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The foreign relations of Ghana are controlled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ghana. Ghana is active in the United Nations and many of its specialised agencies, the World Trade Organization, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States. Ghana generally follows the consensus of the Non-aligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under UN auspices in Lebanon, Afghanistan, Rwanda, and the Balkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in Liberia. Ghana is also a member of the International Criminal Court.
Ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and Pan-Africanism as first enunciated by Kwame Nkrumah in the early 1960s. For Nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both East and West and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both East and West power blocs. Pan-Africanism, by contrast, was a specifically African policy that envisioned the independence of Africa from Western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the African continent.[1]
The PNDC, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the NDC government, promises to follow in the PNDC's footsteps. Under the NDC, Ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. Ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. This is a departure from Nkrumah's foreign policy approach; Nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting African regimes, such as Togo and Ivory Coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. The NDC government, like the PNDC before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. Another feature of NDC rule carried over from the PNDC era is faithfulness to what a leading scholar of Africa has called "one of the most successful neoclassical economic reform efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank." [1]
The broad objectives of Ghana's foreign policy thus include maintaining friendly relations and cooperation with all countries that desire such cooperation, irrespective of ideological considerations, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Africa and its liberation and unity are naturally the cornerstones of Ghana's foreign policy. As a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), NDC policy is to adhere faithfully to the OAU Charter. [1]
Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighbouring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics. The results have included various bilateral trade and economic agreements and permanent joint commissions involving Ghana and its immediate neighbours, sometimes in the face of latent ideological and political differences and mutual suspicion, as well as numerous reciprocal state visits by high-ranking officials. These measures have contributed significantly to subregional cooperation, development, and the reduction of tension. [1]
As an example of Ghana's interest in regional cooperation, the country enthusiastically endorsed formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. This organisation was created specifically to foster inter-regional economic and political cooperation. It has served as a useful vehicle for contacts with neighbouring West African governments and for channelling increased Ghanaian exports to regional markets. Since 1990 ECOWAS has been engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Liberia to which Ghana has contributed a large contingent of troops. Ghana has participated in other international peacekeeping efforts as well, sending soldiers to operations of the United Nations (UN) in Cambodia in 1992-93 and Rwanda in 1993-94. [1]
In August 1994, Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman, a post that had eluded him since the PNDC came to power. He immediately undertook several initiatives to reduce tensions and conflict in West Africa. Notable among them was the Akosombo Accord of September 12, designed to end civil war in Liberia. [1]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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Algeria | 1962 | |
Angola | 8 October 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1976. [2]
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Benin | 20 June 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1962 [3] |
Botswana | 21 May 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1979 when Ghanaian High Commissioner to Botswana, Mr. A. K. Afful has presented his credentials to President Khama. [4] |
Burkina Faso | 12 June 1961 | See Burkina Faso–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1961 [5] With the coming to power of Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed, Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunct Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of unified continental government. Political and economic ties between Ghana and Burkina, a poorer country, were strengthened through joint commissions of cooperation and through border demarcation committee meetings. Frequent high-level consultations and joint military exercises, meant to discourage potential dissidents and to protect young "revolutions" in each country, were fairly regular features of Ghana-Burkina relations. [6]
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Cameroon | 20 August 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1963 [7] |
Central African Republic | 14 June 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1967 [8] |
Chad | 24 July 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1967 [9] |
Comoros | 5 July 2015 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 2015 when first Ambassador of Ghana (resident in Pretoria) M. Kwesi Ahwoi, has presented his credentials to the President of Comoros, Dr. Ikililou Dhoinine. [10] |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1 July 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1960 [11] |
Republic of Congo | 8 February 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1964 when Mr. John Hector Williams has presented his credentials as Ghana's first ambassador to the Brazzaville Congo [12] |
Egypt | 7 November 1957 |
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Equatorial Guinea | 4 June 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1971 [13] |
Eritrea | 26 August 2004 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 2004 when Ambassador of Eritrea to Ghana (resident in Abuja) Mr. Daniel Yohannes, presented his credentials to President John Agyekum Kufuor. [14] |
Ethiopia | 10 April 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1959 [15]
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Guinea | 1958 |
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Ivory Coast | 15 March 1961 | See Ivory Coast–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961. [18] Ghana-Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) relations suffered from the same ups and downs that characterised Ghana-Togo relations. In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Ivory Coast was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts of sabotage against Ghana. Ghana also accused Ivory Coast of granting asylum to political agitators wanted for crimes in Ghana. Relations between Ghana and Ivory Coast improved significantly, however, after 1988. In 1989, after fifteen years of no progress, the Ghana-Ivory Coast border re-demarcation commission finally agreed on the definition of the 640-kilometer border between the two countries. The PNDC thereafter worked to improve the transportation and communication links with both Ivory Coast and Togo, despite problems with both countries. [19]
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Kenya | 16 December 1963 | See Ghana–Kenya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1963 [20]
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Lesotho | 24 November 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1966 [21] |
Liberia | June 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1957 when M. Abraham Benjamin Bah Kofi, Ghanian Charge d'Affaires to Liberia presented his credentials to President Tubman. [22] |
Libya | 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1960 [23] |
Madagascar | 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967 [24] |
Mozambique | 27 June 1978 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1978 when Ambassador of Ghana Maj. Gen. Joshua M. Hamidou has presented his credentials to President of Mozambique Samora Moises Machel. [25] |
Namibia | 21 March 1990 |
|
Niger | 24 August 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when has been appointed first Ambassador of Niger to Ghana M. Tanimoune Ary. [26] |
Nigeria | 1 October 1960 | See Ghana–Nigeria relations Ghana set up a commission in 1959 when Nigeria was still a dependent territory. This was elevated to High Commission status on the attainment of Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960 [27] Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile. After the takeover in November 1993 by General Sani Abacha as the new Nigerian head of state, Ghana and Nigeria continued to consult on economic, political, and security issues affecting the two countries and West Africa as a whole. Between early August 1994 when Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman and the end of the following October, the Ghanaian president visited Nigeria three times to discuss the peace process in Liberia and measures to restore democracy in that country. [1] |
Senegal | 21 April 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1961 [28]
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Seychelles | 10 October 1988 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1988 [29] |
Sierra Leone | 27 April 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1961 when Ghana commission who was opened here in 1960, was raised to the status of High Commission [30] |
South Africa | 6 May 1994 | See Ghana–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994 [31]
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Sudan | 20 September 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1959 when has been accredited Ambassador of Ghana to Sudan Mr. Carl Senage Dey. [32] |
Togo | 21 January 1963 | See Ghana–Togo relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963. [33] The strains in Ghana-Togo relations stretch back to pre-independence days. After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, the League of Nations divided the German colony of Togoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among the Gold Coast, British Togoland, and French Togoland. After 1945, the United Nations took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea that Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast. [1] [34] After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such as smuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression. [19] The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital, Lomé, by day. [34]
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Zambia | 30 November 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1964 when first Zambian High Commissioner to Ghana , Mr. M. Ngalande , presented his letters of credence [35] |
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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Argentina | 28 March 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1961 [36]
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Barbados | August 1994 |
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Belize | September 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in September, 1981. [37] |
Bolivia | 3 December 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1987. [38] |
Brazil | 2 January 1961 |
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Canada | 17 May 1957 |
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Chile | 6 October 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961 [39]
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Colombia | 23 June 1988 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1988 [40] Ghana and Colombia's diplomatic relations dated back to 1988 but it remained dormant until July 2013 when Colombia opened its embassy in Accra. Colombia helps Ghana by providing assistance on building capacity of the Ghana Police Service, Immigration Service and the Narcotics Control Board on cybersecurity and drug trafficking. [41]
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Cuba | 23 December 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1959 [42]
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Dominica | 18 January 2018 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 2018 [43] |
Dominican Republic | 23 September 2019 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2019 [44] |
El Salvador | 18 September 2023 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2023. [45] |
Honduras | 29 August 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 2011 when ambassador of Ghana Mr. Daniel Ohene Agyekum presented his credentials to President of Honduras Porfirio Lobo Sosa. [46] |
Jamaica | 8 May 1968 | See Ghana–Jamaica relations
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Mexico | 8 August 1961 | See Ghana–Mexico relations Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1961. [47] Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980. [48] Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013.
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Paraguay | 17 June 2021 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 2021 [51] |
Peru | 23 June 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987 [52]
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Suriname | 1 April 1977 | See: Ghana-Suriname relations |
United States | 6 March 1957 | See Ghana–United States relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957 [54] The United States is among Ghana's trading partners. The Office of the President of Ghana worked closely with the U.S. Embassy in Accra to establish an American Chamber of Commerce to continue to develop closer economic ties in the private sector. Major U.S. companies operating in the country include ACS, CMS Energy, Coca-Cola, S.C. Johnson, Ralston Purina, Star-Kist, A.H. Robins, Sterling, Pfizer, IBM, 3M, Motorola, Stewart & Stevenson, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, and National Cash Register (NCR). Several U.S. firms recently made or are considering investments in Ghana, primarily in gold mining, wood products, and petroleum. U.S. mining giant Newmont entered Ghana's mining sector in 2004 and intends to invest up to $1 billion. In late 1997, Nuevo Petroleum concluded an oil exploration agreement accounting for one of Ghana's offshore mineral rights zones. Several other U.S. oil companies also are engaged in offshore exploration.
|
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 2 August 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1961 [55] |
Armenia | 29 May 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1992. [56] |
Azerbaijan | 11 September 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1992 [57] |
Bangladesh | 19 July 1974 | See Bangladesh–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong. [58]
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Brunei Darussalam | 10 December 1991 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1991 [59] |
China | 5 July 1960 | See China–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1960. [60] Ghana's relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) date back to 1960 when President Nkrumah became one of Africa's first leaders to recognise the country. Ghana and the PRC have had close and relatively good relations in that time despite a short period of relatively cold relations after Nkrumah was deposed in 1966.
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Georgia | 4 December 1992 | See Ghana–Georgia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 December 1992 [61] |
India | 6 March 1957 | See Ghana–India relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957. [62]
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Indonesia | 1959 |
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Iran | June 1974 |
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Israel | 6 March 1957, severed 28 October 1973, restored 9 August 1994 | See Ghana–Israel relations
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Japan | 12 March 1959 |
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Jordan | 5 June 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 2007 when Ambassador of Ghana to Jordan Mr. Rashid Bawa, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah. [63] |
Lebanon | 30 March 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1959. [64] [65] |
Malaysia | 5 December 1966 | See Ghana–Malaysia relations
|
Maldives | 10 August 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 August 1989 [66] |
Nepal | 25 September 2019 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 2019 [67] |
Oman | 8 March 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1989 [68] |
Pakistan | 1958 | Pakistan and Ghana enjoy amicable and cordial relations. There has been historical support extended by Pakistan to the African states particularly OIC member states in which Ghana has significant importance. Despite this, there has been a low level of bilateral trade between the two countries. The volume of bilateral trade during 2011 was just $19 million. [69]
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Qatar | 15 August 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1981 [70] |
Saudi Arabia | 1 April 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1960 [71]
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Singapore | 11 October 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1989 [72]
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South Korea | 14 November 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1977 [73]
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Thailand | 25 October 1985 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1985 [74]
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Turkey | 1958 [75] | See Ghana–Turkey relations |
United Arab Emirates | 25 August 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1981 [76] [77] |
Vietnam | 25 March 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1965 [78]
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Yemen | 30 November 1995 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1995 [79] |
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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Austria | 1964 | See Austria–Ghana relations |
Belgium | 2 October 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1959 when has been accredited Mr. G. Walravens as Ambassador of Belgium to Ghana. [80] |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 13 February 2013 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 2013 [81] |
Denmark | 28 September 1961 | See Denmark–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1961 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Ghana Mr. Hans Adolf Biering [82] Denmark has historic relations with Ghana from once possessing Danish Gold Coast.
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France | 1957 |
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Germany | 24 June 1957 | See Germany–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1957 [83]
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Italy |
| |
Liechtenstein | 19 December 2019 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 2019 [84] |
Malta | 27 February 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1974 [85]
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Monaco | 26 September 2019 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2019 [86] |
Montenegro | 20 September 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2012 [87] |
Poland | 31 December 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1959 [88]
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Russia | 14 January 1958 | See Ghana–Russia relations
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Serbia | 13 January 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1959 [89] |
Spain | 10 November 1967 | See Ghana–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967 [90]
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Switzerland | 19 July 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1960 [91] |
United Kingdom | 6 March 1957 | See Ghana–United Kingdom relations |
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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Australia | 21 February 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1958 [94]
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Cook Islands | 8 November 2023 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 2023. [95] |
New Zealand | 1 March 2001 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 2001. [96]
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Samoa | 20 December 2019 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 2019 [97] |
Ghana has been a member state of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, firstly as a Dominion, then as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.
The foreign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid. From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union, Libya, and Cuba. Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with Western countries, cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention. In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States. It has entered the Southern African Development Community as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south. Zimbabwe and Namibia joined Angola in its military intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where Angolan troops remain in support of the Joseph Kabila government. It also has intervened in the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.
Burkina Faso has good relations with the European Union, African and certain Asian countries. France, the former colonial power, in particular, continues to provide significant aid and supports Compaoré's developing role as a regional powerbroker.
The government's official policy is one of nonalignment. In its search for assistance to meet the goal of national reconstruction, the government of Equatorial Guinea has established diplomatic relations with numerous European and Third World countries. Having achieved independence under UN sponsorship, Equatorial Guinea feels a special kinship with that organization. It became the 126th UN member on November 12, 1968. Equatorial Guinea served as a non-permanent member on the United Nations Security Council from 2017 to 2019.
The foreign relations of Guinea, including those with its West African neighbors, have improved steadily since 1985.
Liberian foreign relations were traditionally stable and cordial throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries. With a significant relationship with the United States, sharing close relations until the 1970s.
Malawi's former President Bakili Muluzi continued the pro-Western foreign policy established by his predecessor, Hastings Banda. It maintains excellent diplomatic relations with principal Western countries. Malawi's close relations with South Africa throughout the apartheid era strained its relations with other African nations. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, Malawi developed, and currently maintains, strong diplomatic relations with all African countries.
While alliances dating back to the Mozambican War of Independence remain relevant, Mozambique's foreign policy has become increasingly pragmatic. The twin pillars of the policy are maintenance of good relations with its neighbors and maintenance and expansion of ties to development partners.
Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with both East and West. It is a member state of the United Nations. Niger maintains a special relationship with France and enjoys close relations with its West African neighbours.
Since independence, with Jaja Wachuku as the first Minister for Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, later called External Affairs, Nigerian foreign policy has been characterised by a focus on Africa as a regional power and by attachment to several fundamental principles: African unity and independence; capability to exercise hegemonic influence in the region: peaceful settlement of disputes; non-alignment and non-intentional interference in the internal affairs of other nations; and regional economic cooperation and development. In carrying out these principles, Nigeria participates in the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.
When Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said assumed power in 1970, Oman had limited contacts with the outside world, including neighbouring Arab states. A special treaty relationship permitted the United Kingdom close involvement in Oman's civil and military affairs. Ties with the United Kingdom remained very close throughout Sultan Qaboos' reign, along with strong ties to the United States.
The foreign relations of South Africa have spanned from the country's time as a Dominion of the British Empire to its isolationist policies under apartheid to its position as a responsible international actor taking a key role in Africa, particularly Southern Africa. South Africa is a member of the United Nations, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations. Considered a possible permanent addition to the United Nations Security Council, South Africa was elected in 2006, 2010 and 2018 by the UN General Assembly to serve on the Security Council. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa was the chair of the African Union from 2020 to 2021, the second time South Africa has chaired the organisation since its formation in 2003.
Although Togo's foreign policy is nonaligned, it has strong historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, exchanging high commissioners with other Commonwealth countries. It recognizes the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Cuba, and re-established relations with Israel in 1987.
Uganda has formal diplomatic relations with many countries, some accredited. Since the colonial era and after independence Uganda has grown to be one of the most important African countries. Uganda has diplomatic relations with many countries throughout Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Uganda is a member of the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations since 1962.
After seizing power in the 1972 coup d'état, Major Mathieu Kérékou declared the People's Republic of Benin a Marxist-Leninist state and sought financial support from communist governments in Eastern Europe and Asia. To distance the modern state from its colonial past, the country became the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. However, Benin dropped the socialist ideology in 1989 following pressure from creditors and domestic unrest related to economic hardship.
Bolivia traditionally has maintained normal diplomatic relations with all hemispheric states except Chile. Foreign relations are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, headed by the Chancellor of Bolivia, Rogelio Mayta.
The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Dawda Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom, Senegal, and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers, particularly the United States. Starting in 1995, President Yahya Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, including Libya, the Republic of China, and Cuba. As scholars on Gambia's foreign policy have argued, throughout Jammeh's period, the country's foreign policy was a shifting sand, with little of direction.
Sierra Leone maintains formal relations with many Western nations. It also maintains diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Bloc countries as well as with the People's Republic of China.
Throughout the Cold War, Ivory Coast's foreign policy was generally favorable toward the West. In particular, Félix Houphouët-Boigny kept relations with France that was among the closest between any African country and a former colonial power. The country became a member of the United Nations at independence in 1960 and participates in most of its specialized agencies. It is also an associate member of the European Union. In general, President Bédié initiated and maintained relations with many countries of the European Union and Asia. Ivory Coast maintains a wide variety of diplomatic contacts.
Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size, mineral wealth, and strategic location, Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s, however, with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses, Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased.
Foreign relations of Djibouti are managed by the Djiboutian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Djibouti maintains close ties with the governments of Somalia, Ethiopia, France and the United States. It is likewise an active participant in African Union, United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Arab League affairs.
Ghana - Central African Republic . Mr. Quashie , Ghanaian Ambassador to the CAR , has presented his credentials to President Bokassa . ( MAC 14/6 )
Chad-Ghana. M. John Quashie, the new Ghanian Ambassador to Chad, with residence in Kinshasa, has presented his credentials to President Tombalbaye (ATP 24/7)
Ghana-Equatorial Guinea. The Ghanaian Ambassador to Nigeria, Major-General M. A. Aferi, has been accredited to Equatorial Guinea on a non-residential basis. (GT 4/6)
Libya : Ghana's mission in Tripoli from 1960 and for many years afterwards was occupied by a Chargé d'Affaires ;
R.C.A. , CONGO - KINSHASA , RWANDA , MADAGASCAR , TCHAD Ambassadeur du Ghana ( résidant à Kinshasa ) : M. John Quashie .
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