EU did not send observers due to the tight timeframe. [29]

Voting began at 6:00 in the morning on 30 October, [30] and was scheduled to end 12 hours later. [31] Sata voted in central Lusaka and "emphatically" reiterated that he would not accept a victory for Banda, saying that there was "no way MMD can win". He also alleged that the Electoral Commission and the police were working together to rig the elections. [32] An apparent attempt at fraud was reported in Lusaka, where an election officer was arrested after he was found carrying an envelope containing ballots that were pre-marked in favour of Banda. [7]

Catholic priest Frank Bwalya was arrested on 12 November and charged with incitement of violence based on a broadcast on Radio Icengelo, which discussed matters related to the elections; he was arrested after refusing to halt the broadcast. In response to the arrest, PF supporters in Kitwe protested violently; they were dispersed with tear gas and 38 people were arrested on 13 November. Bwalya was released on bail on the same day. [33]

Results

According to early results from 19 of the 150 constituencies on 31 October, Sata had 60% of the vote and Banda had almost 31%. [34] Later in the day, results from 43 constituencies showed Sata leading with 50.6% to Banda's 33.8%. The early results were mainly from urban constituencies, where the PF enjoyed strong support; the MMD's support was primarily based in rural areas. [35] [36] As voting continued on 31 October, results from 60 constituencies gave Sata a smaller lead: 43.8% against Banda's 34.1%. Hichilema, meanwhile, had 13.8%, and Miyanda had 0.6%. [35] With results from 93 constituencies counted, Sata had 41% to Banda's 37%, with Hichilema at 20%. [37] According to the Electoral Commission and African Union observers, voting went well and there were no major problems. An MMD prediction on television that Banda would defeat Sata by a 60,000 vote margin led the PF to allege that the prediction was part of an effort to manipulate the results. [22]

Early on 1 November, results from 102 constituencies showed Sata still narrowly ahead with 40% against 38% for Banda. [22] As votes continued to be counted, results from 108 constituencies placed Sata at 39.8%, Banda at 37.9%, Hichilema at 20.3%, and Miyanda at 0.8%. [38] Results from the afternoon, with 137 constituencies counted, showed Sata leading with 39.9% to Banda's 39.1%, [15] while Hichilema had 19% and Miyanda had 0.7%. The PF asked for vote counting to be stopped to allow for an investigation into irregularities. On the same day, the SADC observer mission endorsed the elections as "credible, peaceful, well-managed and transparent". [15] Results from the evening of 1 November, with 148 constituencies counted, showed Banda leading with 40.0% to Sata's 38.5%, Hichilema at 19.5% and Miyanda at 0.8%. Complaining of irregularities, the PF did not accept the results and stated that it would go to the courts to seek a recount. [39] Final results were announced on 2 November 2008, confirming Banda's victory with 40.6% of the vote against 38.6% for Sata. Banda was promptly sworn in at State House on the same day, using his speech on the occasion to call for unity. Turnout was placed at 45%; [7] the use of the outdated voters roll reportedly reduced participation, as some people were unable to vote. [31]

When Banda overtook Sata in the results, Sata's supporters in parts of Lusaka began rioting on 1 November, and riots also broke out in Kitwe on the next day. The Foundation for Democratic Process, a non-governmental organization that conducted its own vote count, said that its results matched the results given by the Electoral Commission. [7] The PF said on 3 November that it wanted a recount, subject to independent verification, to be held in 78 constituencies. Hichilema alleged fraud as well, but he said that he did not plan to present a legal challenge to the results. [40] Speaking on South African radio on 4 November, Sata denied that he had been defeated and stated: "Rupiah Banda has no vision, Rupiah Banda has no platform. The only platform Rupiah Banda is on is cheating." [41] On 5 November, the Electoral Commission said that only a verification exercise, not a recount, would be conducted. It said that the verification exercise was a matter of standard procedure, but that a recount would require a court order. [42] Within two days, the verification exercise was suspended in Lusaka after a physical altercation between members of the MMD and the PF. A member of the MMD alleged that Sata punched him during this brawl, but the PF disputed the claim. [43]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Rupiah Banda Movement for Multi-Party Democracy 718,35940.63
Michael Sata Patriotic Front 683,15038.64
Hakainde Hichilema United Party for National Development 353,01819.96
Godfrey Miyanda Heritage Party 13,6830.77
Total1,768,210100.00
Valid votes1,768,21098.68
Invalid/blank votes23,5961.32
Total votes1,791,806100.00
Registered voters/turnout3,944,13545.43
Source: ECZ

Aftermath

In a cabinet reshuffle on 14 November, Banda dismissed five ministers. He appointed George Kunda as vice president and chose Situmbeko Musokotwane to replace Finance Minister Ng'andu Magande. [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Zambia</span> Political system of Zambia

The politics of Zambia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Zambia is head of state, head of government and leader of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Formerly Northern Rhodesia, Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Chiluba</span> Former President of Zambia (1991–2002)

Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba was a Zambian politician who was the second president of Zambia from 1991 to 2002. Chiluba, a trade union leader, won the country's multi-party presidential election in 1991 as the candidate of the Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD), defeating long-time President Kenneth Kaunda. He was re-elected in 1996. As he was unable to run for a third term in 2001, former Vice President Levy Mwanawasa instead ran as the MMD candidate and succeeded him. After leaving office, Chiluba was the subject of a long investigation and trial regarding alleged corruption; he was eventually acquitted in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Levy Mwanawasa</span> Former President of Zambia (1948–2008)

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa was the third president of Zambia. He served as president from January 2002 until his death in August 2008. Mwanawasa is credited with having initiated a campaign to rid the corruption situation in Zambia during his term. Prior to Mwanawasa's election, he served as the fourth vice-president of Zambia from November 1991 to July 1994, whilst an elected Member of Parliament of Chifubu Constituency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Movement for Multi-Party Democracy</span> Zambian political party, dominate 1991-2011

The Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD) also known as New Hope MMD is a political party in Zambia. Originally formed to oust the previous government, MMD controlled an absolute majority in parliament between 1991 and 2001, when its past leader, Frederick Chiluba was President of Zambia. Its election into power in 1991 ended the 27-year rule of President Kenneth Kaunda and his United National Independence Party (UNIP). It remained the dominant party within Zambian politics until the general elections of September 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Zambia</span> Head of state and of government in Zambia

The president of Zambia is the head of state and the head of government of Zambia. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964. Since 1991, when Kaunda left the presidency, the office has been held by seven others: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, Edgar Lungu and the current president Hakainde Hichilema, who won the 2021 presidential election. In addition, acting president Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Party for National Development</span> Political party in Zambia

The United Party for National Development (UPND) is a liberal political party in Zambia, led by Hakainde Hichilema, the current president of the country. The party is an observer member of the Africa Liberal Network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Zambia</span> Political elections for public offices in Zambia

Elections in Zambia take place within the framework of a multi-party democracy and a presidential system. The President and National Assembly are simultaneously elected for five-year terms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriotic Front (Zambia)</span> Social democratic political party in Zambia

The Patriotic Front (PF) is a social democratic political party in Zambia. The party was formed by Michael Sata as a breakaway party of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) in 2001 after the President Frederick Chiluba nominated Levy Mwanawasa as its presidential candidate for 2001 elections. The party's main base of support are usually the youth and poor people in urban centres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Zambian general election</span>

General elections were held in Zambia on 28 September 2006 to elect a President, members of the National Assembly and local government councillors. The result was a victory for the ruling Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, which won 75 of the 150 National Assembly seats and whose candidate, Levy Mwanawasa, won the presidential vote. Voter turnout was just over 70%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Sata</span> Zambian politician (1937–2014)

Michael Charles Chilufya Sata was a Zambian politician who was the fifth president of Zambia, from 23 September 2011 until his death on 28 October 2014. A social democrat, he led the Patriotic Front (PF), a major political party in Zambia. Under President Frederick Chiluba, Sata was a minister during the 1990s as part of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) government. He went into opposition in 2001, forming the PF. As an opposition leader, Sata – popularly known as "The King Cobra" emerged as the leading opposition presidential contender and rival to President Levy Mwanawasa in the 2006 presidential election, but was defeated. Following Mwanawasa's death, Sata ran again and lost to President Rupiah Banda in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rupiah Banda</span> President of Zambia, 2008 to 2011 (1937–2022)

Rupiah Bwezani Banda was a Zambian politician who served as the fourth president of Zambia from 2008 to 2011, taking over from Levy Mwanawasa. Banda was an active participant in politics from early in the presidency of Kenneth Kaunda, during which time he held several diplomatic posts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vice-President of Zambia</span> Second-highest office in Zambia

The vice-president of Zambia is the second highest position in the executive branch of the Republic of Zambia. The vice-president was previously appointed by the president before the amendment of the Constitution in 2016. Under the amended Constitution, when the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice-president automatically assumes the presidency, unlike when the Constitution demanded holding of presidential by-election within 90 days. This is so because now every presidential candidate shall pick a vice-presidential running mate and the two will share the vote meaning voting for a president is an automatic vote for the vice-president.

Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa called an emergency meeting of SADC leaders for 12 April during the 2008 Zimbabwe presidential election to discuss the post-election impasse. According to Mwanawasa, Zimbabwe's "deepening problems" meant that the issue needed to be "dealt with at presidential level". Jacob Zuma, meanwhile, said that he thought results should have already been announced, and he described the failure to release them as "unprecedented".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Zambian general election</span>

General elections were held in Zambia on 20 September 2011, electing a President and members of the National Assembly. Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF) won the presidential elections, defeating incumbent Rupiah Banda of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), and was sworn into office on 23 September. The PF emerged as the largest party in the National Assembly, winning 60 of the 148 seats decided on election day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Zambian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Zambia on 20 January 2015 to elect a president to serve the remainder of the term of President Michael Sata, following his death on 28 October 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Zimbabwean general election</span>

General elections were held in Zimbabwe on 29 March 2008 to elect the President and Parliament. Because of Zimbabwe's dire economic situation, the elections were expected to provide incumbent President Robert Mugabe with his toughest electoral challenge to date. Mugabe's opponents were critical of the handling of the electoral process, and the government was accused of planning to rig the election. Human Rights Watch said that the election was likely to be "deeply flawed."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edgar Lungu</span> President of Zambia (2015–2021)

Edgar Chagwa Lungu is a Zambian politician who served as the sixth president of Zambia from 26 January 2015 to 24 August 2021. Under President Michael Sata, Lungu served as Minister of Justice and Minister of Defence. Following Sata's death in October 2014, Lungu was adopted as the candidate of the Patriotic Front in a Convention of the Patriotic Front in Kabwe, for the January 2015 presidential by-election, which was to determine who would serve out the remainder of Sata's term. In the election, he narrowly defeated opposition candidate Hakainde Hichilema and took office on 25 January 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irene Mambilima</span> 7th Chief Justice of Zambia (1952–2021)

Irene Chirwa Mambilima was the Chief Justice of Zambia from 2015 until her death in 2021. She also served as Chairperson of the Electoral Commission of Zambia and presided over the 2006 and 2011 general elections and the January 2015 presidential by-election. She was part of several election observer missions including in Liberia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Seychelles. Her other international assignments included serving as Sessional Judge of the Supreme Court of The Gambia in 2003. Mambilima sat on the International Board of the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) as a Director of the Africa Region. She was also a member of several professional associations including the Zambia Association of Women Judges, the Editorial Board Council of Law Reporting, the Child Fund (Zambia), Women in Law Southern Africa, and the Council of the Institution of Advanced Legal Education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sylvia Masebo</span> Zambian politician

Sylvia Masebo is a Zambian entrepreneur, politician, and National Assembly of Zambia representative for Chongwe constituency with the United Party for National Development (UPND). Sylvia Masebo holds a degree in Banking and Finance. She first stood on the ticket of Zambian Republican Party (ZRP) in 2001, then the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) in 2003, then the Patriotic Front (PF) in 2011, and then the UPND in 2021.

Sarah Sayifwanda was a Zambian politician who served as Minister of Gender and Development, Minister of Transport and Communication and Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives. She was also the Zambian representative to the African Union and Pan-African Parliament.

References

  1. 1 2 "Zambian election date announced". BBC News. 9 September 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Zambia to hold presidential by-election on Oct.30". Xinhua News Agency. 10 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  3. 1 2 Jinhai, Liu (19 August 2008). "News Analysis: Zambia faces vital political reshuffle as president dies". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Zambia's ruling party picks candidate". Independent Online. Agence France-Presse and South African Press Association. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  5. 1 2 "Zambia's biggest opposition picks candidates for presidential by-elections". Xinhua News Agency. 31 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  6. 1 2 "Four in ring for Zambia's top job". Independent Online. Agence France-Presse and South African Press Association. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Zambia: Banda sworn in, riots spread". Independent Online. Agence France-Presse and South African Press Association. 2 November 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  8. ↑ "No favourite yet for Zambia's top job". Independent Online. Agence France-Presse and South African Press Association. 22 August 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  9. ↑ "Zambian voter roll in dispute". Independent Online. Agence France-Presse. 8 October 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  10. 1 2 "ECZ defends extra ballot papers". Independent Online. Agence France-Presse and South African Press Association. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  11. 1 2 "Sata demands polling date", Lusaka Times, 5 September 2008.
  12. ↑ "ECZ denies vote-rigging claims". Independent Online. Agence France-Presse. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Bruce Sibanda, "Zambia : Voting for another ailing President", Afrik.com, 27 October 2008.
  14. 1 2 3 "Sata stoking turmoil, says MMD", Sapa-DPA (IOL), 29 October 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 "Zambia's Banda Draws Even With Sata Amid Claims of Vote Rigging", Bloomberg.com, 1 November 2008.
  16. ↑ "Zambian ruling party has disagreement on successor of late president", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), 25 August 2008.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Four File for Presidency", The Times of Zambia, Ndola (allAfrica.com), 27 August 2008.
  18. 1 2 "Zambian Finance Minister applies for presidential candidate in by-elections", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), 26 August 2008.
  19. ↑ "Four from ruling party apply to stand on party ticket for presidential by-election", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), 27 August 2008.
  20. ↑ "13 ruling party members apply for running in presidential by-elections", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), 31 August 2008.
  21. ↑ "Zambia assures investors", Sapa-AFP (IOL), 18 September 2008.
  22. 1 2 3 "Zambia's presidential poll results neck-and-neck" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine , AFP, 1 November 2008.
  23. ↑ "Banda calls for peace", AFP (IOL), 24 October 2008.
  24. 1 2 3 "Sata refuses to accept defeat", AFP (IOL), 27 October 2008.
  25. ↑ Shapi Shacinda, "Sata warms to Chinese investment in Zambia", Reuters (IOL), 8 September 2008.
  26. ↑ "Candidate wants to control foreign investors", Sapa-AFP (IOL), Cape Times, 17 October 2008, page 7.
  27. ↑ "Zambia's former ruling party to go for presidential by-elections", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), 26 August 2008.
  28. ↑ "Zambia acting President invites int'l election observers". Xinhua News Agency. 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  29. ↑ "EU not to send election monitors to Zambia". Xinhua News Agency. 24 October 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  30. ↑ "Polls open in Zambia", Sapa-AFP (IOL), 30 October 2008.
  31. 1 2 "Zambian poll marred by rigging claim", Sapa-DPA (IOL), 30 October 2008.
  32. ↑ "'There is no way MMD can win'", Sapa-AFP (IOL), 30 October 2008.
  33. ↑ "Opposition supporters riot over priest's arrest" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine , AFP, 13 November 2008.
  34. ↑ "Votes being counted in Zambia", AFP (IOL), 31 October 2008.
  35. 1 2 Nasreen Seria and Geoffrey Kapembwa, "Zambia's `King Cobra' Takes Lead in Presidential Vote (Update5)", Bloomberg.com, 31 October 2008.
  36. ↑ "Sata extends lead", AFP (IOL), 31 October 2008.
  37. ↑ "Margins narrow in Zambia's presidential poll" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine , AFP, 31 October 2008.
  38. ↑ Nasreen Seria, "Zambia's Banda Cuts Challenger Sata's Lead in Presidential Vote", Bloomberg.com, 1 November 2008.
  39. ↑ Nasreen Seria, "Zambia's Banda Holds Lead With Most Votes Counted (Update1)", Bloomberg.com, 2 November 2008.
  40. ↑ "Zambia opposition demands vote recount" Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine , AFP, 3 November 2008.
  41. ↑ "Sata: I have not lost this election", Sapa-DPA (IOL), 4 November 2008.
  42. ↑ "Zambia electoral authority rejects recount demand" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine , AFP, 5 November 2008.
  43. ↑ "Zambian opposition leader accused of post-poll brawling" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine , AFP, 7 November 2008.
  44. ↑ "Zambia's new president reshuffles cabinet", AFP, 14 November 2008.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.