Maliportal |
Until the military coup of March 22, 2012 [1] [2] and a second military coup in December 2012 [3] the politics of Mali took place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Mali is head of state with a Presidentially appointed Prime Minister as the head of government, and of a multi-party system.
Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
In August 2018, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was re-elected for a new five-year term after winning the second round of the election against Soumaïla Cissé. [4]
The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Mali an " authoritarian regime " in 2022. [5] [ needs update ]
On 18 August 2020 a coup d'état ousted the president and prime minister. On 25 September 2020, retired colonel and former defence minister Bah Ndaw was sworn in as Mali's interim president. [6]
On 15 April 2021, the transitional administration announced that legislative and presidential elections will be held on 27 February 2022. [7] On 7 June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goita was sworn into office as the new interim president. [8] On 30 December 2021, the transitional administration announced plans to delay the election by six months to five years in part because of security issues, [9] leading to political opposition and sanctions.
Office | Name | Party | Since |
---|---|---|---|
Interim President | Assimi Goïta | Military | 25 May 2021 |
Prime Minister | Choguel Kokalla Maïga | Independent | 6 June 2021 |
The executive branch consists of the President of Mali and the Government of Mali, led by the Prime Minister of Mali.
Under Mali's 1992 constitution, the president is chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. The president is elected to 5-year terms by direct popular vote. He is limited to two terms.
The Prime Minister of Mali is the head of government. They are appointed by the president [10] and are responsible for the appointment of the other ministers of government. [11]
The president chairs the Council of Ministers (the prime minister and currently[ when? ] 27 other ministers), which adopts a proposals for laws submitted to the National Assembly for approval of them.
The National Assembly is the sole legislative arm of the Malian government. It has 160 members, who are elected directly for a five-year term by party list. 147 members are elected in single-seat constituencies and 13 members elected by Malians abroad. Representation is apportioned according to the population of administrative districts.
The Assembly meets for two regular sessions each year. It debates and votes on legislation proposed either by one of its members or by the government; it also has the right to question government ministers about government actions and policies. Eight political parties, aggregated into four parliamentary groups, are represented in the Assembly. ADEMA currently[ when? ] holds the majority; minority parties are represented in all committees and in the Assembly directorate.
Mali's constitution provides for a multi-party democracy, with the only restriction being a prohibition against parties based on ethnic, religious, regional, or gender lines. In addition to those political parties represented in the National Assembly, others are active in municipal councils.
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta | Rally for Mali | 1,331,132 | 41.70 | 1,791,926 | 67.16 | |
Soumaïla Cissé | Union for the Republic and Democracy | 567,679 | 17.78 | 876,124 | 32.84 | |
Aliou Boubacar Diallo | Democratic Alliance for Peace | 256,404 | 8.03 | |||
Cheick Modibo Diarra | CMD | 236,025 | 7.39 | |||
Housseini Amion Guindo | Convergence for the Development of Mali | 124,506 | 3.90 | |||
Oumar Mariko | African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence | 74,300 | 2.33 | |||
Modibo Kone | Mali Kanu Movement | 72,941 | 2.29 | |||
Choguel Kokalla Maïga | Patriotic Movement for Renewal | 68,970 | 2.16 | |||
Harouna Sankare | Harouna Movement | 57,406 | 1.80 | |||
Mamadou Sidibé | Party for the Restoration of Malian Values | 54,274 | 1.70 | |||
Modibo Sidibé | Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence | 45,453 | 1.42 | |||
Kalfa Sanogo | Alliance for Democracy in Mali (unofficial) | 38,892 | 1.22 | |||
Mamadou Igor Diarra | 36,124 | 1.13 | ||||
Modibo Kadjoke | Alliance for Mali | 30,479 | 0.95 | |||
lMoussa Sinko Coulibaly | Independent | 30,232 | 0.95 | |||
Adama Kane | Independent | 26,084 | 0.82 | |||
Daba Diawara | Party for Independence, Democracy and Solidarity | 22,991 | 0.72 | |||
Mountaga Tall | National Congress for Democratic Initiative | 20,312 | 0.64 | |||
Dramane Dembélé | Alliance for Democracy in Mali | 18,737 | 0.59 | |||
Mohamed Aly Bathily | Association for Mali | 17,712 | 0.55 | |||
Hamadoun Touré | Independent | 17,087 | 0.54 | |||
Yeah Samake | Party for Civic and Patriotic Action | 16,632 | 0.52 | |||
Mamadou Traore | MIRIA | 15,502 | 0.49 | |||
Madame Djeneba N'diaye | Independent | 12,275 | 0.38 | |||
Total | 3,192,149 | 100.00 | 2,668,050 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 3,192,149 | 93.44 | 2,668,050 | 96.89 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 224,069 | 6.56 | 85,648 | 3.11 | ||
Total votes | 3,416,218 | 100.00 | 2,753,698 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 8,000,462 | 42.70 | 8,000,462 | 34.42 | ||
Source: Constitutional Court |
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rally for Mali | 708,716 | 29.35 | 66 | +55 | |
Union for the Republic and Democracy | 546,628 | 22.64 | 17 | –17 | |
Alliance for Democracy in Mali | 277,517 | 11.49 | 16 | –35 | |
Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence | 881,613 | 36.51 | 6 | New | |
Convergence for the Development of Mali | 5 | New | |||
African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence | 5 | +1 | |||
National Congress for Democratic Initiative | 4 | –3 | |||
Party for National Rebirth | 3 | –1 | |||
Party for Economic Development and Solidarity | 3 | New | |||
Patriotic Movement for Renewal | 3 | –5 | |||
Alliance for Solidarity in Mali | 3 | New | |||
Democratic Alliance for Peace | 2 | New | |||
Social Democratic Convention | 2 | New | |||
Movement for the Independence, Renaissance, and Integration of Africa | 2 | 0 | |||
Malian Union for the African Democratic Rally | 2 | +1 | |||
Change Party | 1 | New | |||
Union for Democracy and Development | 1 | –2 | |||
Party for the Restoration of Malian Values | 1 | New | |||
Union of Patriots for Renewal | 1 | New | |||
Action Convergence for the People | 0 | – | |||
African Convergence for Renewal | 0 | – | |||
African Front for Mobilisation and Alternation | 0 | – | |||
African Movement for Democracy and Integration | 0 | – | |||
African Social Democratic Party | 0 | – | |||
Alliance for Mali | 0 | – | |||
Alliance for the Promotion and Development of Mali | 0 | – | |||
Alliance of Convinced Nationalists for Development | 0 | – | |||
Alternative Bloc for African Renewal | 0 | – | |||
Alternation Bloc for Renewal, Integration, and African Cooperation | 0 | – | |||
Bolen Mali Deme Ton | 0 | – | |||
Citizens' Party for Revival | 0 | – | |||
Dambe Mali Alliance | 0 | – | |||
Democratic Action for Change and Alternation in Mali | 0 | – | |||
Democratic Consultation | 0 | – | |||
Ecologist Party of Mali | 0 | – | |||
Future and Development in Mali | 0 | – | |||
Jamaa | 0 | – | |||
Liberal Democratic Party | 0 | – | |||
Luminary Party for Africa | 0 | – | |||
Malian Rally for Labour | 0 | – | |||
Movement for a Common Destiny | 0 | – | |||
Movement for Democracy and Development | 0 | – | |||
Movement of Patriots for Social Justice | 0 | – | |||
Movement of the Free, United and Combined Populations | 0 | – | |||
National Alliance for Construction | 0 | – | |||
National Convention for African Solidarity | 0 | – | |||
National Union for Renewal | 0 | – | |||
Party for Civic and Patriotic Action | 0 | – | |||
Party for Development and Social | 0 | – | |||
Party for Education, Culture, Health and Agriculture | 0 | – | |||
Party for Independence, Democracy and Solidarity | 0 | – | |||
Party for Solidarity and Progress | 0 | – | |||
Party for the Difference in Mali | 0 | – | |||
Party of Democratic Renewal and Labour | 0 | – | |||
Rally for Change | 0 | – | |||
Rally for Democracy and Progress | 0 | – | |||
Rally for Development and Solidarity | 0 | – | |||
Rally for Education about Sustainable Development | 0 | – | |||
Rally for Justice and Progress | 0 | – | |||
Rally for Labour Democracy | 0 | – | |||
Rally for Social Justice | 0 | – | |||
Rally for the Development of Mali | 0 | – | |||
Rally of the Republicans | 0 | – | |||
Sikikafo Oyedamouyé | 0 | – | |||
Social Democratic Party | 0 | – | |||
Socialist Party | 0 | – | |||
Socialist and Democratic Party | 0 | – | |||
Synergy for a New Mali | 0 | – | |||
Union for a People's Movement for Reform | 0 | – | |||
Union for Democracy and Alternation | 0 | – | |||
Union for Peace and Democracy | 0 | – | |||
Union for the Development of Mali | 0 | – | |||
Union of Democratic Forces | 0 | – | |||
Union of Patriots for the Republic | 0 | – | |||
Union of the Movements and Alliances for Mali | 0 | – | |||
Independents | 4 | –11 | |||
Total | 2,414,474 | 100.00 | 147 | –13 | |
Valid votes | 2,414,474 | 95.23 | |||
Invalid/blank votes | 121,041 | 4.77 | |||
Total votes | 2,535,515 | 100.00 | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 6,564,026 | 38.63 | |||
Source: Ministry of the Interior [ permanent dead link ], IPU, Adam Carr, Abamako |
In the second round, out of 5,951,838 registered voters, 2,221,283 cast a vote - with 2,122,449 being valid - totalling a 37.32% turnout, according to the Constitutional Court [12]
Mali's legal system is based on codes inherited at independence from France. New laws have been enacted to make the system conform to Malian life, but French colonial laws not abrogated still have the force of law. The constitution provides for the independence of the judiciary.
The Ministry of Justice appoints judges and supervises both law enforcement and judicial functions. The Supreme Court has both judicial and administrative powers. Under the constitution, there is a separate constitutional court and a high court of justice with the power to try senior government officials in cases of treason.
Administratively, Mali is divided into ten regions (Gao, Ménaka, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou, Sikasso, Tombouctou, Taoudénit) and the capital district of Bamako, each under the authority of an elected governor. Each region consists of five to nine districts (or Cercles), administered by Prefects. Cercles are divided into communes, which, in turn, are divided into villages or quarters.
A decentralisation and democratisation process began in the 1990s with the establishment of 702 elected municipal councils, headed by elected mayors, and previously appointed officials have been replaced with elected officials, which culminates in a National council of local officials. Other changes included greater local control over finances, and the reduction of administrative control by the central government.
Mali is member of ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi). The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal. The population of Mali is 21.9 million, 67% of which was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The country has 13 official languages, of which Bambara is the most commonly spoken.
Mali is located in Africa. The history of the territory of modern Mali may be divided into:
Amadou Toumani Touré was a Malian politician. He supervised Mali's first multiparty elections as chairman of the transitional government (1991–1992), and later became the second democratically elected President of Mali (2002–2012).
Moctar Ouane is a Malian diplomat and politician who served as the acting Prime Minister of Mali from 27 September 2020 to 24 May 2021, between the 2020 Malian coup d'état and the 2021 Malian coup d'état. He also previously served in the government of Mali as Minister of Foreign Affairs from May 2004 to April 2011.
Choguel Kokalla Maïga is a Malian politician and President of the Patriotic Movement for Renewal, a political party in Mali, and current Prime Minister of the Transition. He served in the government as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2007 and later as Minister of the Digital Economy, Information and Communication from 2015 to 2016. On 4 June 2021, he was named Prime Minister of the Transition by coup leader & newly appointed President of Transition Assimi Goïta.
Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga was a Malian politician who was the Prime Minister of Mali between 30 December 2017 and 18 April 2019. The leader of the Alliance for Solidarity in Mali, he had previously served in the government of Mali as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Amadou Toumani Touré from 5 April 2011 until the March 2012 coup d'état. Later he was Minister of Defense from 2013 to 2014 and was Secretary-General of the Presidency from 2016 to 2017.
A constitutional referendum was held in Mali on 18 June 2023. It was initially scheduled for 9 July 2017. However, in late June 2017 it was postponed with no date set, before being revived in mid-April 2021, with a date set of 31 October 2021. Due to the 2021 Malian coup d'état it was indefinitely postponed, with plans for it to be held by 2024. It was later scheduled for 19 March 2023, but then postponed again. On 5 May 2023 the ruling junta announced in a decree that it would be held on 18 June.
On 18 August 2020, elements of the Malian Armed Forces began a mutiny, and subsequently undertook a coup d'état. Soldiers on pick-up trucks stormed the Soundiata military base in the town of Kati, where gunfire was exchanged before weapons were distributed from the armory and senior officers arrested. Tanks and armoured vehicles were seen on the town's streets, as well as military trucks heading for the capital, Bamako. The soldiers detained several government officials including President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, who resigned and dissolved the government. This was the country's second coup in less than 10 years, following the 2012 coup d'état. On a subregional level, the coup also marked an end to a period of nearly six years, since the 2014 Burkina Faso uprising and the ousting of Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré, during which there was not a single undemocratic change of government in West Africa. For this subregion, where many countries have a history of civil war and violent conflict, this was a period of remarkable stability, during which ECOWAS even managed to find a peaceful resolution to the 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis.
Colonel Assimi Goïta is a Malian military officer who has been interim President of Mali since 28 May 2021. Goïta was the leader of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People, a military force that seized power from former president Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta in the 2020 Malian coup d'état. Goïta later seized power from Bah Ndaw in the 2021 Malian coup d'état and has since been declared interim president of Mali.
The National Committee for the Salvation of the People was the ruling military junta of Mali from 2020 to 2021. It seized power during the 2020 Malian coup d'état and was formally dissolved by Interim President Bah Ndaw in 2021. However, the military junta has effectively remained in power since then as a transitional government under the leadership of Interim President Colonel Assimi Goïta.
Bah Ndaw is a Malian retired military officer and politician who served as the president of Mali between 25 September 2020 and 24 May 2021 when he was overthrown during the 2021 Malian coup d'état. Between May 2014 and January 2015 he was Minister of Defense.
The vice president of Mali was an ad hoc governmental position in Mali. There is no provision for a vice president in the Constitution of Mali and the position has only existed under military regimes. Normally, the constitution instead designates the Prime Minister and the President of the National Assembly step in as interim presidents during temporary and absolute absences, respectively.
Events in the year 2021 in Mali.
The 2021 Malian coup d'état began on the night of 24 May 2021 when the Malian Army led by Vice President Assimi Goïta captured President Bah N'daw, Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Minister of Defence Souleymane Doucouré. Assimi Goïta, the head of the junta that led the 2020 Malian coup d'état, announced that N'daw and Ouane were stripped of their powers and that new elections would be held in 2022. It is the country's third coup d'état in ten years, following the 2012 and 2020 military takeovers, with the latter having happened only nine months earlier.
Colonel Sadio Camara is a Malian military officer currently serving as Minister of Defence, who took active part in the 2020 Malian coup d'état along with Colonel Assimi Goïta that ousted the government of Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta.
Presidential elections were scheduled to be held in Mali on 27 February 2022, following a 2021 coup. After being postponed, in July 2022 the elections were rescheduled for 4 February 2024. In September 2023, the junta stated that the elections would be "slightly postponed for technical reasons".
Mamady Doumbouya is a Guinean military officer serving as the interim president of Guinea since 1 October 2021. Doumbouya led a coup d'état on 5 September 2021 that overthrew the previous president, Alpha Condé. He is a member of the Special Forces Group of the Guinean military and a former French legionnaire. On the day of the coup, Doumbouya issued a broadcast on state television declaring that his faction had dissolved the government and constitution. On 1 October 2021, Doumbouya was sworn in as interim president.
Parliamentary elections were scheduled to be held in Mali on 29 October 2023, after originally being planned for 27 February 2022. However, they were postponed by the military junta that took power in a 2021 coup.